Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, Southeastern cultures, or Southeast Indians are an
Waco, Tawakoni, Tonkawa, Karankawa, Quapaw, and Mosopelea are usually seen as marginally southeastern and their traditional lands represent the borders of the cultural region.[2]
The area was linguistically diverse, major language groups were Caddoan and Muskogean, besides a number of language isolates.
List of peoples
- Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi[3]
- Ais, eastern coastal Florida[4]
- Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida[5]
- Amacano, Florida west coast[6]
- Apalachee, northwestern Florida[7]
- Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southeastern coast[7]
- Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana[3][9]
- Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana[3][9]
- Biloxi, Mississippi[3][7]
- Caddo Confederacy, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas[7][10]
- Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas[3]
- Cahinnio, southern Arkansas[10]
- Doustioni, north central Louisiana[10]
- Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas[10]
- Hainai, eastern Texas[10]
- Hasinai, eastern Texas[10]
- Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana[10]
- Nabedache, eastern Texas[10]
- Nabiti, eastern Texas[10]
- Nacogdoche, eastern Texas[10]
- Nacono, eastern Texas[10]
- Nadaco, eastern Texas[10]
- Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas[10]
- Nasoni, eastern Texas[10]
- Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas[10]
- Neche, eastern Texas[10]
- Nechaui, eastern Texas[10]
- Ouachita, northern Louisiana[10]
- Tula, western Arkansas[10]
- Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana[10]
- Calusa, southwestern Florida[5][7]
- Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast[3]
- Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),[11] North Carolina, South Carolina[7]
- Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi[7]
- Chatot people(Chacato, Chactoo), west Florida
- Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana[3]
- Cheraw(Chara, Charàh), North Carolina
- Cherokee, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, later Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, northern Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma[12]
- Chickamauga, eastern Tennessee[13]
- Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina
- Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi,[7] now Oklahoma[12]
- Chicora, coastal South Carolina[9]
- Chine, Florida
- Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia, northern Florida[9]
- Chitimacha, Louisiana[7]
- Choctaw, Mississippi, Alabama,[7] and parts of Louisiana; later Oklahoma[12]
- Chowanoke), North Carolina
- Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina[3][14]
- Coree, North Carolina[9]
- Croatan, North Carolina
- Cusabo coastal South Carolina[7]
- Eno, North Carolina[3]
- Etiwan, South Carolina
- Grigra (Gris), Mississippi[15]
- Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida[5]
- Guacozo, Florida
- Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia[3][7]
- Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast[5]
- Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi[7]
- Jaega (Jobe), eastern coastal Florida[4]
- Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina
- Jororo, Florida interior[5]
- Keyauwee, North Carolina[3]
- currently Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
- Koroa, Mississippi[3]
- Luca, southwestern Florida coast[5]
- Lumbee, North Carolina
- Machapunga, North Carolina
- Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys[5]
- Mayaca, Florida[5]
- Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida[4]
- Mayajuaca, Florida
- Mikasuki(Miccosukee), Florida
- Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[7]
- Mocoso, western Florida[4][5]
- Mougoulacha, Mississippi[9]
- Muscogee, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, later Oklahoma
- Abihka, Alabama,[8] later Oklahoma
- Alabama, formerly Alabama,[8] southwestern Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi,[3][7] now Oklahoma and Texas
- Apalachicola Province, (Lower Towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy), Alabama and Georgia[16]
- Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[8]
- Eufaula tribe, Georgia, later Oklahoma
- Kialegee Tribal Town, Alabama, later Oklahoma
- Osochee (Osochi, Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[3][8]
- Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[8]
- Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Alabama, Georgia, later Oklahoma
- Tukabatchee, Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama[8]
- Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[7]
- Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi[7] later Oklahoma
- Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina[3]
- Norwood culture, Apalachee region, Florida, c. 12,000 BCE — 4500 BCE
- Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama[3]
- Okelousa, Louisiana[3]
- Opelousas, Louisiana[3]
- Pacara people, Florida
- Pamlico, formerly North Carolina
- Pascagoula, Mississippi coast[9]
- and North Carolina
- Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[7]
