Indigenous peoples in Argentina
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Argentina has 35 indigenous people groups (often referred to as Argentine Amerindians or Native Argentines) officially recognized by the national government.[2] As of the 2022 census [INDEC], some 1,306,730 Argentines (2.83% of the country's population) self-identify as indigenous or first-generation descendants of indigenous peoples.[3]
The most populous indigenous groups were the
Jujuy Province, in the Argentine Northwest, is home to the highest percentage of households (15%) with at least one indigenous resident or a direct descendant of an indigenous person; Chubut and Neuquén Provinces, in Patagonia, have upwards of 12%.[5]
History
Pre-Columbian history
The earliest known evidence of indigenous peoples in Argentina is dated 11,000 BC
Indigenous peoples after European invasion
By the year 1500, many different indigenous communities lived in what is now modern Argentina. They were not a unified group but many independent ones, with distinct languages, societies, and relations with each other. As a result, they did not face the arrival of the Spanish colonization as a single block and had varied reactions toward the Europeans. The Spanish people looked down on the indigenous population, considering them inferior to themselves.[9] For this reason, they kept very little historical information about them.[10]
In the 19th century major population movements altered the original Patagonian demography. Between 1820 and 1850 the original
The expansion of European immigrant communities and the railways westward into the Pampas and south into Patagonia was met with Malón raids by displaced tribes. This led to the Conquest of the Desert in the 1870s, which resulted in over 1,300 indigenous dead.[15][16] Indigenous cultures in Argentina were consequently affected by a process of invisibilization, promoted by the government during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th.[17]
The extensive explorations, research and writing by
Demographics
Indigenous communities today
As of the 2010 census [INDEC], some 955,032 Argentines (2.38% of the country's population) self-identify as indigenous or first-generation descendants of indigenous peoples.[3]
The first government-led effort to produce accurate statistical data on the country's indigenous peoples was the 2001 national census, which included a question on self-identification with indigenous nations.[24] A more in-depth statistical survey came in 2004, with the Complimentary Survey on Indigenous Populations carried out by the National Institute for Indigenous Affairs (INAI). The 2004 survey which accounted for 600,329 people who see themselves as descending from or belonging to indigenous people.[25] Indigenous organisations have questioned the factual accuracy of the 2004 survey: First, the methodology used in the survey was considered inadequate, as a large number of indigenous people live in urban areas where the survey was not fully conducted. Second, many indigenous people in the country hide their identity for fear of discrimination. Moreover, when the survey was designed in 2001, it was based on the existence of 18 known peoples in the country, opposed to the more than 31 groups recognized by the INAI today. This increase reflects a growing awareness amongst indigenous people in terms of their ethnic belonging.[25]
As many Argentines either believe that the majority of the indigenous have died out or are on the verge of doing so, or 'their descendants' assimilated into Western civilisation many years ago, they wrongly hold the idea that there are no indigenous people in their country. The use of pejorative terms likening the indigenous to lazy, idle, dirty, ignorant and savage are part of the everyday language in Argentina. Due to these incorrect stereotypes many indigenous have over the years been forced to hide their identity in order to avoid being subjected to racial discrimination.[25]
As of 2011 many natives were still being denied land and human rights. Many of the
The INAI, which reports to the Argentine Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, is tasked with overseeing the government's indigenous policy and maintaining track of Argentina's indigenous communities and their rights to their ancestral lands.[27] As of 2018, the INAI kept register of 1,653 communities, of which 1,456 held legal ownership over various territories.[28]
Genetic contribution in Argentine society
In addition to the indigenous population in Argentina, most Argentines are descendants of indigenous peoples or have some indigenous ancestry.[4] Many genetic studies have shown that Argentina's genetic footprint is primarily, but not overwhelmingly, European. In a genetic study involving 441 Argentines from across the North East, North West, Southern, and Central provinces (especially the urban conglomeration of Buenos Aires) of the country, it was observed that 65% of the Argentine population was of European descent, followed by 31% of indigenous descent, and 4% of African descent.[30]
