Individualist anarchism in Europe
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Individualist anarchism in Europe proceeded from the roots laid by
Early European individualist anarchism was influenced by many philosophers, including
An important tendency within European individualist anarchism in general is the emphasis on individual subjective exploration and defiance of social conventions. Individualist anarchist philosophy attracted "amongst artists, intellectuals and the well-read, urban middle classes in general".
Early influences
William Godwin
William Godwin was an individualist anarchist
Godwin even opposed individuals performing together in orchestras, writing in
Godwin supported individual ownership of property, defining it as "the empire to which every man is entitled over the produce of his own industry."
Godwin's political views were diverse and do not perfectly agree with any of the ideologies that claim his influence; writers of the
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was the first philosopher to label himself an "anarchist".
Proudhon opposed government privilege that protects capitalist, banking and land interests, and the accumulation or acquisition of property (and any form of coercion that led to it) which he believed hampers competition and concentrates wealth. Proudhon favored the right of individuals to retain the product of their labor as their own property, but believed that all other property was illegitimate. Thus, he saw private property as both essential to liberty and a road to tyranny, the former when it resulted from labor and was required for labor and the latter when it resulted in/from exploitation (profit, interest, rent, tax). He generally termed the former "possession" and the latter "property." For large-scale industry, he supported workers associations to replace wage labor and opposed land ownership.
Proudhon maintained that workers should retain the entirety of what they produce, and that
After Déjacque and others split from Proudhon, the relationship between individualists, and anarcho-communists was characterized by various degrees of antagonism and harmony. For example, individualists like Tucker at once translated and reprinted the works of collectivists like Mikhail Bakunin while rejecting the economic aspects of collectivism and communism as incompatible with anarchist ideals.
Mutualism
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Mutualism is an
Mutualists argue for conditional titles to land, whose private ownership is legitimate only so long as it remains in use or occupation (which Proudhon called "possession").
Following Proudhon, mutualists are libertarian socialists who consider themselves to part of the
Max Stirner
Johann Kaspar Schmidt, better known as Max Stirner (the
Authors, philosophers and artists have cited, quoted or otherwise referred to Stirner. They include
The Ego and Its Own has seen periodic revivals of popular, political and academic interest, based around widely divergent translations and interpretations—emphasizing psychological or political views. Today, many ideas associated with
Egoism
Stirner's philosophy, sometimes called "egoism", is the most extreme[59] form of IA. He was a Hegelian philosopher whose "name appears with familiar regularity in historically-orientated surveys of anarchist thought as one of the earliest and best-known exponents of IA."[8] Stirner does not recommend that the individual try to eliminate the state but simply exploit it to further the individual's interests.[60] He says that the egoist rejects pursuit of devotion to "a great idea, a good cause, a doctrine, a system, a lofty calling", saying that the egoist has no political calling but rather "lives themselves out" without regard to "how well or ill humanity may fare thereby."[61] Stirner held that the only limitation on the rights of the individual is his power to obtain what he desires.[62] He proposes that most commonly accepted social institutions—including the notion of State, property as a right, natural rights in general, and the very notion of society—were mere spooks in the mind. Stirner wanted to "abolish not only the state but also society as an institution responsible for its members."[63] He advocated self-assertion and foresaw "associations of egoists" where respect for ruthlessness drew people together.[1] Even murder is permissible "if it is right for me."[64]
Stirner claimed that property comes about through might: "Whoever knows how to take, to defend, the thing, to him belongs property." "What I have in my power, that is my own. So long as I assert myself as holder, I am the proprietor of the thing." "I do not step shyly back from your property, but look upon it always as my property, in which I respect nothing. Pray do the like with what you call my property!".[65] His concept of "egoistic property" not only rejects moral restraint on how one obtains and uses things, but includes other people as well.[66] His embrace of egoism is in stark contrast to Godwin's altruism. Stirner was opposed to communism, seeing it as a form of authority over the individual.
In Russia, IA inspired by Stirner combined with an appreciation for
Though Stirner's philosophy is individualist, it has influenced some
Development by country
France
Proudhon and Stirner stimulated a strong response in France. An early important example was Anselme Bellegarrigue. He participated in the French Revolution of 1848, was author and editor of Anarchie, Journal de l'Ordre and Au fait ! Au fait ! Interprétation de l'idée démocratique[72] and wrote the important early Anarchist Manifesto in 1850. Catalan historian of individualist anarchism Xavier Diez reports that during his travels in the United States "he at least contacted (Henry David) Thoreau and, probably (Josiah) Warren."[73] Jean-Baptiste Louiche, Charles Schæffer and Georges Deherme edited the individualist anarchist publication Autonomie Individuelle that ran from 1887 to 1888.[74]
Intellectuals such as Albert Libertad, André Lorulot, Émile Armand, Victor Serge, Zo d'Axa and Rirette Maîtrejean extended the theory in France's main individualist anarchist journal, L'Anarchie[75] in 1905 and later in L'En-Dehors. Outside this journal, Han Ryner wrote Petit Manuel individualiste (1903).