- Potoskeet, North Carolina
- Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi[8]
- Roanoke, North Carolina
- Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina[3]
- Santee Sioux), South Carolina[3]
- Santa Luces, Florida
- Saponi, North Carolina,[18] Virginia[19]
- Saura, North Carolina
- Saxapahaw (Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina[3]
- Secotan, North Carolina
- Seminole, Florida and Oklahoma[12]
- Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast[3]
- Shakori, North Carolina
- Shoccoree (Haw), North Carolina,[3] possibly Virginia
- Sissipahaw, North Carolina
- Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina[3]
- Surruque, east central Florida[20]
- Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina
- Taensa, Mississippi[15]
- Tawasa, Alabama[21]
- Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida[3][5]
- Timucua, Florida and Georgia[3][5][7]
- Acuera, central Florida[22]
- Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida[22]
- Arapaha, north central Florida and south central Georgia?[22]
- Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia[22]
- Icafui (or Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia[22]
- Mocama, coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia[22]
- Saturiwa, northeast Florida[22]
- Tacatacuru, coastal southeast Georgia[23]
- Northern Utina north central Florida[22]
- Ocale, central Florida[22]
- Oconi, interior southeast Georgia[22]
- Potano, north central Florida[22]
- Tucururu (or Tucuru), central? Florida[22]
- Utina (or Eastern Utina), northeast central Florida[24]
- Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia[22]
- Yui (Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia[22]
- Yustaga, north central Florida[22]
- Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi[14]
- Tocaste, Florida[5]
- Tocobaga, Florida[3][5]
- Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[7]
- Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee
- Topachula, Florida
- Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi[7]
- Utiza, Florida[4]
- Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida[25]
- Vicela, Florida[4]
- Viscaynos, Florida
- Waccamaw, South Carolina
- Waccamaw Siouan, North Carolina
- Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina[3]
- Westo, Virginia and South Carolina,[9] extinct
- Winyaw, South Carolina coast[3]
- Yamasee, Florida, Georgia[9]
- then northwest Georgia, now Oklahoma
Federally recognized tribes
- Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas
- Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Oklahoma
- Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
- Catawba Indian Nation, South Carolina
- Cherokee Nation, Oklahoma
- Chickasaw Nation, Oklahoma
- Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana
- Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
- Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
- Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina
- Jena Band of Choctaw Indians, Louisiana
- Kialegee Tribal Town, Oklahoma
- Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
- Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, Mississippi
- Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Oklahoma
- Poarch Band of Creek Indians of Alabama
- Seminole Tribe of Florida
- Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
- Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Oklahoma
- Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana
- United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma
History
The following section deals primarily with the history of the peoples in the lengthy period before European contact. Evidence of the preceding cultures have been found primarily in archeological artifacts, but also in major earthworks and the evidence of linguistics. In the Late Prehistoric time period in the Southeastern Woodlands, cultures increased agricultural production, developed ranked societies, increased their populations, trade networks, and intertribal warfare.[27] Most Southeastern peoples (excepting some of the coastal peoples) were highly agricultural,[citation needed] growing crops like maize, squash, and beans for food. They supplemented their diet with hunting, fishing,[28] and gathering wild plants and fungi.
Belonging in the Lithic stage, the oldest known art in the Americas is the Vero Beach bone found in present-day Florida. It is possibly a mammoth bone, etched with a profile of walking mammoth; it dates to 11,000 BCE.[29]
Poverty Point culture
The
Georgia.[31] Hand-modeled lowly fired clay objects occur in a variety of shapes including anthropomorphic figurines and cooking balls.[30]
-
"Poverty point objects," earthenware, believed to be for cooking, Poverty Point -
Clay female figurines, Poverty Point -
Carvedatlatlweights, Poverty Point
Mississippian culture
Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere. Information about Southeastern Ceremonial Complex primary comes from archaeology and the study of the elaborate artworks left behind by its participants, including elaborate pottery, conch shell gorgets and cups, stone statuary, and Long-nosed god maskettes. The Calusa
peoples, of southern Florida, carved and painted wood in exquisite depictions of animals.
