Individualist anarchism
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Individualist anarchism is the branch of
Individualist anarchism represents a group of several traditions of thought and
Within anarchism, individualist anarchism is primarily a literary phenomenon
Overview
This section contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. (August 2023) |
The term individualist anarchism is often used as a classificatory term, but in very different ways. Some such as the authors of
- The concentration on the individual and their will in preference to any construction such as morality, ideology, social custom, religion, metaphysics, ideas or the will of others.[48][49]
- The rejection of or reservations about the idea of revolution, seeing it as a time of mass uprising which could bring about new hierarchies. Instead, they favor more
- Individual experience and exploration is emphasized. The view that relationships with other persons or things can be in one's own interest only and can be as transitory and without compromises as desired since in individualist anarchism sacrifice is usually rejected. In this way, Max Stirner recommended associations of egoists.[53][54]
Individualists anarchists considered themselves to be
Individualist anarchists such as Tucker argued that it was "not Socialist Anarchism against Individualist Anarchism, but of Communist Socialism against Individualist Socialism".[62][non-primary source needed] Tucker further noted that "the fact that State Socialism has overshadowed other forms of Socialism gives it no right to a monopoly of the Socialistic idea".[63][non-primary source needed] In 1888, Tucker, who proclaimed himself to be an anarchistic socialist in opposition to state socialism, included the full text of a "Socialistic Letter" by Ernest Lesigne in his essay "State Socialism and Anarchism".[64][non-primary source needed] Tucker's two socialisms were the state socialism which he associated to the Marxist school and the libertarian socialism that he advocated. What those two schools of socialism had in common was the labor theory of value and the ends, by which anarchism pursued different means.[65]
According to
For historian Eunice Minette Schuster,
For this reason, it has been suggested that in order to understand individualist anarchism one must take into account "the social context of their ideas, namely the transformation of America from a pre-capitalist to a capitalist society [...] the non-capitalist nature of the early U.S. can be seen from the early dominance of self-employment (artisan and peasant production). At the beginning of the 19th century, around 80% of the working (non-slave) male population were self-employed. The great majority of Americans during this time were farmers working their own land, primarily for their own needs" and "[i]ndividualist anarchism is clearly a form of
In
Another important tendency within individualist anarchist currents emphasizes individual subjective exploration and defiance of social conventions. Individualist anarchist philosophy attracted "amongst artists, intellectuals and the well-read, urban middle classes in general". had popularity among individualist anarchists.
For Catalan historian Xavier Diez, "under its
Early influences
William Godwin
William Godwin can be considered an individualist anarchist
Godwin took individualism to the radical extent of opposing individuals performing together in orchestras, writing in
Godwin's political views were diverse and do not perfectly agree with any of the ideologies that claim his influence as writers of the
William Godwin's influenced "the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren, considered to be the first individualist anarchist. After New Harmony failed, Warren shifted his ideological loyalties from socialism to anarchism. According to anarchist Peter Sabatini, this "was no great leap, given that Owen's socialism had been predicated on Godwin's anarchism".[98]
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was the first philosopher to label himself an "anarchist".[99] Some consider Proudhon to be an individualist anarchist[100][101][102] while others regard him to be a social anarchist.[103][104] Some commentators do not identify Proudhon as an individualist anarchist due to his preference for association in large industries, rather than individual control.[105]
Max Stirner
Johann Kaspar Schmidt, better known as Max Stirner (the
Egoism
For Stirner, property simply comes about through might, arguing that "[w]hoever knows how to take, to defend, the thing, to him belongs property". He further says that "[w]hat I have in my power, that is my own. So long as I assert myself as holder, I am the proprietor of the thing" and that "I do not step shyly back from your property, but look upon it always as my property, in which I respect nothing. Pray do the like with what you call my property!"
This position on property is quite different from the Native American, natural law, form of individualist anarchism which defends the inviolability of the private property that has been earned through labor.
Although Stirner's philosophy is individualist, it has influenced some libertarian communists and anarcho-communists. "For Ourselves Council for Generalized Self-Management" discusses Stirner and speaks of a "communist egoism" which is said to be a "synthesis of individualism and collectivism" and says that "greed in its fullest sense is the only possible basis of communist society".[124] Forms of libertarian communism such as Situationism are influenced by Stirner.[125] Anarcho-communist Emma Goldman was influenced by both Stirner and Peter Kropotkin and blended their philosophies together in her own as shown in books of hers such as Anarchism And Other Essays.[126]
Early individualist anarchism in the United States
Josiah Warren
Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first
Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau was an important early influence in individualist anarchist thought in the United States and Europe. Thoreau was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister,
The essay "
Developments and expansion
Anarcha-feminism, free love, freethought and LGBT issues
An important current within individualist anarchism is free love.
In Europe, the main propagandist of free love within individualist anarchism was Émile Armand.[136] He proposed the concept of la camaraderie amoureuse to speak of free love as the possibility of voluntary sexual encounter between consenting adults. He was also a consistent proponent of polyamory.[136] In France, there was also feminist activity inside individualist anarchism as promoted by individualist feminists Marie Küge, Anna Mahé, Rirette Maîtrejean and Sophia Zaïkovska.[137]
The Brazilian individualist anarchist
Freethought as a philosophical position and as activism was important in both North American and European individualist anarchism, but in the United States freethought was basically an
In Europe, a similar development occurred in French and Spanish individualist anarchist circles: "Anticlericalism, just as in the rest of the libertarian movement, is another of the frequent elements which will gain relevance related to the measure in which the (French) Republic begins to have conflicts with the church [...] Anti-clerical discourse, frequently called for by the french individualist
Anarcho-naturism
Another important current, especially within French and Spanish
Individualist anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche
The thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been influential in individualist anarchism, specifically in thinkers such as France's Émile Armand,[149] the Italian Renzo Novatore[150] and the Colombian Biofilo Panclasta. Robert C. Holub, author of Nietzsche: Socialist, Anarchist, Feminist posits that "translations of Nietzsche's writings in the United States very likely appeared first in Liberty, the anarchist journal edited by Benjamin Tucker".[151]
Individualist anarchism in the United States
Mutualism and utopianism
For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent [...] that
Contemporary American anarchist
Boston anarchists
Another form of individualist anarchism was found in the United States as advocated by the so-called Boston anarchists.[122] By default, American individualists had no difficulty accepting the concepts that "one man employ another" or that "he direct him", in his labor but rather demanded that "all natural opportunities requisite to the production of wealth be accessible to all on equal terms and that monopolies arising from special privileges created by law be abolished".[155]
They believed state monopoly capitalism (defined as a state-sponsored monopoly)[156] prevented labor from being fully rewarded. Voltairine de Cleyre summed up the philosophy by saying that the anarchist individualists "are firm in the idea that the system of employer and employed, buying and selling, banking, and all the other essential institutions of Commercialism, centred upon private property, are in themselves good, and are rendered vicious merely by the interference of the State".[157]
Even among the 19th-century American individualists, there was not a monolithic doctrine as they disagreed amongst each other on various issues including
Some Boston anarchists, including Benjamin Tucker, identified themselves as
Individualist anarchism and the labor movement
Two individualist anarchists who wrote in
Lum was a prolific writer who wrote a number of key anarchist texts and contributed to publications including
Egoist anarchism
