Individual action on climate change
Laundry and choice of clothing
Hanging laundry to dry saves energy that would have been used for heating, reducing clothing's carbon footprint.[83][84][85][86] Additionally, using a shorter, cold water wash cycle can conserve energy by as much as 66%.[87]
Purchasing well-made, durable clothing, and avoiding "fast fashion" is critical for reducing climate impact.[88][89][90] Some clothing is donated and/or recycled, meanwhile, the rest of the waste heads to landfills where they release "greenhouse gases".[91]
Hot water consumption
Domestic heated water using non-renewable resources such as gas contributes to significant global carbon dioxide emissions. As of 2020, most homes use gas or electric boilers to heat their water. Powering these boilers with renewable energy would reduce these emissions, although the cost of installation means this is not a universally viable option.[92] Turning off the water heater and using unheated water for laundry, bathing (weather permitting), dishes, and cleaning eliminates those emissions.
Demand reduction
Less consumption of goods and services
The production of many goods and services results in the emission of greenhouse gases as well as pollution. One way for individuals to decrease their environmental footprint is by consuming less goods and services. Decreasing the consumption of goods and services results in a lower demand, and lower supply (production) follows.[93] Individuals can prioritize shrinking the consumption of those goods and services whose production results in relatively high pollution levels. Individuals can also prioritize discontinuing the use of those goods and services that offer little to no real utility by "speaking with their money", since unpopular products neither satisfy consumer wants/needs nor the environment's; however, government subsidies may prove "boycott buying" to be futile in some cases, enabling the producer.[94][95][96]
A climate survey found that in 2021 42% of Europeans, specifically 48% of women and 34% of men, already invest in second-hand clothing rather than buying new ones. Populations aged 15 to 29, are found more likely to do so.[97][98] Education on sustainable consumption, specifically targeting children, is seen as a priority by 93% of Chinese citizens, 92% of EU, 88% of British citizens and 81% of Americans.[99][100]
The National Geographic Society has concluded that city dwellers can help with climate change if they (or we) simply "buy less stuff."[101]
Lloyd Alter suggests that one way to get a practical sense of embodied carbon is to ask, "How much does your household weigh?"[102]
For-profit companies usually promote and market their products as useful or needed to potential consumers, even when they in reality are harmful or wasteful to them and/or the environment. Individuals should be diligent in self-assessing and/or researching whether or not each product they purchase and consume is really of value to decrease consumption. If a
Using durable reusable containers such as lunchboxes, "single-use" grocery and produce bags (can be used as light-duty trash bags), Tupperware, as well as buying local produce, minimally packaged foods and general items, all reduce carbon emissions and pollution from the production of single use containers and packaging. These tactics mitigate
Reducing food loss
The world's food production is responsible for approximately a quarter of the greenhouse gas emissions produced by humanity each year,[106] with livestock alone accounting for 14.5% of the total greenhouse gas emissions.[107] The carbon dioxide emissions associated with food are estimated to be 2.2 tons per person annually, from production to consumption.[108] If this is correct, it would mean that just the food aspect of daily life would nearly exhaust the entire Paris Agreement compliance goal of 2.3 tons [109] per person per year. Therefore, reducing food loss[110] is absolutely essential, and in the 2020 Project Drawdown, it was identified as the top priority solution to address climate change.[111] Fortunately, out of the 2.2 tons mentioned, 1.9 tons are considered reducible.[108]
According to a 2023 study published in Nature Food, carbon dioxide emissions resulting from food waste make up half of the total emissions in the entire food system.[112] In the United States, it is estimated that 31% of food delivered to retail stores is discarded by either retailers or consumers.[113] Furthermore, the carbon dioxide emissions from food waste that decomposes in landfills, etc., amount to 2.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide per kilogram of food and also produce methane, a greenhouse gas with 25 times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.[114]
Food waste also represents a loss of the energy to transport foods from producers to consumers. According to a study published in Nature Food in 2022, transportation-related emissions for food from producers to retail stores represent around 20% of the total emissions for vegetables and fruits,[115] while for refrigerated transport of items like meat, fresh fish, and dairy, it increases by an additional 20-30%.[116]
In addition to the waste of food itself, the disposal of packaging materials is also a significant concern. Reducing food waste contributes to reducing both global warming and environmental pollution caused by plastic packaging materials. It is estimated that approximately 5% of the energy used to manufacture and distribute food products is attributed to packaging materials.[117] Plastic food packaging materials are known for their significant environmental pollution, therefore they contribute not only to carbon dioxide emissions associated with plastic production but also to overall adverse environmental impacts.[118] Japan's excessive packaging culture in the context of food, has been criticized internationally in relation to Japanese plastic waste.[119][120][121][122]
Eating less meat
The world's food system is responsible for about one-quarter of the planet-warming greenhouse gases that humans generate each year[123] with the livestock sector alone contributing 14.5% of all anthropogenic GHG emissions.[124] The 2019 World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency, endorsed by over 11,000 scientists from more than 150 countries, stated that "eating mostly plant-based foods while reducing the global consumption of animal products, especially ruminant livestock, can improve human health and significantly lower GHG emissions."[1] The most common ruminant livestock are cattle and sheep.