The same study also found there were great differences in the ancestry amongst Argentines as one traveled across the country. For example, the population in the North West provinces of Argentina (including the province of Salta) were on average of 66% indigenous, 33% European, and 1% of African ancestry.[30] The European immigration to this North West part of the country was limited and the original indigenous population largely thrived after their initial decline owing to the introduction of European diseases and colonization. Similarly, the study also showed that the population in the North Eastern provinces of Argentina (for example, Misiones, Chaco, Corrientes, and Formosa) were on average 43% of indigenous, 54% European, and 3% of African ancestry.[30] The population of the Southern provinces of Argentina, such as Río Negro and Neuquén, were on average 40% of indigenous, 54% European, and 6% of African ancestry.[30] Finally, only in areas of massive historical European immigration in Argentina, namely the Central provinces (Buenos Aires and the surrounding urban areas), Argentines were of overwhelmingly European ancestry, with the average person having 17% indigenous, 76% European, and 7% of African ancestry.[30]
In another study, that was titled the Regional pattern of genetic admixture in South America, the researchers included results from the genetic study of several hundreds of Argentines from all across the country. The study indicated that Argentines were as a whole made up of 38% indogenous, 58.9% of European, and 3.1% of African ancestry. Again, there were huge difference in the genetic ancestry from across the various regions of the country.[31] For example, Argentines who hailed from Patagonia were 45% indigenous and 55% of European ancestry .[31] The population in the North West part of the country were made up of 69% of indigenous, 23% of European, and 8% of African ancestry.[31] The population in the Gran Chaco part of the country were 38% of indigenous, 53% of European, and 9% of African ancestry.[31] The population in the Mesopotamian part of the country were 31% of indigenous, 63% of European, and 6.4% of African ancestry.[31] Finally, the population in the Pampa region of the country were 22% of indigenous, 68% of European, and 10% of African ancestry.[31]
Finally, in another study published in 2005 involving the North Western provinces of the country, the genetic structure of 1293 individuals from Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Catamarca and La Rioja was analysed.[32] This study showed that the Spanish contribution (50%) predominated in Argentina's North West, followed by the Amerindian (40%) and African (10%) contributions.[32] According to this study, Argentines from Jujuy were 53% indigenous, 47% European, and 0.1% African ancestry.[32] Argentines from Salta were 41% of indigenous, 56% of European, and 3.1% of African ancestry.[32] Those from Catamarca were 37% of indigenous, 53% of European, and 10% of African ancestry.[32] Those from La Rioja were on average 31% indigenous, 50% European, and 19% African ancestry.[32] The inhabitants of Santiago del Estero were on average 30% indigenous, 46% European, and 24% African ancestry.[32] The inhabitants of Tucumán were on average 24% indigenous, 67% European, and 9% African ancestry.[32]
Indigenous groups by population
According to the 2010 census there are the following indigenous groups:[3]
Indigenous group | Total population | Males | Females |
---|---|---|---|
Mapuche | 205,009 | 103,253 | 101,756 |
Toba | 126,967 | 63,772 | 63,195 |
Guaraní | 105,907 | 53,788 | 52,119 |
Diaguita | 67,410 | 34,295 | 33,115 |
Kolla |
65,066 | 32,553 | 32,513 |
Quechua | 55,493 | 27,849 | 27,644 |
Wichí |
50,419 | 25,513 | 24,906 |
Comechingón |
34,546 | 17,077 | 17,469 |
Huarpe |
34,279 | 17,098 | 17,181 |
Tehuelche | 27,813 | 13,948 | 13,865 |
Mocoví |
22,439 | 11,498 | 10,941 |
Pampa | 22,020 | 10,596 | 11,424 |
Aymara | 20,822 | 10,540 | 10,282 |
Avá Guaraní |
17,899 | 9,438 | 8,461 |
Rankulche |
14,860 | 7,411 | 7,449 |
Charrúa |
14,649 | 7,192 | 7,457 |
Atacama | 13,936 | 7,095 | 6,841 |
Mbya-Guaraní |
7,379 | 3,872 | 3,507 |
Omaguaca |
6,873 | 3,551 | 3,322 |
Pilagá |
5,137 | 2,623 | 2,514 |
Tonocote |
4,853 | 2,437 | 2,416 |
Lulé |
3,721 | 1,918 | 1,803 |
Tupí Guaraní |
3,715 | 1,872 | 1,843 |
Querandí | 3,658 | 1,776 | 1,882 |
Chané |
3,034 | 1,559 | 1,475 |
Sanavirón | 2,871 | 1,399 | 1,472 |
Ona |
2,761 | 1,383 | 1,378 |
Chorote | 2,270 | 1,177 | 1,093 |
Maimará | 1,899 | 876 | 1,023 |
Chulupi |
1,100 | 537 | 563 |
Vilela | 519 | 279 | 240 |
Tapiete |
407 | 217 | 189 |
Others | 5,301 | 2,681 | 2,620 |
Total | 955,032 | 481,074 | 473,958 |
Indigenous groups by region
Northeast
Historical states in present-day Argentina |
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more |
This region includes the provinces of Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe, and parts of Santiago del Estero Province.