French individualist circles displayed a strong sense of personal libertarianism and experimentation.
"In this sense, the theoretical positions and the vital experiences of french individualism are deeply
Illegalism
Illegalism[78] developed primarily in France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland during the early 20th century as an outgrowth of Stirner's IA.[20] Illegalists typically did not seek moral basis for their actions, recognizing only the reality of "might" rather than "right". They advocated illegal acts to satisfy personal desires, not a larger ideal,[79] although some committed crimes as a form of direct action or propaganda of the deed .[78][80]
Influenced by Stirner's
Illegalism first rose to prominence among a generation of Europeans inspired by the unrest of the 1890s. Ravachol, Émile Henry, Auguste Vaillant, and Caserio committed daring crimes in anarchism's name.[81] France's Bonnot Gang was the most famous group to embrace illegalism.
Albert Libertad
Joseph Albert, better known as Albert Libertad or Libertad,
Émile Armand
Émile Armand was an influential French
with the help of José Elizalde.Armand contrasted his IA with social anarchist currents, rejecting revolution. He argued that waiting for revolution meant delaying the enjoyment of liberty until the masses gained awareness and will. Instead he advocated living under one's own conditions in the present time, revolting against social conditioning in daily life and living with those with an
Armand advocated free love, naturism and polyamory in what he termed la camaraderie amoureuse.[87] He wrote many propagandist articles on this subject advocating not only a vague free love but also multiple partners, which he called "plural love."[87] "'The camaraderie amoureuse thesis,' he explained, 'entails a free contract of association (that may be annulled without notice, following prior agreement) reached between anarchist individualists of different genders, adhering to the necessary standards of sexual hygiene, with a view toward protecting the other parties to the contract from certain risks of the amorous experience, such as rejection, rupture, exclusivism, possessiveness, unicity, coquetry, whims, indifference, flirtatiousness, disregard for others, and prostitution.'".[87]
Han Ryner
Han Ryner was a French
He defines individualism as "the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition, no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience.".[88] He distinguishes "conquering and aggressive egoists who proclaim themselves to be individualists" from what he called "harmonic individualists" who respected others. He admired Epicurus' temperance and that "he showed that very little was needed to satisfy hunger and thirst, to defend oneself against heat and the cold. And he liberated himself from all other needs, that is, almost all the desires and all the fears that enslave men.".[88] He celebrated how Jesus "lived free and a wanderer, foreign to any social ties. He was the enemy of priests, external cults and, in general, all organizations."[88]
Postwar and contemporary times
French individualist anarchists grouped behind
Within the
In 2002, an anarchist, Libertad organized a new version of
The prolific contemporary French philosopher
Italy
In Italy, individualist anarchism had a strong tendency towards illegalism and violent propaganda by the deed, perhaps more extreme than in France
Renzo Novatore
Renzo Novatore was influenced by Max Stirner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georges Palante, Oscar Wilde, Henrik Ibsen, Arthur Schopenhauer and Charles Baudelaire. He collaborated in numerous anarchist journals and participated in futurism avant-garde currents.
He proclaimed "revolution is the fire of our will and a need of our solitary minds; it is an obligation of the libertarian aristocracy. To create new ethical values. To create new aesthetic values. To communalize material wealth. To individualize spiritual wealth. Because we violent celebralists and passional sentimentalists at the same time-understand and know that revolution is a necessity of the silent sorrow that suffers at the bottom and a need of the free spirits who suffer in the heights."[105] He summarizes the three options in life as "The stream of slavery, the stream of tyranny, the stream of freedom! With revolution, the last of these streams needs to burst upon the other two and overwhelm them. It needs to create spiritual beauty, teach the poor the shame of their poverty, and the rich the shame of their wealth."[105] These views justified his practice of illegalism and later active resistance to fascism.