Some of the American individualist anarchists later in this era such as Benjamin Tucker abandoned natural rights positions and converted to Max Stirner's egoist anarchism. Rejecting the idea of moral rights, Tucker said that there were only two rights, "the right of might" and "the right of contract". He also said after converting to Egoist individualism that "[i]n times past [...] it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land. It was a bad habit, and I long ago sloughed it off [...] Man's only right to land is his might over it".[173] In adopting Stirnerite egoism in 1886, Tucker rejected natural rights which had long been considered the foundation of libertarianism in the United States. This rejection galvanized the movement into fierce debates, with the natural rights proponents accusing the egoists of destroying libertarianism itself. So bitter was the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of Liberty in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors. Thereafter, Liberty championed egoism although its general content did not change significantly.[174]
Several periodicals were undoubtedly influenced by Liberty's presentation of egoism. They included I published by Clarence Lee Swartz, edited by William Walstein Gordak and J. William Lloyd (all associates of Liberty); and The Ego and The Egoist, both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German Der Eigene, edited by Adolf Brand; and The Eagle and The Serpent, issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English-language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle "A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology".[175]
American anarchists who adhered to egoism include Benjamin Tucker,
Post-left anarchy and insurrectionary anarchism
A strong relationship does exist between post-left anarchism and the work of individualist anarchist
As far as posterior individualist anarchists,
Individualist anarchism in Europe
European individualist anarchism proceeded from the roots laid by William Godwin,[88] Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Max Stirner. Proudhon was an early pioneer of anarchism as well as of the important individualist anarchist current of mutualism.[100][101] Stirner became a central figure of individualist anarchism through the publication of his seminal work The Ego and Its Own which is considered to be "a founding text in the tradition of individualist anarchism".[17]
European individualist anarchists include Albert Libertad, Bellegarrigue, Oscar Wilde, Émile Armand, Lev Chernyi, John Henry Mackay, Han Ryner, Adolf Brand, Miguel Giménez Igualada, Renzo Novatore and currently Michel Onfray.[191] Important currents within it include free love,[192] anarcho-naturism[192] and illegalism.[193]
France
From the legacy of Proudhon and Stirner there emerged a strong tradition of
Later, this tradition continued with such intellectuals as Albert Libertad, André Lorulot, Émile Armand, Victor Serge, Zo d'Axa and Rirette Maîtrejean, who in 1905 developed theory in the main individualist anarchist journal in France, L'Anarchie.[196]
In this sense, "the theoretical positions and the vital experiences of [F]rench individualism are deeply iconoclastic and scandalous, even within libertarian circles. The call of nudist naturism, the strong defence of birth control methods, the idea of "unions of egoists" with the sole justification of sexual practices, that will try to put in practice, not without difficulties, will establish a way of thought and action, and will result in sympathy within some, and a strong rejection within others".[81]
French individualist anarchists grouped behind
The prolific contemporary French philosopher Michel Onfray has written from an individualist anarchist perspective.[191][207]
Illegalism
Illegalism[75] is an anarchist philosophy that developed primarily in France, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland during the early 1900s as an outgrowth of Stirner's individualist anarchism.[193] Illegalists usually did not seek moral basis for their actions, recognizing only the reality of "might" rather than "right"; and for the most part, illegal acts were done simply to satisfy personal desires, not for some greater ideal,[76] although some committed crimes as a form of propaganda of the deed.[75] The illegalists embraced direct action and propaganda of the deed.[208]
Influenced by theorist Max Stirner's
Germany
In Germany, the Scottish-German John Henry Mackay became the most important propagandist for individualist anarchist ideas. He fused Stirnerist egoism with the positions of Benjamin Tucker and actually translated Tucker into German. Two semi-fictional writings of his own, Die Anarchisten and Der Freiheitsucher, contributed to individualist theory through an updating of egoist themes within a consideration of the anarchist movement. English translations of these works arrived in the United Kingdom and in individualist American circles led by Tucker.[209]
Der Einzige was a German individualist anarchist magazine. It appeared in 1919 as a weekly, then sporadically until 1925 and was edited by cousins Anselm Ruest (pseudonym for Ernst Samuel) and Mynona (pseudonym for Salomo Friedlaender). Its title was adopted from the book Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (The Ego and Its Own) by Max Stirner. Another influence was the thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.[212] The publication was connected to the local expressionist artistic current and the transition from it towards Dada.[213]
Italy
In Italy, individualist anarchism had a strong tendency towards illegalism and violent propaganda by the deed similar to French individualist anarchism, but perhaps more extreme
During the early 20th century, the intellectual work of individualist anarchist
The individualist philosopher and poet Renzo Novatore belonged to the leftist section of the avant-garde movement of futurism[219] alongside other individualist anarcho-futurists such as Dante Carnesecchi, Leda Rafanelli, Auro d'Arcola and Giovanni Governato. There was also Pietro Bruzzi who published the journal L'Individualista in the 1920s alongside Ugo Fedeli and Francesco Ghezzi, but who fell to fascist forces later.[220][221] Bruzzi also collaborated with the Italian American individualist anarchist publication Eresia of New York City.[221]
During the Founding Congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation in 1945, there was a group of individualist anarchists led by Cesare Zaccaria[222] who was an important anarchist of the time.[223] Later during the IX Congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation in Carrara in 1965, a group decided to split off from this organization and created the Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica. In the 1970s, it was mostly composed of "veteran individualist anarchists with an of pacifism orientation, naturism".[224]
The contemporary imprisoned Italian insurrectionary anarchist philosopher
Russia
Individualist anarchism was one of the three categories of
Some Russian individualists anarchists "found the ultimate expression of their social alienation in violence and crime, others attached themselves to avant-garde literary and artistic circles, but the majority remained "philosophical" anarchists who conducted animated parlor discussions and elaborated their individualist theories in ponderous journals and books".[229]
Lev Chernyi was an important individualist anarchist involved in resistance against the rise to power of the
Chernyi advocated a
On the other hand, Alexei Borovoi[236] was a professor of philosophy at Moscow University, "a gifted orator and the author of numerous books, pamphlets, and articles which attempted to reconcile individualist anarchism with the doctrines of syndicallism".[230] He wrote among other theoretical works Anarkhizm in 1918, just after the October Revolution;[230] and Anarchism and Law.[236] For him, "the chief importance is given not to Anarchism as the aim but to Anarchy as the continuous quest for the aim".[237] He manifests there that "[n]o social ideal, from the point of view of anarchism, could be referred to as absolute in a sense that supposes it's the crown of human wisdom, the end of social and ethical quest of man".[237]
Spain
While Spain was influenced by American individualist anarchism, it was more closely related to the French currents. Around the start of the 20th century, individualism in Spain gathered force through the efforts of people such as Dorado Montero,
Catalan historian Xavier Diez reports that the Spanish individualist anarchist press was widely read by members of
Spanish individualist anarchist Miguel Giménez Igualada wrote the lengthy theory book called Anarchism espousing his individualist anarchism.[239] Between October 1937 and February 1938, he was editor of the individualist anarchist magazine Nosotros[192] in which many works of Armand and Ryner appeared. He also participated in the publishing of another individualist anarchist maganize Al Margen: Publicación quincenal individualista.[240] In his youth, he engaged in illegalist activities.[83] His thought was deeply influenced by Max Stirner, of which he was the main popularizer in Spain through his own writings. He published and wrote the preface[192] to the fourth edition in Spanish of The Ego and Its Own from 1900. He proposed the creation of a "Union of egoists" to be a federation of individualist anarchists in Spain, but it did not succeed.[241] In 1956, he published an extensive treatise on Stirner, dedicated to fellow individualist anarchist Émile Armand.[242] Afterwards, he traveled and lived in Argentina, Uruguay and Mexico.[83]
In 1956, Miguel Giménez Igualada—on exile escaping from Franco's dictatorship—published an extensive treatise on Stirner which he dedicated to fellow individualist anarchist Émile Armand.[242] On the subject of individualist anarchist theory, he publisheds Anarchism in 1968 during his exile in Mexico from Franco's dictatorship in Spain.[243] He was present in the First Congress of the Mexican Anarchist Federation in 1945.[244]
In 2000, Ateneo Libertario Ricardo Mella, Ateneo Libertario Al Margen, Ateneu Enciclopèdic Popular, Ateneo Libertario de Sant Boi and Ateneu Llibertari Poble Sec y Fundació D'Estudis Llibertaris i Anarcosindicalistes republished Émile Armand's writings on free love and individualist anarchism in a compilation titled Individualist anarchism and Amorous camaraderie.