By the time of European contact the Mississippian societies were already experiencing severe social stress. Some major centers had already been abandoned. With social upsets and diseases unknowingly introduced by Europeans many of the societies collapsed and ceased to practice a Mississippian lifestyle, with an exception being the
Muscogee Creek, Tunica
, and many other southeastern peoples.
-
Engraved shell gorget, Spiro Mounds, Oklahoma (Mississippian culture) -
Ceremonial stone mace, Spiro Mounds, Oklahoma (Mississippian culture) -
Engraved stone palette, Moundville site, Alabama, back used for mixing paint (Mississippian culture) -
Stone effigy pipe, Spiro Mounds (Mississippian culture) -
Stone effigies, Etowah site, Georgia (Mississippian culture) -
Alligator effigy, wood carving, Calusa, Florida
Post-European contact
During the
federal recognition
but more have gained state recognition through legislation at the state level.
Culture
clans; the most common from pre-contact Hopewellian times into the present include Bear, Beaver, Bird other than a raptor, Canine (e.g. Wolf), Elk, Feline (e.g. Panther), Fox, Raccoon, and Raptor.[34] They observe strict incest taboos, including taboos against marriage within a clan. In the past, they frequently allowed polygamy to chiefs and other men who could support multiple wives. They held puberty rites for both boys and girls.[28]
Southeastern peoples also traditionally shared similar religious beliefs, based on
Medicine people
are important spiritual healers.
Many southeastern peoples engaged in
mound building to create sacred or acknowledged ritual sites. Many of the religious beliefs of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex or the Southern Cult, were also shared by the Northeastern Woodlands tribes, probably spread through the dominance of the Mississippian culture
in the 10th century.
The main agricultural crops of the region were the
moisture in the soil
.
See also
- Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Indigenous people of the Everglades region
- Northeastern Woodlands tribes
- Stomp dance
- Trail of Tears
Notes
- ^ a b c Jackson and Fogelson 3
- ^ Jackson and Fogelson 6
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81-82
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sturtevant, 617
- ^ Folgelson, ed. (2004), p. 315
- ^ a b c d Frank, Andrew K. Indian Removal. Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ^ "Dragging Canoe". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598-9
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8130-2982-5.
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302
- ^ Haliwa-Saponi Tribe. . Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson 293
- ^ Hann 1993
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hann 1996, 5-13
- ^ Milanich 1999, p. 49.
- ^ Milanich 1996, p. 46.
- ^ Hann 2003:11
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190
- ^ Messenger, Lewis C. "The Southeastern Woodlands: Mississippian-Late Prehistoric Cultural Developments." {{citation needed|reason=unpublished not reliable|date=October 2015}} University of Indiana: MATRIX. (retrieved 2 June 2011)
- ^ a b "Southeastern Woodlands Culture."[usurped] Four Directions Institute. (retrieved 2 June 2011) [citation needed]
- ^ "Ice Age Art from Florida." Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine Past Horizons, 23 June 2011 (retrieved 23 June 2011)
- ^ a b "Poverty Point-2000 to 1000 BCE". Retrieved 2009-03-02.
- ^ "CRT-Louisiana State Parks Fees, Facilities and Activities". Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
- ^ "Mississippian Period: Overview". Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
- ^ "People and Events: Indian Removal, 1814-1858." PBS: Resource Bank. (retrieved 25 April 2010)
- ^ Carr and Case 340
- ISBN 978-1-5987-4496-5.
- ^ Hill, Christina Gish (2020-11-20). "Returning the 'three sisters' – corn, beans and squash – to Native American farms nourishes people, land and cultures". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
References
- Carr, Christopher and D. Troy Case. Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction. New York: Springer, 2006. ISBN 978-0-306-48479-7.
- Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
- Hann, John H. A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1996. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7.
- Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513-1763. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8
- Jackson, Jason Baird and Raymond D. Fogelson. "Introduction." Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004: 1-68. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.
- Roark, Elisabeth Louise. Artists of Colonial America. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2003. ISBN 978-0-313-32023-1.
External links
- US Federally recognized tribes of the Southeast Archived 2012-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