Novatore collaborated in the individualist anarchist journal Iconoclasta! alongside the young Stirnerist illegalist Bruno Filippi[106]
Also a poet, Novatore belonged to the leftist section of the avant-garde movement of futurism,[107] alongside others individualist anarchists such as Dante Carnesecchi, Leda Rafanelli, Auro d'Arcola, and Giovanni Governato.
Post-war and contemporary times
In Italy, individualists anarchists during the Founding Congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation in 1945 were led by Cesare Zaccaria.[108][109] During the 1965 IX Congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation in Carrara, a splinter group created the Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica. In the 1970s, it was mostly composed of "veteran individualist anarchists with an orientation of pacifism, naturism, etc,...".[110]
Egoism had a strong influence on insurrectionary anarchism, as can be seen in the work of Alfredo Bonanno and Michele Fabiani.[111] Bonanno has written on Stirner in works such as Max Stirner and "Max Stirner und der Anarchismus".[112]
In the famous Italian insurrectionary anarchist anonymous essay, "At Daggers Drawn with the Existent, its Defenders and its False Critics" is "The workers who, during a wildcat strike, carried a banner saying, 'We are not asking for anything' understood that the defeat is in the claim itself ('the claim against the enemy is eternal'). There is no alternative but to take everything. As Stirner said: 'No matter how much you give them, they will always ask for more, because what they want is no less than the end of every concession'."
Spain
Spanish individualist anarchists was influenced by American individualist anarchism but mainly it was connected to the French currents.
Recently historian Xavier Diez wrote on the subject in El anarquismo individualista en España: 1923–1938
In 2000, the Ateneo Libertario Ricardo Mella, Ateneo libertario Al Margen, Ateneu Enciclopèdic Popular, Ateneo Libertario de Sant Boi, Ateneu Llibertari Poble Sec y Fundació D'Estudis Llibertaris i Anarcosindicalistes republished Émile Armand's writings on free love and individualist anarchism in a compilation titled Individualist anarchism and Amorous camaraderie.[120]
Miguel Giménez Igualada
An important Spanish individualist anarchist was Miguel Giménez Igualada, who wrote the lengthy theory book called Anarchism espousing his individualist anarchism.
In his major work Anarchism
Freethought
Freethought as a philosophical position and as activism was important in European individualist anarchism. "Anticlericalism, just as in the rest of the libertarian movement, in another of the frequent elements which will gain relevance related to the measure in which the (French) Republic begins to have conflicts with the church...Anti-clerical discourse, frequently called for by the French individualist
Anarcho-naturism
Another important current, especially within French and Spanish
This relationship between
Germany
Individualist anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche
The thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been influential in individualist anarchism specifically in thinkers such as the French Émile Armand,[137] the Italian Renzo Novatore,[138] the Russian Lev Chernyi,[139] the Colombian Biofilo Panclasta, and also "translations of Nietzsche's writings in the United States very likely appeared first in Liberty, the anarchist journal edited by Benjamin Tucker."[140]
John Henry Mackay
In Germany, the Scottish-born German John Henry Mackay became the most important individualist anarchist propagandist. He fused Stirnerist egoism with the positions of Benjamin Tucker and translated Tucker into German. Two semi-fictional writings of his own Die Anarchisten and Der Freiheitsucher contributed to individualist theory, updating egoist themes with respect to the anarchist movement. His writing were translated into English as well.[141] Mackay is also an important European early activist for LGBT rights.