United Kingdom
The English
In the late 19th century in the United Kingdom, there existed individualist anarchists such as
In the United Kingdom, Herbert Read was influenced highly by egoism as he later approached existentialism (see existentialist anarchism).[253] Albert Camus devoted a section of The Rebel to Stirner. Although throughout his book Camus is concerned to present "the rebel" as a preferred alternative to "the revolutionary", he nowhere acknowledges that this distinction is taken from the one that Stirner makes between "the revolutionary" and "the insurrectionist".[254] Sidney Parker is a British egoist individualist anarchist who wrote articles and edited anarchist journals from 1963 to 1993 such as Minus One, Egoist, and Ego.[255] Donald Rooum is an English anarchist cartoonist and writer with a long association with Freedom Press. Rooum stated that for his thought, "[t]he most influential source is Max Stirner. I am happy to be called a Stirnerite anarchist, provided 'Stirnerite' means one who agrees with Stirner's general drift, not one who agrees with Stirner's every word".[256] An Anarchist FAQ reports: "From meeting anarchists in Glasgow during the Second World War, long-time anarchist activist and artist Donald Rooum likewise combined Stirner and anarcho-communism".[257]
In the hybrid of
Max Stirner's impact on contemporary political theory is often neglected. However in Stirner's political thinking there can be found a surprising convergence with poststructuralist theory, particularly with regard to the function of power. Andrew Koch, for instance, sees Stirner as a thinker who transcends the Hegelian tradition he is usually placed in, arguing that his work is a precursor poststructuralist ideas about the foundations of knowledge and truth.[258]
Newman has published several essays on Stirner. "War on the State: Stirner and Deleuze's Anarchism"[258] and "Empiricism, Pluralism, and Politics in Deleuze and Stirner"[259] discusses what he sees are similarities between Stirner's thought and that of Gilles Deleuze. In "Spectres of Stirner: A Contemporary Critique of Ideology", he discusses the conception of ideology in Stirner.[260] In "Stirner and Foucault: Toward a Post-Kantian Freedom", similarities between Stirner and Michel Foucault.[261] He also wrote "Politics of the Ego: Stirner's Critique of Liberalism".[262]
Individualist anarchism in Latin America
Argentine anarchist historian
Vicente Rojas Lizcano, whose pseudonym was
Horst Matthai Quelle was a Spanish language German anarchist philosopher influenced by Max Stirner.[265] In 1938, at the beginning of the German economic crisis and the rise of Nazism and fascism in Europe, Quelle moved to Mexico. Quelle earned his undergraduate degree, master's and doctorate in philosophy at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he returned as a professor of philosophy in the 1980s. He argued that since the individual gives form to the world, he is those objects, the others and the whole universe.[265] One of his main views was a "theory of infinite worlds" which for him was developed by pre-Socratic philosophers.[265]
During the 1990s in Argentina, there appeared a
Criticism
George Bernard Shaw initially had flirtations with individualist anarchism before coming to the conclusion that it was "the negation of socialism, and is, in fact, unsocialism carried as near to its logical conclusion as any sane man dare carry it". Shaw's argument was that even if wealth was initially distributed equally, the degree of laissez-faire advocated by Tucker would result in the distribution of wealth becoming unequal because it would permit private appropriation and accumulation.[276] According to Carlotta Anderson, American individualist anarchists accept that free competition results in unequal wealth distribution, but they "do not see that as an injustice".[277] Tucker explained that "[i]f I go through life free and rich, I shall not cry because my neighbor, equally free, is richer. Liberty will ultimately make all men rich; it will not make all men equally rich. Authority may (and may not) make all men equally rich in purse; it certainly will make them equally poor in all that makes life best worth living".[278] Nonetheless, Peter Marshall states that "the egalitarian implications of traditional individualist anarchists" such as Tucker and Lysander Spooner have been overlooked.[279]
The authors of
Individualist anarchism and anarcho-capitalism
While
Without the
There is a strong current within anarchism including anarchist activists and scholars which rejects that anarcho-capitalism can be considered a part of the anarchist movement because anarchism has historically been an
The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism writes that "[a]s Benjamin Franks rightly points out, individualisms that defend or reinforce hierarchical forms such as the economic-power relations of anarcho-capitalism are incompatible with practices of social anarchism based on developing immanent goods which contest such as inequalities". Laurence Davis cautiosly asks "[I]s anarcho-capitalism really a form of anarchism or instead a wholly different ideological paradigm whose adherents have attempted to expropriate the language of anarchism for their own anti-anarchist ends?" Davis cites Iain McKay, "whom Franks cites as an authority to support his contention that 'academic analysis has followed activist currents in rejecting the view that anarcho-capitalism has anything to do with social anarchism'", as arguing "quite emphatically on the very pages cited by Franks that anarcho-capitalism is by no means a type of anarchism". McKay writes that "[i]t is important to stress that anarchist opposition to the so-called capitalist 'anarchists' does not reflect some kind of debate within anarchism, as many of these types like to pretend, but a debate between anarchism and its old enemy capitalism. [...] Equally, given that anarchists and 'anarcho'-capitalists have fundamentally different analyses and goals it is hardly 'sectarian' to point this out".[307]
Davis writes that "Franks asserts without supporting evidence that most major forms of individualist anarchism have been largely anarcho-capitalist in content, and concludes from this premise that most forms of individualism are incompatible with anarchism". Davis argues that "the conclusion is unsuistainable because the premise is false, depending as it does for any validity it might have on the further assumption that anarcho-capitalism is indeed a form of anarchism. If we reject this view, then we must also reject the individual anarchist versus the communal anarchist 'chasm' style of argument that follows from it".[307] Davis maintains that "the ideological core of anarchism is the belief that society can and should be organised without hierarchy and domination. Historically, anarchists have struggles against a wide range of regimes of domination, from capitalism, the state system, patriarchy, heterosexism, and the domination of nature to colonialism, the war system, slavery, fascism, white supremacy, and certain forms of organised religion". According to Davis, "[w]hile these visions range from the predominantly individualistic to the predominantly communitarian, features common to virtually all include an emphasis on self-management and self-regulatory methods of organisation, voluntary association, decentralised society, based on the principle of free association, in which people will manage and govern themselves".[308] Finally, Davis includes a footnote stating that "[i]ndividualist anarchism may plausibly be re regarded as a form of both socialism and anarchism. Whether the individualist anarchists were consistent anarchists (and socialists) is another question entirely. [...] McKay comments as follows: 'any individualist anarchism which support wage labour is inconsistent anarchism. It can easily be made consistent anarchism by applying its own principles consistently. In contrast 'anarcho'-capitalism rejects so many of the basic, underlying, principles of anarchism [...] that it cannot be made consistent with the ideals of anarchism'".[309]
References
- ^ "What do I mean by individualism? I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition, no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience". Mini-Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual, as a condition of his sovereignty. To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself. "Anarchism and the State" in Individual Liberty
- ^ a b McKay, Iain. An Anarchist FAQ. AK Press. Oakland. 2008. pp 59-60.
- ^ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1840). What Is Property? An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government. "Chapter V. Psychological Exposition of the Idea of Justice and Injustice, and a Determination of the Principle of Government and of Right". "This third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property, we call liberty".
- OCLC 7308909 – via Hathi Trust.)
{{cite encyclopedia}}
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- ^ Baginki, Max (May 1907). "Stirner: The Ego and His Own". Mother Earth (2: 3). "Modern Communists are more individualistic than Stirner. To them, not merely religion, morality, family and State are spooks, but property also is no more than a spook, in whose name the individual is enslaved — and how enslaved! [...] Communism thus creates a basis for the liberty and Eigenheit of the individual. I am a Communist because I am an Individualist. Fully as heartily the Communists concur with Stirner when he puts the word take in place of demand — that leads to the dissolution of property, to expropriation. Individualism and Communism go hand in hand."; Novatore, Renzo (1924). "Towards the Creative Nothing"; Gray, Christopher (1974). Leaving the Twentieth Century. p. 88; Black, Bob (2010). "Nightmares of Reason". "[C]ommunism is the final fulfillment of individualism. [...] The apparent contradiction between individualism and communism rests on a misunderstanding of both. [...] Subjectivity is also objective: the individual really is subjective. It is nonsense to speak of "emphatically prioritizing the social over the individual," [...]. You may as well speak of prioritizing the chicken over the egg. Anarchy is a "method of individualization." It aims to combine the greatest individual development with the greatest communal unity".
- Brown, L. Susan (2 February 2011). "Does Work Really Work?".
- ^ McKay, Iain. An Anarchist FAQ. AK Press. Oakland. 2008. pp 22, 526.
- ^ ISBN 9781849351225.
- ^ ISBN 9781849351225.
- ^ Dana, Charles Anderson. Proudhon and his "Bank of the People". p. 46.
- ^ a b c d Philip, Mark (2006-05-20). "William Godwin". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ a b c d Leopold, David (2006-08-04). "Max Stirner". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ a b c "Paralelamente, al otro lado del atlántico, en el diferente contexto de una nación a medio hacer, los Estados Unidos, otros filósofos elaboraron un pensamiento individualista similar, aunque con sus propias especificidades. Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), uno de los escritores próximos al movimiento de la filosofía trascendentalista, es uno de los más conocidos. Su obra más representativa es Walden, aparecida en 1854, aunque redactada entre 1845 y 1847, cuando Thoreau decide instalarse en el aislamiento de una cabaña en el bosque, y vivir en íntimo contacto con la naturaleza, en una vida de soledad y sobriedad. De esta experiencia, su filosofía trata de transmitirnos la idea que resulta necesario un retorno respetuoso a la naturaleza, y que la felicidad es sobre todo fruto de la riqueza interior y de la armonía de los individuos con el entorno natural. Muchos han visto en Thoreau a uno de los precursores del ecologismo y del anarquismo primitivista representado en la actualidad por Jonh Zerzan. Para George Woodcock, esta actitud puede estar también motivada por una cierta idea de resistencia al progreso y de rechazo al materialismo creciente que caracteriza la sociedad norteamericana de mediados de siglo XIX.""Voluntary non-submission. Spanish individualist anarchism during dictatorship and the second republic (1923–1938)" Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ISBN 0-19-829414-X. pp. 313–314
- ^ George Woodcock, Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962
- Tucker, Benjamin (March 10, 1888). "State Socialism and Anarchism: How far they agree and wherein they differ". Liberty. 5 (120): 2–3, 6.
- ^ Skirda, Alexandre (2002). Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization from Proudhon to May 1968. AK Press. p. 191.
- ISBN 978-0-86187-096-7. "[...] anarchism does not stand for the untrammelled freedom of the individual (as the 'anarcho-capitalists' appear to believe) but, as we have already seen, for the extension of individuality and community" (p. 143).
- ISBN 978-0-87436-982-3. "For many anarchists (of whatever persuasion), anarcho-capitalism is a contradictory term, since 'traditional' anarchists oppose capitalism".
- OCLC 191924853. "Social anarchists, those anarchists with communitarian leanings, are critical of anarcho-capitalism because it permits individuals to accumulate substantial power through markets and private property."
- .
Individualisms that defend or reinforce hierarchical forms such as the economic-power relations of anarcho-capitalism [...] are incompatible with practices of social anarchism. [...] Increasingly, academic analysis has followed activist currents in rejecting the view that anarcho-capitalism has anything to do with social anarchism.
- ISBN 9781849351225.
No, far from it. Most anarchists in the late nineteenth century recognised communist-anarchism as a genuine form of anarchism and it quickly replaced collectivist anarchism as the dominant tendency. So few anarchists found the individualist solution to the social question or the attempts of some of them to excommunicate social anarchism from the movement convincing.
- ISBN 9780719061516.
- ISBN 9781849351225.