Agriculture is very difficult to fix technically so will need more individual action[125] or carbon offsetting than all other sectors except perhaps aviation.[57]
Meats such as beef have a higher climate impact since cows release methane, a greenhouse gas that is more harmful in the short-term than carbon dioxide.[130]
Eating a plant-rich diet is listed as the #1 individual solution for climate change as modeled by
A 2018 study indicated that one fifth of Americans are responsible for about half of the country's diet-related carbon emissions, due mostly to eating high levels of meat, especially beef.[132][133]
A 2022 study published in Nature Food found that if high-income nations switched to a
A 2022 survey found that half of Europeans (51%) support reducing the amount of meat and dairy products people may buy to combat climate change (11% more than Americans, who support it at 40%, but far lower than Chinese people, who support it at 73%). The same survey found that to assist individuals make more sustainable food decisions, 79% of Europeans support labelling all food with their carbon footprint (Americans support it at 62%, but Chinese respondents support it at 88%).[136]
A 2023 paper published in
Family size
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (November 2019) |
Worldwide
An April 2020 study published in PLOS One found that, among two-adult Swedish households, those with children increased carbon emission in two ways, by adding to the population and by increasing their own carbon emissions by consuming greater quantities of meat and gasoline for transportation than their counterparts without children; an increase of some 25% more than the latter. According to one of the contributors to the study, University of Wyoming economist Linda Thunstrom, "If we're finding these results in Sweden, it's pretty safe to assume that the disparity in carbon footprints between parents and non-parents is even bigger in most other Western countries."[151]
However in a 2024 book Not the End of the World Scottish data scientist Hannah Ritchie wrote that the carbon footprint of people changes over time: “It’s fair to say that my child will not have the same footprint as me: in the coming decades as we rapidly decarbonize the emissions of a ‘person’ will hopefully decline significantly and eventually reach close to zero.”[152]: 113
Two interrelated aspects of this action,
In a 2021 paper it was said that "human population has been mostly ignored with regard to climate policy" and attribute this to the taboo nature of the issue given its association with population policies of the past, including
However, older populations are sometimes less concerned about climate change.[159][160] Because climate change needs to be limited within the next few decades, having fewer children now might not make much difference.[161]
Others
Personal finance
Individuals can check whether the financial companies they are using are part of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero,[162] and consider switching pensions, insurance and investments.[163]
Cryptocurrencies
Cryptocurrencies which are made by
Digital services
Political advocacy
Impactful ways in the area of political advocacy that an individual can take include:
Activist movements
Climate change is a prevalent issue in many societies.
Many
To raise awareness of climate issues, activists organized a series of international labor and school strikes in late September 2019,[180] with estimates of total participants ranging between 6 and 7.3 million.[181][182]
A number of groups from around the world have come together to work on the issue of global warming. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from diverse fields of work have united on this issue. A coalition of 50 NGOs called Stop Climate Chaos launched in Britain in 2005 to highlight the issue of climate change.
The Campaign against Climate Change was created to focus purely on the issue of climate change and to pressure governments into action by building a protest movement of sufficient magnitude to effect political change.
One of the elements of the Occupy movement is global warming action.
Following environmentalist Bill McKibben's mantra that "if it's wrong to wreck the climate, it's wrong to profit from that wreckage,
Groups such as NextGen America and Climate Hawks Vote are working in the United States to elect officials who will make action on climate change a high priority.
On 20 July 2020, Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg, who was awarded a Portuguese rights award, pledged to donate the Gulbenkian Prize money of 1 million euros to organizations focused on the environment and climate change.[186]
A 2023 review study published in
Reform of subsidies and taxes
Political advocacy can focus on removing those fossil fuel and other subsidies, and taxes which discourage individual action on climate change, for example:
- Abolish a subsidy of kerosene because this subsidy discourages individuals switching to other fuels.[188]
- Cutting farm subsidies for livestock because these subsidies could discourage individuals shifting to a plant based diet (as those subsidies artificially lowers the price of meat and dairy products):[189]
- Rebalance the taxes and regulatory costs, which are currently higher for electricity than gas and thus discourage individuals from switching from gas boilers to heat pumps[189]
- Abolish Turkey's free coal for poor families[190] at such a program discourages people from switching to natural gas in cities.