Adolf Brand
Adolf Brand was a German writer, Stirnerist anarchist and pioneering
Anselm Ruest and Salomo Friedlaender
Der Einzige was the title of a German
Russia
Individualist anarchism was one of the three categories of
Some Russian individualists anarchists "found the ultimate expression of their social alienation in violence and crime, others attached themselves to avant-garde literary and artistic circles, but the majority remained "philosophical" anarchists who conducted animated parlor discussions and elaborated their individualist theories in ponderous journals and books."[146]
Lev Chernyi
Lev Chernyi was an important individualist anarchist involved in resistance against the rise to power of the Bolchevik Party. He adhered mainly to Stirner and the ideas of Benjamin Tucker. In 1907, he published a book entitled Associational Anarchism, in which he advocated the "free association of independent individuals.".[147] On his return from Siberia in 1917 he enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers as a lecturer. Chernyi was also Secretary of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, which was formed in March 1917.[147] He was an advocate "for the seizure of private homes",[147] which was an activity seen by the anarchists after the October revolution as direct expropriation on the bourgoise. He died after being accused of participation in an episode in which this group bombed the headquarters of the Moscow Committee of the Communist Party. Although most likely not being really involved in the bombing, he might have died of torture.[147]
Chernyi advocated a
Alexei Borovoi
Alexei Borovoi[152] was a professor of philosophy at Moscow University, "a gifted orator and the author of numerous books, pamphlets, and articles which attempted to reconcile individualist anarchism with the doctrines of syndicallism".[147] He wrote among other theoretical works, Anarkhizm in 1918 just after the October revolution[147] and Anarchism and Law.[152] For him "the chief importance is given not to Anarchism as the aim but to Anarchy as the continuous quest for the aim".[153] He manifests there that "No social ideal, from the point of view of anarchism, could be referred to as absolute in a sense that supposes it's the crown of human wisdom, the end of social and ethical quest of man."[153]
United Kingdom and Ireland
The English
In the late 19th century individualist anarchists such as Wordsworth Donisthorpe, Joseph Hiam Levy, Joseph Greevz Fisher, John Badcock, Jr., Albert Tarn, and Henry Seymour[154] were close to Tucker's magazine Liberty. In the mid-1880s Seymour published a journal called The Anarchist.[154] and also later took a special interest in free love as he participated in the journal The Adult: A Journal for the Advancement of Freedom in Sexual Relationships.[154] "The Serpent, issued from London...the most prominent English-language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle 'A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology'".[155]
Philosopher and writer Herbert Read wrote on Godwin[156][157] and works such as To Hell With Culture, The Paradox of Anarchism[158] Philosophy of Anarchism,[159] Anarchy & Order; Poetry & Anarchism and My Anarchism. Henry Meulen was notable for his support of free banking. Sidney Parker is a British egoist who wrote articles and edited anarchist journals from 1963 to 1993 such as Minus One, Egoist, and Ego.[160]
Donald Rooum is an English anarchist cartoonist and writer with a long association with Freedom Press. Rooum stated that for his thought "The most influential source is Max Stirner. I am happy to be called a Stirnerite anarchist, provided 'Stirnerite' means one who agrees with Stirner's general drift, not one who agrees with Stirner's every word."[161] An Anarchist FAQ reports that "From meeting anarchists in Glasgow during the Second World War, long-time anarchist activist and artist Donald Rooum likewise combined Stirner and anarcho-communism."[162]
In the hybrid of
Max Stirner's impact on contemporary political theory is often neglected. However in Stirner's political thinking there can be found a surprising convergence with poststructuralist theory, particularly with regard to the function of power. Andrew Koch, for instance, sees Stirner as a thinker who transcends the Hegelian tradition he is usually placed in, arguing that his work is a precursor poststructuralist ideas about the foundations of knowledge and truth.[163]
Newman has published several essays on Stirner. "War on the State: Stirner and Deleuze's Anarchism"[163] and "Empiricism, pluralism, and politics in Deleuze and Stirner"[164] discusses what he sees are similarities between Stirner's thought and that of Gilles Deleuze. In "Spectres of Stirner: a Contemporary Critique of Ideology" he discusses the conception of ideology in Stirner.[165] In "Stirner and Foucault: Toward a Post-Kantian Freedom" he identifies similarities between Stirner and Michel Foucault.[166] Also he wrote "Politics of the ego: Stirner's critique of liberalism".[167]
Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde, the Irish anarchist writer of the
See also
- Individualist anarchism in France
- Individualist anarchism in the United States
References
- ^ Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Broadview Press. p. 20.
- ^ "What do I mean by individualism? I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition, no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience."Mini-Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual, as a condition of his sovereignty. To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself.""Anarchism and the State" in Individual Liberty
- ISBN 9781849351225.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Xavier Diez. L'anarquisme Individualista a Espanya 1923–1938
- ^ OCLC 7308909
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-11047-1
- ^ a b Leopold, David (August 4, 2006). "Max Stirner". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ Miller, David (1987). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 11.
- ^ "What my might reaches is my property; and let me claim as property everything I feel myself strong enough to attain, and let me extend my actual property as fas as I entitle, that is, empower myself to take…" From The Ego and Its Own, quoted in Ossar, Michael (1980). Anarchism in the Dramas of Ernst Toller. State University of New York Press. p. 27.
- ^ Woodcock, George (2004). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Broadview Press. p. 20.