- ISBN 9789004356894.
- ^ a b McKay, Iain. An Anarchist FAQ. AK Press. Oakland. 2008. pp. 59.
- ^ Martin, James J. (1953). Men Against the State: the State the Expositors of Individualist Anarchism. Dekalb, Illinois: The Adrian Allen Associates.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin (1970). Liberty. Greenwood Reprint Corporation. 7–8. p. 26. "Liberty has always insisted that Individualism and Socialism are not antithetical terms; that, on the contrary, the most ... not of Socialist Anarchism against Individualist Anarchism, but of Communist Socialism against Individualist Socialism."
- ^ .
- ISBN 0520020294.
- S2CID 35607336. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-03-03.
- JSTOR 487673.
- ^ a b c Ostergaard, Geoffrey. "Anarchism". The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 14.
- Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed(41). "Within Libertarianism, Rothbard represents a minority perspective that actually argues for the total elimination of the state. However Rothbard's claim as an anarchist is quickly voided when it is shown that he only wants an end to the public state. In its place he allows countless private states, with each person supplying their own police force, army, and law, or else purchasing these services from capitalist venders...so what remains is shrill anti-statism conjoined to a vacuous freedom in hackneyed defense of capitalism. In sum, the "anarchy" of Libertarianism reduces to a liberal fraud".
- ^ Meltzer, Albert (2000). Anarchism: Arguments For and Against. AK Press. p. 50. "The philosophy of "anarcho-capitalism" dreamed up by the "libertarian" New Right, has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper".
- Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".
- Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice, Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the State, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists".
- ISBN 9781902593906.
- ISBN 0748634959. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism)".
- ^ Rothbard, Murray. "Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'?". Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
- ^ Carson, Kevin, "A Mutualist FAQ".
- ^ "En la vida de todo único, todo vínculo, independientemente de la forma en que éste se presente, supone una cadena que condiciona, y por tanto elimina la condición de persona libre. Ello supone dos consecuencias; la libertad se mantendrá al margen de toda categoría moral. Este último concepto quedará al margen del vocabulario estirneriano, puesto que tanto ética como moral serán dos conceptos absolutos que, como tales, no pueden situarse por encima de la voluntad individual. La libertad se vive siempre al margen de cualquier condicionamiento material o espiritual, "más allá del bien y del mal" como enunciará Nietzsche en una de sus principales obras. Las creencias colectivas, los prejuicios compartidos, los convencionalismos sociales serán, pues, objeto de destrucción.""Voluntary non-submission. Spanish individualist anarchism during dictatorship and the second republic (1923–1938)" Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Stirner himself, however, has no truck with "higher beings." Indeed, with the aim of concerning himself purely with his own interests, he attacks all "higher beings," regarding them as a variety of what he calls "spooks," or ideas to which individuals sacrifice themselves and by which they are dominated. First amongst these is the abstraction "Man", into which all unique individuals are submerged and lost. As he put it, "liberalism is a religion because it separates my essence from me and sets it above me, because it exalts 'Man' to the same extent as any other religion does to God ... it sets me beneath Man." Indeed, he "who is infatuated with Man leaves persons out of account so far as that infatuation extends, and floats in an ideal, sacred interest. Man, you see, is not a person, but an ideal, a spook." [p. 176 and p. 79] Among the many "spooks" Stirner attacks are such notable aspects of capitalist life as private property, the division of labour, the state, religion, and (at times) society itself. We will discuss Stirner's critique of capitalism before moving onto his vision of an egoist society and how it relates to social anarchism. "G.6 What are the ideas of Max Stirner" Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine in An Anarchist FAQ
- ^ "The first is in regard to the means of action in the here and now (and so the manner in which anarchy will come about). Individualists generally prefer education and the creation of alternative institutions, such as mutual banks, unions, communes, etc. Such activity, they argue, will ensure that present society will gradually develop out of government into an anarchist one. They are primarily evolutionists, not revolutionists, and dislike social anarchists' use of direct action to create revolutionary situations.""A.3.1 What are the differences between individualist and social anarchists?" Archived 2010-11-23 at the Wayback Machine in An Anarchist FAQ
- ^ "Toda revolución, pues, hecha en nombre de principios abstractos como igualdad, fraternidad, libertad o humanidad, persigue el mismo fin; anular la voluntad y soberanía del individuo, para así poderlo dominar."La insumisión voluntaria. El anarquismo individualista español durante la dictadura y la segunda república (1923–1938) Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The wave of anarchist bombings and assassinations of the 1890s ... and the practice of illegalism from the mid-1880s to the start of the First World War ... were twin aspects of the same proletarian offensive, but were expressed in an individualist practice, one that complemented the great collective struggles against capital. The illegalist comrades were tired of waiting for the revolution. The acts of the anarchist bombers and assassins ("propaganda by the deed") and the anarchist burglars ("individual reappropriation") expressed their desperation and their personal, violent rejection of an intolerable society. Moreover, they were clearly meant to be exemplary, invitations to revolt."THE "ILLEGALISTS" by Doug Imrie Archived September 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Finalmente, y este es un tema poco resuelto por el filósofo bávaro, resulta evidente que, a pesar de todo culto a la soberanía individual, es necesario y deseable que los individuos cooperen. Pero el peligro de la asociación conlleva la reproducción, an escala diferente, de una sociedad, y es evidente que en este contexto, los individuos deban renunciar a buena parte de su soberanía. Stirner propone "uniones de egoístas", formadas por individuos libres que pueden unirse episódicamente para colaborar, pero evitando la estabilidad o la permanencia."La insumisión voluntaria. El anarquismo individualista español durante la dictadura y la segunda república (1923–1938) Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The unions Stirner desires would be based on free agreement, being spontaneous and voluntary associations drawn together out of the mutual interests of those involved, who would "care best for their welfare if they unite with others." [p. 309] The unions, unlike the state, exist to ensure what Stirner calls "intercourse," or "union" between individuals. To better understand the nature of these associations, which will replace the state, Stirner lists the relationships between friends, lovers, and children at play as examples. [No Gods, No Masters, vol. 1, p. 25] These illustrate the kinds of relationships that maximise an individual's self-enjoyment, pleasure, freedom, and individuality, as well as ensuring that those involved sacrifice nothing while belonging to them. Such associations are based on mutuality and a free and spontaneous co-operation between equals. As Stirner puts it, "intercourse is mutuality, it is the action, the commercium, of individuals." [p. 218] Its aim is "pleasure" and "self-enjoyment." Thus Stirner sought a broad egoism, one which appreciated others and their uniqueness, and so criticised the narrow egoism of people who forgot the wealth others are:
- "But that would be a man who does not know and cannot appreciate any of the delights emanating from an interest taken in others, from the consideration shown to others. That would be a man bereft of innumerable pleasures, a wretched character ... would he not be a wretched egoist, rather than a genuine Egoist? ... The person who loves a human being is, by virtue of that love, a wealthier man that someone else who loves no one." [No Gods, No Masters, vol. 1, p. 23]"What are the differences between individualist and social anarchists?
- ISBN 9781610163910.
- ISBN 9780879260064
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. Instead of a Book. p. 369 "The makers of dictionaries are dependent upon specialists for their definitions. A specialist's definition may be true or it may be erroneous. But its truth cannot be increased or its error diminished by its acceptance by the lexicographer. Each definition must stand on its own merits."
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. Instead of a Book. p. 61. "It will be seen from this definition that Anarchistic property concerns only products. But anything is a product upon which human labour has been expended. It should be stated, however, that in the case of land, or of any other material the supply of which is so limited that all cannot hold it in unlimited quantities, Anarchism undertakes to protect no titles except such as are based on actual occupancy and use."
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. "Occupancy and Use versus the Single Tax". "[N]o advocate of occupancy and use believes that it can be put in force until as a theory it has been accepted as generally [...] seen and accepted as is the prevailing theory of ordinary private property."
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. Instead of a Book. Forgotten Books. 2012. pp. 477.
- ^ Marx, Karl. Capital Volume 1. Penguin Classics. England. 1990. pp. 676. "The working day of 12 hours is represented in a monetary value of, for example, 6 shillings. There are two alternatives. Either equivalents are exchanged, and then the worker received 6 shillings for 12 hours of labour; the price of his labour would be equal to the price of his product. In that case he produces no surplus-value for the buyer of his labor, the 6 shillings are not transformed into capital, and the basis of capitalist production vanishes."
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. Liberty (129). p. 2.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin (1893). Instead of a Book by a Man Too Busy to Write One. pp. 363–364.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin (1911) [1888]. State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree and Wherein They Differ. Fifield.
- ISBN 9781859731499.
- ISBN 0631227814.
- ISBN 0873953932.
- ISBN 0140206221.
- ^ NATIVE AMERICAN ANARCHISM A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism by Eunice Minette Schuster Archived February 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "G.1.4 Why is the social context important in evaluating Individualist Anarchism?" in An Anarchist FAQ
- ^ Schuster, Eunice. Native American Anarchism — A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism. p. 140.
- ^ Kilne, William Gary (1987). The Individualist Anarchists: A Critique of Liberalism. University Press of America. p. 57.
