Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands include
The Coastal area includes the Atlantic Provinces in Canada, the Atlantic seaboard of the
The
History
Around 200 B.C the
By around 1100, the distinct
The five nations of the
The area that is now the states of
Culture
The characteristics of the Northeastern woodlands cultural area include the use of
The
The main agricultural crops of the region were the
Prior to contact Native groups in the Northeast generally lived in villages of a few hundred people, living close to their crops. Generally men did the planting and harvesting, while women processed the crops. However, some settlements could be much bigger, such as Hochelaga (modern-day Montreal), which had a population of several thousand people,[17] and Cahokia, which may have housed 20,000 residents between 1050 and 1150 CE.[18]
For many tribes, the fundamental social group was a clan, which was often named after an animal such as turtle, bear, wolf or hawk.[19] The totem animal concerned was considered sacred and had a special relationship with the members of the clan.
The spiritual beliefs of the
List of peoples
- Abenaki (Tarrantine), Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, historically Vermont and New Hampshire
- Eastern Abenaki, Quebec, Maine, and historically New Hampshire[21]
- Androscoggin, formerly Androscoggin Valley in Maine and New Hampshire; later Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec
- Caniba), Maine
- Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine[21]
- Penobscot, Maine
- Pequawket ('Pigwacket), Maine and New Hampshire
- Maliseet, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec[21]
- Western Abenaki: Quebec, Massachusetts, historically New Hampshire and Vermont
- Subarctic, Plains)
- Algonquin,[22] Quebec, Ontario
- Nipissing,[22] Ontario[21]
- Ojibwe (Chippewa, Ojibwa), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin[21]
- Mississaugas, Ontario
- Saulteaux (Nakawē), Ontario
- Odawa people (Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario, also currently Oklahoma;[21]later Oklahoma
- Potawatomi, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,[21] Ontario, Wisconsin; also currently Kansas and Oklahoma
- Assateague, formerly Maryland[23]
- Neutral), Ontario[21]
- Beothuk, formerly Newfoundland[21]
- Chowanoke, formerly North Carolina
- Choptank people, formerly Maryland[23]
- Conoy, Virginia,[23]Maryland
- Erie, formerly Pennsylvania, New York[21]
- Etchemin, Maine
- Winnebago), southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois,[21]later Iowa and Nebraska
- Honniasont, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
- Hopewell tradition, formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River region, 200 BCE—500 CE
- Housatonic, formerly Massachusetts, New York[24]
- Illiniwek), Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri;[21]descendants in Oklahoma
- Haudenosaunee), Ontario, Quebec, and New York[21]
- Kickapoo, Michigan,[21] Illinois, Missouri, now Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico
- Laurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoians), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, 14th century—1580 CE
- Delaware), Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario and Oklahoma
- Munsee-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York[25]
- Esopus, formerly New York,[25] later Ontario and Wisconsin
- Hackensack, formerly New York[25]
- Rumachenanck), New York[27]
- Kichtawank), New York[27]
- Minisink, formerly New York[25]
- Navasink,[27] formerly to the east along the north shore of New Jersey
- Raritan, formerly Westchester County, New York[27]
- Sinsink (Sintsink), formerly Westchester County, New York[27]
- Siwanoy, formerly Massachusetts[27]
- Tappan, formerly New York[28]
- Waoranecks[29]
- Warranawankongs[29]
- Wiechquaeskeck, formerly New York[25]
- Unami-speaking subgroups
- Acquackanonk, formerly Passaic River in northern New Jersey
- Okehocking, formerly southeast Pennsylvania[29]
- Unalachtigo, Delaware, New Jersey
- Munsee-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York[25]
- Manahoac, Virginia[31]
- Mascouten, formerly Michigan[21]
- Massachusett, formerly Massachusetts[22][32]
- Ponkapoag, formerly Massachusetts
- Meherrin, Virginia,[33] North Carolina
- Menominee, Wisconsin[21]
- Fox), Michigan,[21]now Iowa
- Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec,[21]and Maine
- Mitchigamea, formerly Illinois
- Mohegan,[22] Connecticut
- Monacan, Virginia[34]
- Montauk),[22]New York
- Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia
- Nansemond, Virginia
- Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland[21]
- Accohannock
- Narragansett, Rhode Island[22]
- Niantic, coastal Connecticut[22][32]
- Nipmuck), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island[32]
- Nottaway, Virginia[33]
- Pamplico, North Carolina
- Patuxent, Maryland[23]
- Paugussett, Connecticut[22]
- Pawtucket, Massachusetts, New Hampshire
- Naumkeag, Massachusetts
- Pequot, Connecticut[22]
- Tionontate), Ontario[21]
- Piscataway, Maryland[23]
- Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts[32]
- Podunk, New York,[32] eastern Hartford County, Connecticut
- Powhatan Confederacy, Virginia[23]
- Appomattoc, Virginia
- Arrohateck, Virginia
- Chesapeake, Virginia
- Chesepian, Virginia
- Chickahominy, Virginia[33]
- Kiskiack, Virginia
- Mattaponi, Virginia
- Nansemond, Virginia[33]
- Pamunkey, Virginia[33]
- Paspahegh, Virginia
- Powhatan, Virginia
- Quinnipiac, Connecticut,[22] eastern New York, northern New Jersey
- Rappahannock, Virginia
- Sac), Michigan,[21]now Iowa, Oklahoma
- Schaghticoke, western Connecticut[22]
- Secotan Outerbanks, North Carolina
- Shawnee, formerly Ohio,[21] Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, currently Oklahoma
- Stegarake, Virginia[31]
- Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia[33]
- Conestoga (Susquehannock), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia[21]
- Doeg), Virginia[37]
- Tunxis, Connecticut[22]
- Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York
- Poospatuck), Long Island, New York[32]
- Wabanaki, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec[22]
- Wampanoag, Massachusetts[22]
- Wangunk, Mattabeset, Connecticut [22]
- Wicocomico, Maryland, Virginia
- Wyachtonok, Connecticut, New York[24]
- Wendake, Quebec
First Nations in Canada
United States Federally Recognized tribes
- Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
- Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin
- Bay Mills Indian Community, Michigan
- Cayuga Nation of New York
- Chickahominy people, Virginia