Northwest
This region includes the provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, San Juan, parts of Santiago del Estero Province, and Tucumán.
Central
This region includes the
- Atacama
- Avá Guaraní
- Comechingon
- Diaguita-Calchaquí
- Huarpe
- Kolla
- Mapuche
- Het
- Rankulche[25]
South
This region includes the provinces of Chubut, Neuquén, Río Negro, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego.
See also
- Indigenous peoples of South America
- Languages of Argentina
- Argentine people
- Abipón people
- Amaicha
- Calchaquí
- Capayán
- Poya people
- Guaraní people
Notes
- ^ "Censo 2022". INDEC. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
{{cite news}}
: External link in
(help)|ref=
- ^ a b "Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas". Archived from the original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
- ^ a b c "Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010: Pueblos Originarios: Región Noroeste Argentino: Serie D No 1" (PDF) (in Spanish). INDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ a b "Estructura genética de la Argentina, Impacto de contribuciones genéticas". Ministerio de Educación de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 August 2011.
- ^ Indec. Porcentaje de hogares por provincia que se reconoce descendiente de un pueblo indígena Archived 2020-04-08 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ Welcome Argentina: Expediciones Arqueológicas en Los Toldos y en Piedra Museo Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ "Cueva de las Manos. UNESCO WHC website". Archived from the original on 2020-04-08. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
- ^ "Smithsonian: Paleoamerican Origins". Archived from the original on 2020-04-08. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
- ISSN 0252-0257. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ Galasso 111-112
- ^ Neuquén: Los pueblos originarios y los posteriores part I Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, part II Archived 2020-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 71409403.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.cels.org.ar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). docentes.fe.unl.pt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Argentina Desert War 1879–1880". Onwar.com. 2003. Archived from the original on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
- ^ Jens Andermann. "Argentine Literature and the 'Conquest of the Desert', 1872–1896". Birkbeck, University of London. Archived from the original on 2006-10-28. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
- ^ Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (2003). "Los pobladores del 'desierto' Genocidio, etnocidio y etnogénesis en la Argentina" [The inhabitants of the 'desert' genocide, ethnocide and ethnogenesis in Argentina]. Cuadernos de Antropología Social (in Spanish). 17 (1): 162–89. Archived from the original on 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
- ^ Ballestero, Diego (2013). Los espacios de la antropología en la obra de Robert Lehmann-Nitsche, 1894-1938 (PhD). Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
- ISBN 978-0822392866. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ Ley 23.592 Antidiscriminatoria Archived 2014-08-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ Sitio oficial del instituto Nacional contra la Discriminación (INADI) Archived 2011-03-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ Ley Provincial Nº 5.598, Corrientes Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ INDEC. Censo 2010. Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ "La identificación étnica en los registros de salud: experiencias y percepciones en el pueblo Mapuche de Chile y Argentina" (in Spanish). Pan American Health Organization. p. 21. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Indigenous Peoples in Argentina". International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
- ^ "Félix Diaz volvió a acampar para que lo reconozcan como representante de los pueblos originarios ante el Estado". Télam (in Spanish). 15 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ "Programas del Instituto Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas". CEPAL (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ "Los Pueblos Originarios en Argentina, hoy". Secretaría de Cultura (in Spanish). 11 October 2018. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- S2CID 231911367. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ PMID 22506044.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 22121799.
References
- ISBN 978-950-563-478-1.
External links
- About Argentina: Indigenous Population Archived 2011-04-20 at the Wayback Machine, Argentine government website