- ^ Kevin Carson. Organization Theory: A Libertarian Perspective. BOOKSURGE. 2008. p. 1
- ^ a b Richard Parry. The Bonnot Gang: The Story of the French Illegalists
- ^ Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed)
- ^ a b c Parry, Richard. The Bonnot Gang. Rebel Press, 1987. p. 15
- social anarchist Errico Malatesta became involved "in a dispute with the individualist anarchists of Paterson, who insisted that anarchism implied no organization at all, and that every man must act solely on his impulses. At last, in one noisy debate, the individual impulse of a certain Ciancabilla directed him to shoot Malatesta, who was badly wounded but obstinately refused to name his assailant." Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962
- Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm]
- ^ "2. Individualist Anarchism and Reaction" in Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism – An Unbridgeable Chasm
- ^ a b c d e "The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism By Wendy McElroy". Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g "La insumisión voluntaria. El anarquismo individualista español durante la dictadura y la Segunda República" by Xavier Díez Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ética será el Ateneo Naturista Ecléctico, con sede en Barcelona, con sus diferentes secciones la más destacada de las cuales será el grupo excursionista Sol y Vida." "Ekintza Zuzena || DOSSIER: EL NATURISMO LIBERTARIO EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (1890-1939)". Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2014-06-03. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.) "La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Díez
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link - ^ a b c d Díez 2007.
- ^ "revolution is the fire of our will and a need of our solitary minds; it is an obligation of the libertarian aristocracy. To create new ethical values. To create new aesthetic values. To communalize material wealth. To individualize spiritual wealth." Towards the creative nothing Archived 2013-04-15 at archive.today by Renzo Novatore
- ^ George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962
- ^ "Selon l'historien Vladimir Muñoz, son véritable nom aurait été Miguel Ramos Giménez et il aurait participé au début du 20è siècle aux groupes illégalistes.""GIMÉNEZ IGUALADA, Miguel" at Diccionaire International des Militants Anarchistes
- ^ Igualada argued for an anarchism that was "pacifist, poetic, which creates goodness, harmony and beauty, which cultivates a healthy sense of living in peace, sign of power and fertility ... from there anyone which is un-harmonious (violent-warrior), everyone that will pretend, in any form, to dominate anyone of his similars, is not an anarchist, since the anarchist respects in such a way personal integrity, so that he could not make anyone a slave of his thoughts so as to turn him into an instrument of his, a man-tool."Anarquismo by Miguel Giménez Igualada Archived 2017-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Woodcock, George. 2004. Anarchism: A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements. Broadview Press. p. 20
- ^ "Anarchism", Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 (UK version)
- ^ Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910
- ^ a b "Godwin, William". (2006). In Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia. Retrieved December 7, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ISBN 978-0754661962.
- ISBN 978-0754661962.
- OCLC 9971338.
- ^ "William Godwin, Shelly and Communism" by ALB, The Socialist Standard
- ^ Rothbard, Murray. "Edmund Burke, Anarchist."
- OCLC 1019295. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ Peter Sabatini. "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy"
- In Our Time, Thursday December 7, 2006. Hosted by Melvyn Bragg of the BBC, with John Keane, Professor of Politics at University of Westminster, Ruth Kinna, Senior Lecturer in Politics at Loughborough University, and Peter Marshall, philosopher and historian.
- ^ OCLC 7308909.
- ^ ISBN 0415110475.
- ISBN 0836918282.
- ^ Bowen, James & Purkis, Jon. 2004. Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age. Manchester University Press. p. 24
- ^ Knowles, Rob. "Political Economy from below : Communitarian Anarchism as a Neglected Discourse in Histories of Economic Thought". History of Economics Review, No.31 Winter 2000.
- ^ Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements, Broadview Press, 2004, p. 20
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
- ISBN 1846310261.
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 190.
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 183.
- ^ The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopedia Corporation. p. 176
- ^ Heider, Ulrike. Anarchism: Left, Right and Green, San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1994, pp. 95–96
- ISBN 0710206852.
- OCLC 47758413. Archived from the original(PDF) on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 191
- ISBN 0810804840. Archived from the originalon 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
- ^ Stirner, Max. The Ego and Its Own, p. 248.
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 194
- ISBN 9781849351225.
- ^ Roudine, Victor. The Workers Struggle According to Max Stirner. p. 12.
- ^ Weir, David. Anarchy & Culture. University of Massachusetts Press. 1997. p. 146
- ^ McElroy, Wendy. Benjamin Tucker, Individualism, & Liberty: Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order. Institute for Human Studies. Autumn 1981, VOL. IV, NO. 3
- ^ a b c Levy, Carl. "Anarchism". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Archived 2012-07-25 at the Wayback Machine 2009-10-31.
- ^ Avrich, Paul. "The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution". Russian Review, Vol. 26, No. 4. (Oct., 1967). p. 343
- ^ For Ourselves, "The_Right_To_Be_Greedy-v1_2_5-en". Archived from the original on 2008-12-28. Retrieved 2008-11-17. The Right to Be Greedy: Theses On The Practical Necessity Of Demanding Everything, 1974.
- ^ See for example Christopher Gray, Leaving the Twentieth Century, p. 88.
- ^ Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, p. 50.
- ^ a b William Bailie, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist – A Sociological Study, Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1906, p. 20 - ^ Charles A. Madison. "Anarchism in the United States". Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 6, No. 1. (Jan., 1945), p. 53
- ^ Díez 2007, p. 42.
- ^ a b "RESISTING THE NATION STATE the pacifist and anarchist tradition by Geoffrey Ostergaard". Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- JSTOR 2707055.
- ^ Johnson, Ellwood. The Goodly Word: The Puritan Influence in America Literature, Clements Publishing, 2005, p. 138.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, edited by Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman, Alvin Saunders Johnson, 1937, p. 12.
- ^ Joanne E. Passet, "Power through Print: Lois Waisbrooker and Grassroots Feminism," in: Women in Print: Essays on the Print Culture of American Women from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, James Philip Danky and Wayne A. Wiegand, eds., Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 2006; pp. 229–50.
- ^ Lloyd, John William (1931). The Karezza Method or Magnetation: The Art of Connubial Love. Roscoe, California. "The Karezza Method | Reuniting". Archived from the original on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Retrieved 22 June 2020. - ^ a b E. Armand and "la camaraderie amoureuse". Revolutionary sexualism and the struggle against jealousy
- ^ "Individualisme anarchiste et féminisme à la « Belle Epoque »" Archived 6 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Maria Lacerda de Moura – Uma Anarquista Individualista Brasileira".
- ^ "Entre los redactores y colaboradores de Al Margen, que trasladará su redacción a Elda, en Alicante, encontraremos a Miguel Giménez Igualada, al escritor Gonzalo Vidal, u otros habituales de la prensa individualista como Costa Iscar, Mariano Gallardo o la periodista brasileña Maria Lacerda de Moura."
- ^ a b Wendy McElroy "The culture of individualist anarchist in Late-nineteenth century America"
- ^ Díez 2007, p. 143.
- ^ Díez 2007, p. 152.
- ^ "Anarchism and the different Naturist views have always been related." "Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega at Asociacion para el Desarrollo Naturista de la Comunidad de Madrid. Published on Revista ADN. Winter 2003.
- ^ "From the 1880s, anarcho-individualist publications and teachings promoted the social emancipatory function of naturism and denounced deforestation, mechanization, civilization, and urbanization as corrupting effects of the consolidating industrial-capitalist order." "Naturism" by Stefano Boni in The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest Edited by Immanuel Ness. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009.
- ^ "el individuo es visto en su dimensión biológica -física y psíquica- dejándose la social." El naturismo libertario en la península ibérica (1890–1939) by Josep Maria Rosell.
- ^ "Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), uno de los escritores próximos al movimiento de la filosofía trascendentalista, es uno de los más conocidos. Su obra más representativa es Walden, aparecida en 1854, aunque redactada entre 1845 y 1847, cuando Thoreau decide instalarse en el aislamiento de una cabaña en el bosque, y vivir en íntimo contacto con la naturaleza, en una vida de soledad y sobriedad. De esta experiencia, su filosofía trata de transmitirnos la idea de que resulta necesario un retorno respetuoso a la naturaleza, y que la felicidad es sobre todo fruto de la riqueza interior y de la armonía de los individuos con el entorno natural." "La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Díez Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "1855 – France: Emile Gravelle lives, Douai. Militant anarchist & naturalist. Published the review "L'Etat Naturel." Collaborated with Henri Zisly & Henri Beylie on "La Nouvelle Humanité," followed by "Le Naturien," "Le Sauvage," "L'Ordre Naturel," & "La Vie Naturelle." "The daily bleed" Archived July 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Henri Zisly, self-labeled individualist anarchist, is considered one of the forerunners and principal organizers of the naturist movement in France and one of its most able and outspoken defenders worldwide." "Zisly, Henri (1872–1945)" by Stefano Boni.
- ^ "The life of Émile Armand (1872–1963) spanned the history of anarchism. He was influenced by Leo Tolstoy and Benjamin Tucker, and to a lesser extent by Whitman and Emerson. Later in life, Nietzsche and Stirner became important to his way of thinking."Introduction[permanent dead link] to The Anarchism of Émile Armand by Émile Armand
- ^ Toward the Creative Nothing by Renzo Novatore
- ^ Robert C. Holub, Nietzsche: Socialist, Anarchist, Feminist Archived 2007-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Hakim Bey
- ISBN 9783319756202.