- Chippewa-Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy’s Reservation, Montana
- Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Oklahoma
- Delaware Nation, Oklahoma
- Delaware Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma
- Eastern Chickahominy, Virginia
- Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
- Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin
- Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan
- Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan
- Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Wisconsin
- Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians of Maine
- Great Plains tribe
- Great Plains tribe
- Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Michigan
- Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
- Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas
- Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma
- Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
- Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin
- Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Michigan
- Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan
- Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Michigan
- Mashantucket Pequot Tribe of Connecticut
- Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Massachusetts
- Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan
- Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
- Miami Tribe of Oklahoma
- Mi'kmaq Nation, Maine
- Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota
Six component reservations:- Bois Forte Band(Nett Lake)
- Fond du Lac Band, Minnesota, Wisconsin
- Grand Portage Band
- Leech Lake Band
- Mille Lacs Band
- White Earth Band
- Mohegan Indian Tribe of Connecticut
- Monacan, Virginia
- Nansemond, Virginia
- Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island
- Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi, Michigan
- Oneida Nation of New York
- Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin
- Onondaga Nation of New York
- Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
- Pamunkey, Virginia
- Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine
- Penobscot Tribe of Maine
- Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
- Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, Michigan, Indiana
- Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation, Kansas
- Prairie Island Indian Community in the State of Minnesota
- Rappahannock, Virginia
- Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
- Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota
- Sac and Fox Nation, Oklahoma
- Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
- Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan
- St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
- Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, New York
- Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan
- Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
- Seneca Nation of New York
- Shawnee Tribe, Oklahoma
- Shinnecock Nation, New York
- Sokaogon Chippewa Community, Wisconsin
- Stockbridge Munsee Community, Wisconsin
- Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians of New York
- Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota, Montana, North Dakota
- Tuscarora Nation of New York
- Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) of Massachusetts
- Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
See also
- Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Hopewell tradition
- Native American tribes in Massachusetts
- Southern New England Algonquian cuisine
- Three Sisters (agriculture)
- War of 1812
Notes
- ^ Trigger, "Introduction" 1
- ISBN 9781588104519.
- ^ a b Trigger, "Introduction" 2
- ^ Trigger, "Introduction" 3
- ^ "History of Pre-colonial North America." Essential Humanities. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
- ^ a b "Hopewell Culture". Ohio History Central. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ "m7/98 Encyclopedia of North American Prehistory M". Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ISBN 0-8014-3866-7
- ^ Bain, Angela Goebel; Manring, Lynne; and Mathews, Barbara. Native Peoples in New England. Retrieved July 21, 2010, from Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association.
- ^ Toensing, Gale Courey. "Sacred fire lights the Wabanaki Confederacy", Indian Country Today (June 27, 2008), ICT Media Network
- ^ Horatio Gates Spafford, LL.D. A Gazetteer of the State of New-York, Embracing an Ample Survey and Description of Its Counties, Towns, Cities, Villages, Canals, Mountains, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks and Natural Topography. Arranged in One Series, Alphabetically: With an Appendix… (1824), at Schenectady Digital History Archives, selected extracts, accessed December 28, 2014
- ^ "Native People of New Jersey". ALHN New Jersey. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ Northeast American Indian Facts Native American Indian Facts Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ "Canoe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-5987-4496-5.
- ^ Hill, Christina Gish (November 20, 2020). "Returning the 'three sisters' – corn, beans and squash – to Native American farms nourishes people, land and cultures". The Conversation. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Northeast Indian Culture Khan Academy. Retrieved March 7, 2019
- ^ "Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site". UNESCO. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
- ^ Northeast Indian Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 7, 2019
- ISBN 978-0-231-11452-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Sturtevant and Trigger ix
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Cultural Thesaurus" Archived June 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. National Museum of the American Indian. Accessed April 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Trigger 241
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Trigger 198
- ^ a b c d e Goddard 72
- ^ Goddard 72 and 237
- ^ a b c d e f Goddard 237
- ^ Goddard 72, 237–238
- ^ a b c Goddard 238
- ^ Goddard 72 and 238
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Trigger 161
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
- ^ Fogelson and Sturtevant 81
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
- ^ Sturtevant and Trigger 96
- ^ Sturtevant and Trigger 255
References
- Trigger, Bruce C. "Introduction." William C. Sturtevant, general ed. Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978.
- Trigger, Bruce, volume ed. Sturtevant, William C., general ed. Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978.