- ^ a b Onfray says in an interview "L'individualisme anarchiste part de cette logique. Il célèbre les individualités...Dans cette période de libéralisme comme horizon indépassable, je persiste donc à plaider pour l'individu."Interview des lecteurs : Michel Onfray Par Marion Rousset| 1er avril 2005 Archived April 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Au-delà, l'éthique et la politique de Michel Onfray font signe vers l'anarchisme individualiste de la Belle Epoque qui est d'ailleurs une de ses références explicites.""Individualité et rapports à l'engagement militant Individualite et rapports a l engageme".. par : Pereira Irène Archived April 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Richard Parry. The Bonnot Gang: The Story of the French Illegalists
- ^ ""2. Individualist Anarchism and Reaction" in Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism – An Unbridgeable Chasm". Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ "The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism By Wendy McElroy". Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h ""La insumisión voluntaria. El anarquismo individualista español durante la dictadura y la Segunda República" by Xavier Díez". Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
- ^ Ética será el Ateneo Naturista Ecléctico, con sede en Barcelona, con sus diferentes secciones la más destacada de las cuales será el grupo excursionista Sol y Vida."["Ekintza Zuzena || DOSSIER: EL NATURISMO LIBERTARIO EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (1890-1939)". Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2014. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.) "La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Díez
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link - ^ a b "Voluntary non-submission. Spanish individualist anarchism during dictatorship and the second republic (1923–1938)" by Xavier Diez Archived May 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sante Caserio) and the practice of illegalism from the mid-1880s to the start of the First World War (Clément Duval, Pini, Marius Jacob, the Bonnot Gang) were twin aspects of the same proletarian offensive, but were expressed in an individualist practice, one that complemented the great collective struggles against capital."
- ^ a b Xavier Diez. El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939) Virus Editorial. 2007. pg. 152
- ^ "Anarchism", Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 (UK version)
- ^ a b c Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "William Godwin". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism" Archived March 5, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910
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- ^ a b "Godwin, William Archived October 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine". (2006). In Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia. Retrieved December 7, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ McLaughlin, Paul (2007), Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism, Ashgate Publishing, p. 119
- ^ McLaughlin, Paul (2007), Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism, Ashgate Publishing, p. 123
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- ^ Rothbard, Murray. "Edmund Burke, Anarchist Archived January 12, 2014, at archive.today."
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- In Our Time, Thursday December 7, 2006. Hosted by Melvyn Bragg of the BBC, with John Keane, Professor of Politics at University of Westminster, Ruth Kinna, Senior Lecturer in Politics at Loughborough University, and Peter Marshall, philosopher and historian.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8369-1828-1
- ^ Bowen, James & Purkis, Jon. 2004. Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age. Manchester University Press. p. 24
- ^ Knowles, Rob. "Political Economy from below : Communitarian Anarchism as a Neglected Discourse in Histories of Economic Thought". History of Economics Review, No.31 Winter 2000.
- ^ Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements, Broadview Press, 2004, p. 20
- ^ Dana, Charles A. Proudhon and his "Bank of the People" Archived February 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (1848).
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin R., "On Picket Duty", Liberty (Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order) (1881–1908); January 5, 1889; 6, 10; APS Online pg. 1
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- ^ Tandy, Francis D., 1896, Voluntary Socialism, chapter 6, paragraphs 9, 10 & 22.
- ^ Carson, Kevin, 2004, Studies in Mutualist Political Economy, chapter 2 (after Meek & Oppenheimer).
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Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements, Broadview Press, 2004, pp. 110, 112 - ^ General Idea of the Revolution, Pluto Press, pp. 215–16, 277
- ISBN 9780198277446. "The ownership [anarchists oppose] is basically that which is unearned [...] including such things as interest on loans and income from rent. This is contrasted with ownership rights in those goods either produced by the work of the owner or necessary for that work, for example his dwelling-house, land and tools. Proudhon initially refers to legitimate rights of ownership of these goods as 'possession,' and although in his latter work he calls this 'property,' the conceptual distinction remains the same."
- ISBN 9780429582363. "Ironically, Proudhon did not mean literally what he said. His boldness of expression was intended for emphasis, and by 'property' he wished to be understood what he later called 'the sum of its abuses'. He was denouncing the property of the man who uses it to exploit the labour of others without any effort on his own part, property distinguished by interest and rent, by the impositions of the non-producer on the producer. Towards property regarded as 'possession' the right of a man to control his dwelling and the land and tools he needs to live, Proudhon had no hostility; indeed, he regarded it as the cornerstone of liberty, and his main criticism of the communists was that they wished to destroy it."
- ^ "A Mutualist FAQ: A.4. Are Mutualists Socialists?". Mutualist: Free-Market Anti-Capitalism. Archived 9 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
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- ^ See Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, p. 50.