- ^ Madison, Charles A. "Anarchism in the United States." Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol 6, No 1, January 1945, p. 53.
- ^ Schwartzman, Jack. "Ingalls, Hanson, and Tucker: Nineteenth-Century American Anarchists." American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 62, No. 5 (November 2003). p. 325.
- ^ de Cleyre, Voltairine. Anarchism. Originally published in Free Society, 13 October 1901. Published in Exquisite Rebel: The Essays of Voltairine de Cleyre, edited by Sharon Presley, SUNY Press 2005, p. 224.
- ^ Spooner, Lysander. The Law of Intellectual Property Archived May 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 308.
- ISSN 0047-4517. pp. 5–6.
- ^ George Woodcock. Anarchism: a history of anarchist ideas and movements (1962). p. 459.
- ^ Brooks, Frank H. 1994. The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908). Transaction Publishers. p. 75.
- ^ "G.1.4 Why is the social context important in evaluating Individualist Anarchism?" in An Anarchist FAQArchived March 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Stanford, Jim. Economics for Everyone: A Short Guide to the Economics of Capitalism. Ann Arbor: MI., Pluto Press. 2008. p. 36.
- Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. p. 6.
- ^ Woodcock, G. (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Melbourne: Penguin. p. 460.
- ^ Martin, James J. (1970). Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles Publisher.
- ISBN 9781893626218.
- ISBN 9780313242007.
- ISBN 0791460940.
- ^ a b c d e Carson, Kevin. "May Day Thoughts: Individualist Anarchism and the Labor Movement". Mutualist Blog: Free Market Anti-Capitalism. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
- ^ Gary S. Sprayberry (2009). Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
- ^ Tucker, Instead of a Book, p. 350
- ^ Wendy Mcelroy. "Benjamin Tucker, Individualism, & Liberty: Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order"
- ^ McElroy, Wendy. A Reconsideration of Trial by Jury, Forumulations, Winter 1998–1999, Free Nation Foundation
- ^ a b McElroy, Wendy. "Benjamin Tucker and Liberty: A Bibliographical Essay by Wendy McElroy"
- ^ John F. Welsh. Max Stirner's Dialectical Egoism: A New Interpretation. Lexington Books. 2010. p. 163
- ^ John F. Welsh. Max Stirner's Dialectical Egoism: A New Interpretation. Lexington Books. 2010. p. 167
- Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm.
- ^ Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962
- ^ a b Enrico Arrigoni at the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia Archived 2 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h Paul Avrich. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America.
- ^ Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm by Murray Bookchin
- ^ Anarchy after Leftism by Bob Black.
- Jason McQuinn
- ^ Immediatism by Hakim Bey. AK Press. 1994. p. 4 Archived December 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hakim Bey. "An esoteric interpretation of the I.W.W. preamble"
- ^ Anti-politics.net Archived 2009-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, "Whither now? Some thoughts on creating anarchy" by Feral Faun
- ^ Towards the creative nothing and other writings by Renzo Novatore Archived August 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b The rebel's dark laughter: the writings of Bruno Filippi
- ^ a b Onfray says in an interview "L'individualisme anarchiste part de cette logique. Il célèbre les individualités ... Dans cette période de libéralisme comme horizon indépassable, je persiste donc à plaider pour l'individu."Interview des lecteurs : Michel Onfray Par Marion Rousset| 1er avril 2005 Archived 2012-04-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d "Voluntary non-submission. Spanish individualist anarchism during dictatorship and the second republic (1923–1938)" by Xavier Diez Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b
"Parallel to the social, Sante Caserio) and the practice of illegalism from the mid-1880s to the start of the First World War (Clément Duval, Pini, Marius Jacob, the Bonnot gang) were twin aspects of the same proletarian offensive, but were expressed in an individualist practice, one that complemented the great collective struggles against capital."
- ^ Díez 2007, p. 60.
- ^ "Autonomie Individuelle (1887–1888)". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ "On the fringe of the movement, and particularly in the individualist faction which became relatively strong after 1900 and began to publish its own sectarian paper, – 315 – L'Anarchie ( 1905–14), there were groups and individuals who lived largely by crime. Among them were some of the most original as well as some of the most tragic figures in anarchist history." Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962
- ^ "Émile Armand in A las barricadas.com". Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
- ^ "Unique, L' (1945–1956)". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Peterson, Joseph W. (August 2010). Gérard De Lacaze-Duthiers, Charles Péguy, and Edward Carpenter: An Examination of Neo-Romantic Radicalism Before the Great War (M.A. thesis). Clemson University. pp. 8, 15–30.
- ^ Lacaze-Duthiers, L'Ideal Humain de l'Art, pp. 57–8.
- ISBN 978-0-271-03663-2. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "L'Unique (1945-1956)". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ "Pensée et action des anarchistes en France : 1950–1970" by Cédric GUÉRIN
- ^ "Le courant individualiste, qui avait alors peu de rapport avec les théories de Charles-Auguste Bontemps, est une tendance représentée à l'époque par Georges Vincey et avec des nuances par A.Arru""Pensée et action des anarchistes en France : 1950–1970" by Cédric GUÉRIN
- ^ a b c "Charles-Auguste Bontemps" at Ephemeride Anarchiste
- ^ "BONTEMPS Auguste, Charles, Marcel dit « Charles-Auguste » ; « CHAB » ; « MINXIT »" at Dictionnaire International des Militants Anarchistes
- ^ "Au-delà, l'éthique et la politique de Michel Onfray font signe vers l'anarchisme individualiste de la Belle Epoque qui est d'ailleurs une de ses références explicites.""Individualité et rapports à l'engagement militant Individualite et rapports a l engageme".. par : Pereira Irène
- ^ The Illegalists Archived September 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine – by Doug Imrie. Recollectionbooks.com (1954-08-28). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^ "New England Anarchism in Germany" by Thomas A. Riley Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Karl Heinrich Ulrichs had begun a journal called Prometheus in 1870, but only one issue was published. (Kennedy, Hubert, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Homosexuality, In: 'Science and Homosexualities', ed. Vernon Rosario pp. 26–45). New York: Routledge, 1997.
- ^ "Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German Der Eigene, edited by Adolf Brand" - "Benjamin Tucker and Liberty: A Bibliographical Essay" by Wendy McElroy
- ^ Constantin Parvulescu. "Der Einzige" and the making of the radical Left in the early post-World War I Germany. University of Minnesota. 2006]
- ^ "[...] the dadaist objections to Hiller's activism werethemselves present in expressionism as demonstrated by the seminal roles played by the philosophies of Otto Gross and Salomo Friedlaender". Seth Taylor. Left-wing Nietzscheans: the politics of German expressionism, 1910–1920. Walter De Gruyter Inc. 1990
- ^ "anarco-individualismo" in italian anarchopedia
- ^ "At this point, encouraged by the disillusionment that followed the breakdown of the general strike, the terrorist individualists who had always – despite Malatesta's influence – survived as a small minority among Italian anarchists, intervened frightfully and tragically." George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962.
- ^ "in a dispute with the individualist anarchists of Paterson, who insisted that anarchism implied no organization at all, and that every man must act solely on his impulses. At last, in one noisy debate, the individual impulse of a certain Ciancabilla directed him to shoot Malatesta, who was badly wounded but obstinately refused to name his assailant." George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962
- ^ "Essa trova soprattutto in America del Nord un notevole seguito per opera del Galleani che esprime una sintesi fra l'istanza puramente individualista di stampo anglosassone e americano (ben espressa negli scritti di Tucker) e quella profondamente socialista del movimento anarchico di lingua italiana. Questa commistione di elementi individualisti e comunisti – che caratterizza bene la corrente antiorganizzatrice – rappresenta lo sforzo di quanti avvertirono in modo estremamente sensibile l'invadente burocratismo che pervadeva il movimento operaio e socialista." "Anarchismo insurrezionale" in Italian anarchopedia Archived 2012-07-09 at archive.today
- ^ "Novatore non era contrario all'abolizione della proprietà privata, poiché riteneva che l'unica proprietà inviolabile fosse solo quella spirituale ed etica. Il suo pensiero è esplicitato in "Verso il nulla creatore":
- Bisogna che tutto ciò che si chiama "proprietà materiale", "proprietà privata", "proprietà esteriore" diventi per gli individui ciò che è il sole, la luce, il cielo, il mare, le stelle. E ciò avverrà! Avverrà perché noi – gli iconoclasti – la violenteremo! Solo la ricchezza etica e spirituale è invulnerabile. È vera proprietà dell'individuo. Il resto no! Il resto è vulnerabile! E tutto ciò che è vulnerabile sarà vulnerato.""Renzo Novatore" in italian anarchopedia Archived 2012-07-29 at archive.today
- ^ Novatore: una biografia Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "L'Indivi-dualista" Archived August 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b ""Pietro Bruzzi" at italian anarchopedia". Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ^ ""Storia del movimento libertario in Italia" in anarchopedia in Italian". Archived from the original on 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
- ^ Pier Carlo Masini; Paul Sharkey. "Cesare Zaccaria (19 August 1897 – October 1961)".