- Redirecting the money which would have been spent as subsidies, together with any just transition away from a high carbon lifestyle.[191]
However, sudden removal of a subsidy by governments not trusted to redirect it,[192] or without providing good alternatives for individuals, can lead to civil unrest. An example of this took place in 2019, when Ecuador removed its gasoline and diesel subsidies without providing enough electric buses to maintain service. The result was overnight fuel price hikes of 25–75 percent. The corresponding fare hikes for Ecuador's existing gas and diesel powered bus fleet were met with violent protests.[193]
Climate conversations
"Discussing global warming leads to greater acceptance of climate science".[194] The Yale Climate Communication Program recommends initiating "climate conversations" with more moderate individuals.[195][51] Once personal climate impacts and core values are understood, it may become possible to open a discussion of potential climate solutions which are consistent with those core values.[195][196]
Carbon Conversations is a "psychosocial project that addresses the practicalities of carbon reduction while taking account of the complex emotions and social pressures that make this difficult".[197] It was cited in The Guardian newspaper as one of the 20 best ideas to tackle climate change.[198]
Social contagion
Another opportunity for mitigation is through social contagion, where people in a network learn new behaviors, such as trying a plant-based diet or riding their bicycles to work instead of driving, and the new behaviors spread spontaneously through the group. For example, a 2020 Max Planck Institute study found that when meat-eaters are accompanied by vegetarians and have a choice of eating dishes with or without meat, they’re more likely to choose a vegetarian dish, resulting in a reduction in the demand for meat. This probability increases as the number of vegetarians accompanying the meat eaters increases.[199] If enough people are influenced, the community can reach a tipping point, in which a majority of people transition to a new habit; a 2018 study published in Nature claims that with only 25 per cent of a population, a minority perspective was able to overturn the majority.[200]
Comparison of impacts of individual actions
Media focus on low impact[202] rather than high impact behaviors is concerning for scientists. The most impactful actions for individuals may differ significantly from the popular advice for "greening" one's lifestyle. For instance, popular suggestions for individual actions include replacing a typical car with a hybrid, washing clothes in cold water, recycling, upgrading light bulbs which are all regarded as lower impact behaviors.
A few researchers have stated that some "recommended high-impact actions are more effective than many more commonly discussed options. For example, eating a plant-based diet saves eight times more emissions than upgrading light bulbs."[139][146] Recommended high-impact actions are around having fewer children,[157][203] living car-free, avoiding long distance flights and eating a plant-based diet. However, other publications state that "population is actually irrelevant to solving the climate crisis".[204]
Other researchers say that decarbonization need not mean a more austere lifestyle, and that the individual actions with the most impact are to electrify households, with for example electric cars and heating.[4]
Scientists argue that piecemeal behavioral changes like re-using plastic bags are not a proportionate response to climate change. Though being beneficial, these debates would drive public focus away from the requirement for an energy system change of unprecedented scale to decarbonise rapidly. Moreover, policy measures such as targeted subsidies, eco-tariffs, effective sustainability certificates, legal product information requirements, CO2 pricing,[205] emissions allowances rationing,[206][207] budget-allocations/labelling,[206] targeted product-range exclusions, advertising bans, and feedback mechanisms are examples of measures that could have a more substantial positive impact on consumption behavior than changes exclusively carried out by consumers and could address social issues such as consumers' inhibitive constraints of budgets, awareness and time.[208]
Controversies around significance
It has been argued that climate change is a collective action problem, specifically a tragedy of the commons, which is a political[209] and not individual category of problem.[210]
Some commentators have argued that individual actions as consumers and "greening personal lives" are insignificant in comparison to collective action, especially actions that hold the fossil fuel corporations [clarification needed]accountable for producing 71% of carbon emissions since 1988.[9][211][212] The concept of a personal carbon footprint and calculating one's footprint was popularized by oil producer BP as "effective propaganda" as a way to shift their responsibility to "linguistically... remove itself as a contributor to the problem of climate change".[213] Others have shown that sometimes individual measures may effectively undermine political support for structural measures. In one example researchers found that "a green energy default nudge diminishes support for a carbon tax."[214]
Others say that individual action leads to collective action, and emphasize that "research on social behavior suggests
Misleading information on individual actions
In some countries media coverage of climate change reports only about the effects of climate change, such as extreme weather, but makes no mention of either individual or government actions which can be taken.[216]
The suggestion that eating a
See also
- Climate change mitigation
- Climate movement
- Environmental movement
- Fossil fuel divestment
- International Day of Climate Action
- List of climate activists
- Low-carbon diet
- Low-carbon economy
- Personal carbon credits
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Our first action call is a direct, global appeal to all women and men to choose none or at most one child. Individuals, especially if they aspire to large families, may pursue adoption, which is a desirable and compassionate choice for children who are here and need to be cared for.
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External links
- 52 Climate Actions themed suggestions for personal actions
- What we all can do at Climatesafety.info
- "Climate change food calculator: What's your diet's carbon footprint?". BBC.