- ^ Wilson, A N (November 1, 2004). "World of books". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ^ See Letters of Ayn Rand, pg. 176, Dutton, 1995.
- ^ Goodway, David (2006), Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow, Liverpool University Press, p. 99
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 190
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 183
- ^ The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopedia Corporation. p. 176
- ^ Heider, Ulrike. Anarchism: Left, Right and Green, San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1994, pp. 95–96
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 191
- ^ Stirner, Max. The Ego and Its Own, p. 248
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 194
- ^ a b Levy, Carl. "Anarchism". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 2009-10-31.
- ^ Avrich, Paul. "The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution". Russian Review, Vol. 26, No. 4. (Oct. 1967). p. 343
- ^ For Ourselves, "The_Right_To_Be_Greedy-v1_2_5-en". Archived from the original on December 28, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2008. The Right to Be Greedy: Theses On The Practical Necessity Of Demanding Everything, 1974.
- ^ see, for example, Christopher Gray, Leaving the Twentieth Century, p. 88.
- ^ Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, p. 50.
- ^ To the Point! To Action!! An Interpretation of the Democratic Idea Archived September 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine by Anselme Bellegarrigue
- ^ Xavier Diez. El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1938). Virus editorial. Barcelona. 2007. pg. 60
- ^ "Autonomie Individuelle (1887–1888)". Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ "On the fringe of the movement, and particularly in the individualist faction which became relatively strong after 1900 and began to publish its own sectarian paper, −315- L'Anarchie ( 1905–14), there were groups and individuals who lived largely by crime. Among them were some of the most original as well as some of the most tragic figures in anarchist history." Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962
- ^ a b "1855 – France: Émile Gravelle lives, Douai. Militant anarchist & naturalist. Published the review "L'État Naturel." Collaborated with Henri Zisly & Henri Beylie on "La Nouvelle Humanité", followed by "Le Naturien", "Le Sauvage", "L'Ordre Naturel", & "La Vie Naturelle." "The daily bleed Archived July 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ""1926 – France: Georges Butaud (1868–1926) dies, in Ermont."". Archived from the original on September 9, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed)
- ^ Parry, Richard. The Bonnot Gang. Rebel Press, 1987. p. 15
- ^ "The Illegalists - by Doug Imrie". Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ "Pre-World War I France was the setting for the only documented anarchist revolutionary movement to embrace all illegal activity as revolutionary practice. Pick-pocketing, theft from the workplace, robbery, confidence scams, desertion from the armed forces, you name it, illegalist activity was praised as a justifiable and necessary aspect of class struggle.""Illegalism" by Rob los Ricos Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ "At this point, encouraged by the disillusionment that followed the breakdown of the general strike, the terrorist individualists who had always – despite Malatesta's influence – survived as a small minority among Italian anarchists, intervened frightfully and tragically." George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962.
- ^ "in a dispute with the individualist anarchists of Paterson, who insisted that anarchism implied no organization at all, and that every man must act solely on his impulses. At last, in one noisy debate, the individual impulse of a certain Ciancabilla directed him to shoot Malatesta, who was badly wounded but obstinately refused to name his assailant." George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. 1962
- ^ "Essa trova soprattutto in America del Nord un notevole seguito per opera del Galleani che esprime una sintesi fra l'istanza puramente individualista di stampo anglosassone e americano (ben espressa negli scritti di Tucker) e quella profondamente socialista del movimento anarchico di lingua italiana. Questa commistione di elementi individualisti e comunisti – che caratterizza bene la corrente antiorganizzatrice – rappresenta lo sforzo di quanti avvertirono in modo estremamente sensibile l'invadente burocratismo che pervadeva il movimento operaio e socialista." "anarchismo insurrezionale" in italian anarchopedia Archived July 9, 2012, at archive.today
- ^ [http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/gallery/galleryindex.htm#Indivi-dualista "L'Indivi-dualista"�] Archived May 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/73n6nh Archived February 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Cesare Zaccaria (August 19, 1897 – October 1961) Pier Carlo Masini and Paul Sharkey
- ^ "Los anarco-individualistas, G.I.A...Una escisión de la FAI producida en el IX Congreso (Carrara, 1965) se pr odujo cuando un sector de anarquistas de tendencia humanista rechazan la interpretación que ellos juzgan disciplinaria del "pacto asociativo" clásico, y crean los GIA (Gruppi di Iniziativa Anarchica). Esta pequeña federación de grupos, hoy nutrida sobre todo de veteranos anarco-individualistas de orientación pacifista, naturista, etcétera defiende la autonomía personal y rechaza a rajatabla toda forma de intervención en los procesos del sistema, como sería por ejemplo el sindicalismo. Su portavoz es L'Internazionale con sede en Ancona. La escisión de los GIA prefiguraba, en sentido contrario, el gran debate que pronto había de comenzar en el seno del movimiento""El movimiento libertario en Italia" by Bicicleta. REVISTA DE COMUNICACIONES LIBERTARIAS Year 1 No. Noviembre, 1 1977 Archived October 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ a b ""Horst Biography"". Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- ^ "He always considered himself an individualist anarchist.""Horst Biography" Archived March 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ "Xavier Diez El anarquismo individualista en España. by Xavier Diez". Archived from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
- OCLC 46683274.