- ^ "Los anarco-individualistas, G.I.A. ... Una escisión de la FAI producida en el IX Congreso (Carrara, 1965) se pr odujo cuando un sector de anarquistas de tendencia humanista rechazan la interpretación que ellos juzgan disciplinaria del "pacto asociativo" clásico, y crean los GIA (Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica). Esta pequeña federación de grupos, hoy nutrida sobre todo de veteranos anarco-individualistas de orientación pacifista, naturista, etcétera defiende la autonomía personal y rechaza a rajatabla toda forma de intervención en los procesos del sistema, como sería por ejemplo el sindicalismo. Su portavoz es L'Internazionale con sede en Ancona. La escisión de los GIA prefiguraba, en sentido contrario, el gran debate que pronto había de comenzar en el seno del movimiento". "El movimiento libertario en Italia" by Bicicleta, revista de comunicaciones libertarias Year 1 No. Noviembre, 1 1977] Archived October 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Critica individualista anarchica alla modernità" by Michele Fabiani Archived 2009-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b ""Horst Biography"". Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
- ^ "He always considered himself an individualist anarchist.""Horst Biography" Archived 2012-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Ormai è fatta!" (1999) at the IMDB.
- ^ ISBN 1904859488.
- ^ a b c d e f "Prominent Anarchists and Left-Libertarians" Archived 2010-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Avrich 2006, p. 180
- ^ Avrich 2006, p. 254
- ^ Chernyi, Lev (1923) [1907]. Novoe Napravlenie v Anarkhizme: Asosiatsionnii Anarkhism (Moscow; 2nd ed.). New York.
- S2CID 146156609. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- The Match! (79). Archived from the originalon 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ^ a b "Anarchism and Law" on Anarchism Pamphlets in the Labadie Collection.
- ^ a b Alexei Borovoi (from individualism to the Platform)" by Anatoly Dubovik.
- ISBN 978-84-96044-87-6.
- ^ "Anarquismo" by por Miguel Giménez Igualada.
- ^ "Entre los redactores y colaboradores de Al Margen, que trasladará su redacción a Elda, en Alicante, encontraremos a Miguel Giménez Igualada ..." "La insumisión voluntaira: El anarquismo individualista español durante la dictadura y la segunda república (1923–1938)" by Xavier Diez Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "A partir de la década de los treinta, su pensamiento empieza a derivar hacia el individualismo, y como profundo estirneriano tratará de impulsar una federación de individualistas""La insumisión voluntaira: El anarquismo individualista español durante la dictadura y la segunda reppública(1923–1938) por Xavier Diez Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Stirner" Archived 2011-09-17 at the Wayback Machine by Miguel Gimenez Igualada.
- ^ "Anarquismo" by Miguel Gimenez Igualada.
- ^ "Anarchismo" by Miguel Giménez Igualada.
- ^ "Individualismo anarquista y camaradería amorosa" Archived 2009-07-19 at the Wayback Machine by Émile Armand
- ^ "El anarquismo individualista en España" by Xavier Diez.
- ISBN 978-84-7935-715-3.
- ^ "We must kill the christian philosophy in the most radical sense of the word. How much mostly goes sneaking inside the democratic civilization (this most cynically ferocious form of christian depravity) and it goes more towards the categorical negation of human Individuality. "Democracy! By now we have comprised it that it means all that says Oscar Wilde Democracy is the people who govern the people with blows of the club for love of the people"." "Towards the Hurricane" by Renzo Novatore
- ^ "When Oscar Wilde's plea for penal reform, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, was widely criticized, Tucker enthusiastically endorsed the poem, urging all of his subscribers to read it. Tucker, in fact, published an American edition. From its early championing of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass to a series of short stories by Francis du Bosque in its last issues, Liberty was a vehicle of controversial, avant-garde literature.""Benjamin Tucker, Individualism, & Liberty: Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order" by Wendy McElroy
- ^ "The Soul of Man under Socialism" by Oscar Wilde Archived 2013-09-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962. (p. 447)
- ^ a b c "The English Individualists As They Appear In Liberty" by Carl Watner
- ^ Herbert Read Reassessed by David Goodway. Liverpool University Press. 1998. p. 190.
- ^ "The Egoism of Max Stirner" by Sidney Parker
- ^ "Sid Parker" by nonserviam.com Archived 2004-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Donald Rooum: Anarchism and Selfishness. In: The Raven. Anarchist Quarterly (London), vol. 1, n. 3 (nov. 1987), pp. 251–59 (here 259)
- ^ "G.6. What are the ideas of Max Stirner", Archived 2014-09-10 at the Wayback Machine in An Anarchist FAQ.
- ^ a b "War on the State: Stirner and Deleuze's Anarchism" by Saul Newman
- ^ "Empiricism, Pluralism, and Politics in Deleuze and Stirner" by Saul Newman
- ^ "Spectres of Stirner: A Contemporary Critique of Ideology"
- ^ "Stirner and Foucault: Toward a Post-Kantian Freedom
- S2CID 144506564.
- ISBN 9789802761173.
anarquismo nietzsche.
- ^ Panclasta, Biófilo (1928). "Comprimidos psicológicos de los revolucionarios criollos". Periódico Claridad (in Spanish). Bogotá: 52–56..
- ^ a b c Horst Matthai Quelle. Textos Filosóficos (1989–1999). p. 15
- ^ "El Único: publicacion periódica de pensamiento individualista" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2010-03-05.
- ^ "Argentinian anarchist periodicals". RA Forum. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
- ^ Méndez, Nelson; Vallota, Alfredo. "Bitácora de la Utopía: Anarquismo para el Siglo XXI".
- ISBN 9781873176832.
- ]
- ^ Bookchin, Murray. "Communalism: The Democratic Dimensions of Social Anarchism". Anarchism, Marxism and the Future of the Left: Interviews and Essays, 1993–1998. AK Press, 1999, p. 155.
- ^ Meltzer, Albert. Anarchism: Arguments For and Against. AK Press, 2000. pp. 114–115.
- S2CID 145311911.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin (April 1, 1881). Liberty.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin (1893). Instead of a Book, By a Man Too Busy to Write One. "After Nestor: The Chicago Martyrs".
- ^ Griffith, Gareth. Socialism and Superior Brain: The Political Thought of George Bernard Shaw. Routledge (UK). 1993. p. 310.
- ^ Anderson, Carlotta R. All-American Anarchist: Joseph A. Labadie and the Labor Movement, Wayne State University Press, 1998, p. 250.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. Economic Rent.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6.
- ISBN 9781137606044. "Collectivist anarchists argue that state intervention merely props up a system of class exploitation and gives capitalism a human face. Individualist anarchists suggest that intervention distorts the competitive market and creates economies dominated by both public and private monopolies."
- ^ Rothbard, Murray (2000) [1965]. "The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View". Journal of Libertarian Studies. Auburn: Mises Institute. 20 (1): 5–15.
- ISBN 9781902593906.
- ^ ISBN 9780691044941. "Although there are many honorable exceptions who still embrace the 'socialist' label, most people who call themselves individualist anarchists today are followers of Murray Rothbard's Austrian economics, and have abandoned the labor theory of value."
- ^ ISBN 9780631221647. "Their successors today, such as Murray Rothbard, having abandoned the labor theory of value, describe themselves as anarcho-capitalists."
- ^ Morris, Brian (1998). "Anthropology and Anarchism". Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed. 16 (1/45). p. 40. "Another criticism of anarchism is that it has a narrow view of politics: that it sees the state as the fount of all evil, ignoring other aspects of social and economic life. This is a misrepresentation of anarchism. It partly derives from the way anarchism has been defined, and partly because Marxist historians have tried to exclude anarchism from the broader socialist movement. But when one examines the writings of classical anarchists [...] as well as the character of anarchist movements, [...] it is clearly evident that it has never had this limited vision. It has always challenged all forms of authority and exploitation, and has been equally critical of capitalism and religion as it has been of the state."
- ISBN 9780754661962. "Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short. [...] [Opposition to the state] is (contrary to what many scholars believe) not definitive of anarchism."
- ISSN 1089-7011. "One common misconception, which has been rehearsed repeatedly by the few Anglo-American philosophers who have bothered to broach the topic [...] is that anarchism can be defined solely in terms of opposition to states and governments" (p. 507).
- . "[M]any, questionably, regard anti-statism as the irremovable, universal principle at the core of anarchism. [...] The fact that [anarchists and anarcho-capitalists] share a core concept of 'anti-statism', which is often advanced as [...] a commonality between them [...], is insufficient to produce a shared identity [...] because [they interpret] the concept of state-rejection [...] differently despite the initial similarity in nomenclature" (pp. 386–388).
- ^ Landauer, Carl (1960). European Socialism: A History of Ideas and Movements. University of California Press. p. 127.