- ISBN 978-84-96044-87-6
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- ^ Anarquismo Archived March 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine por Miguel Giménez Igualada
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- ^ "Entre los redactores y colaboradores de Al Margen, que trasladará su redacción a Elda, en Alicante, encontraremos a Miguel Giménez Igualada..."La insumisión voluntaira: El anarquismo individualista español durante la dictadura y la segunda reppública(1923–1938) por Xavier Diez Archived May 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Xavier Diez. L'ANARQUISME INDIVIDUALISTA A ESPANYA 1923–1938
- ^ "A partir de la década de los treinta, su pensamiento empieza a derivar hacia el individualismo, y como profundo estirneriano tratará de impulsar una federación de individualistas""La insumisión voluntaira: El anarquismo individualista español durante la dictadura y la segunda reppública(1923–1938) por Xavier Diez Archived May 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ""Stirner" por Miguel Gimenez Igualada" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
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- ^ "humanismo o anarquismo, que, para mí, son una y misma cosa." pg.36 Anarquismo by Miguel Giménez Igualada Archived January 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "a la de no aceptar que nos sea impuesto un pensamiento y a la de no permitir que un pensamiento nuestro pese sobre ningún cerebro, oprimiéndolo, es a lo que yo llamo anarquismo, ya que anarquía no es para mí sólo una negación, sino una doble actividad de la conciencia: por la primera, consciente el individuo de lo que es y significa en el concierto del mundo humano, defiende su personalidad contra toda exterior imposición; por la segunda, y aquí radica toda la gran belleza de su ética, defiende y ampara y estimula y realza la personalidad ajena, no queriendo imponérsele."Anarquismo by Miguel Giménez Igualada Archived January 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Cuando digo que por medio de la guerra no hallará nunca la paz la humanidad, fundamento mi afirmación en el hecho de que los más pacíficos son los menos creyentes, por lo que, deduciendo, se puede asegurar que el día feliz y dichoso en que el acto bélico (religiosidad es belicosidad) sea extirpado de las conciencias, la paz existirá en la casa del hombre, y como de las conciencias no se arrancan las creencias sino por un acto trascendentalmente educativo, nuestra labor no es de matanza, sino de educación, teniendo bien presente que educar no es en ningún caso domesticar."Anarquismo by Miguel Giménez Igualada Archived January 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Xavier Diez. El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939) Virus Editorial. 2007. pg. 143
- ^ "Anarchism and the different Naturist views have always been related.""Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega at Asociacion para el Desarrollo Naturista de la Comunidad de Madrid. Published on Revista ADN. Winter 2003 Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "el individuo es visto en su dimensión biológica -física y psíquica- dejándose la social."
"EL NATURISMO LIBERTARIO EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (1890–1939)" by Josep Maria Rosell - ^ "Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), uno de los escritores próximos al movimiento de la filosofía trascendentalista, es uno de los más conocidos. Su obra más representativa es Walden, aparecida en 1854, aunque redactada entre 1845 y 1847, cuando Thoreau decide instalarse en el aislamiento de una cabaña en el bosque, y vivir en íntimo contacto con la naturaleza, en una vida de soledad y sobriedad. De esta experiencia, su filosofía trata de transmitirnos la idea de que resulta necesario un retorno respetuoso a la naturaleza, y que la felicidad es sobre todo fruto de la riqueza interior y de la armonía de los individuos con el entorno natural.""La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Díez Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Henri Zisly, self-labeled individualist anarchist, is considered one of the forerunners and principal organizers of the naturist movement in France and one of its most able and outspoken defenders worldwide.""Zisly, Henri (1872–1945)" by Stefano Boni Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c ""Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega at Asociacion para el Desarrollo Naturista de la Comunidad de Madrid. Published on Revista ADN. Winter 2003". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
- ^ "The life of Émile Armand (1872–1963) spanned the history of anarchism. He was influenced by Leo Tolstoy and Benjamin Tucker, and to a lesser extent by Whitman and Emerson. Later in life, Nietzsche and Stirner became important to his way of thinking."Introduction to The Anarchism of Émile Armand by Émile Armand
- ^ Toward the Creative Nothing Archived November 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine by Renzo Novatore
- ^ a b Avrich 2006, p. 180
- ^ Robert C. Holub, Nietzsche: Socialist, Anarchist, Feminist Archived June 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Karl Heinrich Ulrichs had begun a journal called Prometheus in 1870, but only one issue was published. Kennedy, Hubert, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Homosexuality, In: 'Science and Homosexualities', ed. Vernon Rosario (pp. 26–45). New York: Routledge, 1997.
- ^ "Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German Der Eigene, edited by Adolf Brand..." - "Benjamin Tucker and Liberty: A Bibliographical Essay" by Wendy McElroy
- ^ Constantin Parvulescu. "Der Einzige" and the making of the radical Left in the early post-World War I Germany Archived July 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. University of Minnesota. 2006]
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- ^ "We must kill the christian philosophy in the most radical sense of the word. How much mostly goes sneaking inside the democratic civilization (this most cynically ferocious form of christian depravity) and it goes more towards the categorical negation of human Individuality. "Democracy! By now we have comprised it that it means all that says Oscar Wilde Democracy is the people who govern the people with blows of the club for love of the people"." "Towards the Hurricane" by Renzo Novatore
- ^ "When Oscar Wilde's plea for penal reform, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, was widely criticized, Tucker enthusiastically endorsed the poem, urging all of his subscribers to read it. Tucker, in fact, published an American edition. From its early championing of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass to a series of short stories by Francis du Bosque in its last issues, Liberty was a vehicle of controversial, avant-garde literature.""Benjamin Tucker, Individualism, & Liberty: Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order" by Wendy McElroy Archived January 30, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
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Bibliography
- Diez, Xavier El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939). Virus Editorial, 2007.
- Parry, Richard. The Bonnot Gang: The Story Of The French Illegalists . Rebel Press, 1987.
- Sonn, Richard D. Sex, Violence, and the Avant-Garde: Anarchism in Interwar France. Penn State Press. 2010.
- Parvulescu, Constantin. The individualist anarchist journal "Der Einzige" and the making of the radical Left in the early post-World War I Germany.
- An enquiry concerning political justice and its influence on morals and happiness by William Godwin
- What is Property? by Pierre Joseph Proudhon
- General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (1851) Archived April 21, 2009, at the Pierre Joseph Proudhon
- The Ego and his own by Max Stirner
- "Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity" by Émile Armand
- Mini-Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner
- Voluntary non-submission. Spanish individualist anarchism during dictatorship and the second republic (1923–1938) by Xavier Diez PDF in Spanish
- THE "ILLEGALISTS" by Doug Imrie
- Toward the creative Nothing by Renzo Novatore
- "Han Ryner or the Social Thinking of an Individualist in the Early Part of the 20th Century" by Gérard Lecha in French
- Émile Armand, Petit manuel anarchiste individualiste
- Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism – An Unbridgeable Chasm by Murray Bookchin
- "A Sure Means to Pluck Joy Immediately: Destroy Passionately" by Zo d'Axa
- "Down With the Law!" by Albert Libertad
- "Why I Was a Burglar" by Marius Jacob
- "Who Are We? What Do We want?" (1911) by André Lorulot
- "Anarchism and Individualism" by Georges Palante
- Anarchist of Love: The Secret Life of John Henry Mackay by Hubert Kennedy
- "The English Individualists As They Appear In Liberty" by Carl Watner
External links
- L'En Dehors current French individualist anarchist magazine and website which reclaims the inheritance of Zo d'Axa's and Émile Armand's L'En-Dehors
- Han Ryner blog
- Han Ryner archive
- NovAtore.it Sito dedicato alla memoria di Renzo Novatore mostly in Italian with a small section in English and includes many of Novatore's works translated into English
- Émile Armand archive
- "E. Armand and "la camaraderie amoureuse" Revolutionary sexualism and the struggle against jealousy" by Francis Ronsin
- The Anarchism of Émile Armand biography and some articles by Armand
- Zo d'Axa archive
- Albert Libertad archive
- Andre Lorulot Reference Archive
- The rebel's dark laughter: the writings of Bruno Filippi