- ^ a b c Rothbard, Murray (1950s). "Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'?" Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ Wieck, David (1978). "Anarchist Justice". In Chapman, John W.; Pennock, J. Roland Pennock, eds. Anarchism: Nomos XIX. New York: New York University Press. pp. 227–228. "Out of the history of anarchist thought and action Rothbard has pulled forth a single thread, the thread of individualism, and defines that individualism in a way alien even to the spirit of a Max Stirner or a Benjamin Tucker, whose heritage I presume he would claim – to say nothing of how alien is his way to the spirit of Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin, Malatesta, and the historically anonymous persons who through their thoughts and action have tried to give anarchism a living meaning. Out of this thread Rothbard manufactures one more bourgeois ideology." Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ a b Peacott, Joe (18 April 1985). "Reply to Wendy Mc Elroy". New Libertarian (14, June 1985). Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 April 2020. "In her article on individualist anarchism in the October, 1984, New Libertarian, Wendy McElroy mistakenly claims that modern-day individualist anarchism is identical with anarchist capitalism. She ignores the fact that there are still individualist anarchists who reject capitalism as well as communism, in the tradition of Warren, Spooner, Tucker, and others. [...] Benjamin Tucker, when he spoke of his ideal 'society of contract,' was certainly not speaking of anything remotely resembling contemporary capitalist society. [...] I do not quarrel with McElroy's definition of herself as an individualist anarchist. However, I dislike the fact that she tries to equate the term with anarchist capitalism. This is simply not true. I am an individualist anarchist and I am opposed to capitalist economic relations, voluntary or otherwise."
- ^ Baker, J. W. "Native American Anarchism". The Raven. 10 (1): 43‒62. Retrieved 7 April 2020. "It is time that anarchists recognise the valuable contributions of individualist anarchist theory and take advantage of its ideas. It would be both futile and criminal to leave it to the capitalist libertarians, whose claims on Tucker and the others can be made only by ignoring the violent opposition they had to capitalist exploitation and monopolistic 'free enterprise' supported by the state."
- ISBN 0-631-17944-5.
- ^ Peacott, Joe (18 April 1985). "Reply to Wendy Mc Elroy". New Libertarian (14, June 1985). Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 April 2020. "In her overview of anarchist history, McElroy criticizes the individualists of the past for their belief in the labor theory of value, because it fails to distinguish between profit and plunder. Some anarchist individualists still believe that profit is theft, and that living off the labor of others is immoral. And some individualists, both past and present, agree with the communist anarchists that present-day capitalism is based on economic coercion, not on voluntary contract. Rent and interest are mainstays of modern capitalism, and are protected and enforced by the state. Without these two unjust institutions, capitalism could not exist. These two institutions, and the money monopoly of the state, effectively prevent most people from being economically independent, and force them into wage labor. Saying that coercion does not exist i[n] capitalist economic relations because workers aren't forced to work by armed capitalists ignores the very real economic coercion caused by this alliance of capitalism and the state. People don't voluntarily work for wages or pay rent, except in the sense that most people 'voluntarily' pay taxes[.] Because one recognizes when she or he is up against superior force, and chooses to compromise in order to survive, does not make these activities voluntary; at least, not in the way I envision voluntary relations in an anarchist society."
- ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6. "Anarcho-capitalists are against the State simply because they are capitalists first and foremost. [...] They are not concerned with the social consequences of capitalism for the weak, powerless and ignorant. [...] As such, anarcho-capitalism overlooks the egalitarian implications of traditional individualist anarchists like Spooner and Tucker. In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice. Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the state, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists."
- Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed(41). Retrieved September 4, 2020. "Within [capitalist] Libertarianism, Rothbard represents a minority perspective that actually argues for the total elimination of the state. However Rothbard's claim as an anarchist is quickly voided when it is shown that he only wants an end to the public state. In its place he allows countless private states, with each person supplying their own police force, army, and law, or else purchasing these services from capitalist venders [...] so what remains is shrill anti-statism conjoined to a vacuous freedom in hackneyed defense of capitalism. In sum, the "anarchy" of Libertarianism reduces to a liberal fraud."
- ^ Meltzer, Albert (2000). Anarchism: Arguments For and Against. Oakland: AK Press. p. 50. "The philosophy of 'anarcho-capitalism' dreamed up by the 'libertarian' New Right, has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper."
- Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition."
- ISBN 0748634959
- ISBN 9781902593906.
- ISBN 0-63118082-6.
- ^ See
- Alan and Trombley, Stephen (Eds.) Bullock, The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought, W. W. Norton & Co (1999), p. 30.
- Barry, Norman. Modern Political Theory, 2000, Palgrave, p. 70.
- Adams, Ian. Political Ideology Today, Manchester University Press (2002) ISBN 0-7190-6020-6, p. 135.
- Grant, Moyra. Key Ideas in Politics, Nelson Thomas 2003 ISBN 0-7487-7096-8, p. 91.
- Heider, Ulrike. Anarchism: Left, Right, and Green, City Lights, 1994. p. 3.
- Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Abridged Paperback Edition (1996), p. 282.
- Tormey, Simon. Anti-Capitalism, One World, 2004. pp. 118–119.
- Raico, Ralph. Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century, École Polytechnique, Centre de Recherche en Épistémologie Appliquée, Unité associée au CNRS, 2004.
- Busky, Donald. Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey, Praeger/Greenwood (2000), p. 4.
- Heywood, Andrew. Politics: Second Edition, Palgrave (2002), p. 61.
- Offer, John. Herbert Spencer: Critical Assessments, Routledge (UK) (2000), p. 243.
- ISBN 9781849351225.
- ^ See
- K, David. "What is Anarchism?" Bastard Press (2005)
- Marshall, Peter. Demanding the Impossible, London: Fontana Press, 1992 (ISBN 0-00-686245-4) Chapter 38
- MacSaorsa, Iain. "Is 'anarcho' capitalism against the state?" Spunk Press (archive)
- Wells, Sam. "Anarcho-Capitalism is Not Anarchism, and Political Competition is Not Economic Competition" Frontlines 1 (January 1979)
- ^ See
- Peikoff, Leonard. 'Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand' Dutton Adult (1991) Chapter "Government"
- Doyle, Kevin. 'Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias' New York: Lexington Books, (2002) pp. 447–48
- Sheehan, Seán M. 'Anarchism' Reaktion Books, 2003 p. 17
- Kelsen, Hans. The Communist Theory of Law. Wm. S. Hein Publishing (1988) p. 110
- Egbert. Tellegen, Maarten. Wolsink 'Society and Its Environment: an introduction' Routledge (1998) p. 64
- Jones, James 'The Merry Month of May' Akashic Books (2004) pp. 37–38
- Sparks, Chris. Isaacs, Stuart 'Political Theorists in Context' Routledge (2004) p. 238
- Bookchin, Murray. 'Post-Scarcity Anarchism' AK Press (2004) p. 37
- Berkman, Alexander. 'Life of an Anarchist' Seven Stories Press (2005) p. 268.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
- ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
- ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
Bibliography
- Brooks, Frank H., ed. (1994). The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908). LCCN 93-30303.
- ISBN 978-90-04-35689-4.
- Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W., eds. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. ISBN 978-1-57027-242-4.
- Davis, Laurence (2019). "Individual and Community". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. S2CID 150149495.
- Díez, Xavier (2007). El anarquismo individualista en España 1923-1938 (in Spanish). Barcelona: Virus Editorial. ISBN 978-84-96044-87-6.
- Egoumenides, Magda (2020). "Anarchism and Political Obligation". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought. S2CID 228898569.
- Long, Roderick T. (2017). "Anarchism and Libertarianism". In Jun, Nathan (ed.). Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy. ISBN 978-90-04-35689-4.
- Long, Roderick T. (2020). "The Anarchist Landscape". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought. S2CID 228898569.
- Mack, Eric (2020). "Rights, Morality and Egoism in Individualist Anarchism". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought. S2CID 228898569.
- OCLC 8827896.
- Parry, Richard (1987). The Bonnot Gang. ISBN 0-946061-04-1.
- Parvulescu, Constantin (2018). The Individualist Anarchism of Early Interwar Germany. ISBN 978-606-37-0486-4.
- Perraudeau, Michel (2011). Dictionnaire de l'individualisme libertaire (in French). éditions Libertaires. ISBN 978-2-919568-06-2.
- Rocker, Rudolf (1949). Pioneers of American Freedom: Origin of Liberal and Radical Thought in America. Translated by Briggs, Arthur E. Los Angeles: Rocker Publishing Committee.
- Ryley, Peter (2019). "Individualism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. S2CID 242080801.
- Sartwell, Crispin (2017). "Anarchism and Nineteenth-Century American Political Thought". In Jun, Nathan (ed.). Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy. ISBN 978-90-04-35689-4.
- Skoble, Aeon (2008). "Individualist Anarchism". In OCLC 750831024.
- Sonn, Richard D. (2010). ISBN 978-0-271-03663-2.
- Steiner, Anne (2008). Les en-dehors: Anarchistes individualistes et illégalistes à la " Belle époque " (in French). L'Echappée.
- Various Authors (2011). Enemies of Society: An Anthology of Individualist & Egoist Thought. Ardent Press.
- Vest, J. Martin (2020). "Barbarians in the Agora: American Market Anarchism, 1945–2011". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought. S2CID 228898569.
Further reading
- William D. P. Bliss, Historical Sketch of Individualist Anarchism (1897) with further references
External links
- Media related to Individualist anarchism at Wikimedia Commons
- Archives of individualist and egoist texts at the Anarchist Library.