Indochinese leopard
Indochinese leopard | |
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An Indochinese leopard at Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Suborder: | Feliformia |
Family: | Felidae |
Subfamily: | Pantherinae |
Genus: | Panthera |
Species: | |
Subspecies: | P. p. delacouri
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Trinomial name | |
Panthera pardus delacouri Pocock, 1930
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The Indochinese leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) is a
Taxonomy
Panthera pardus delacouri was described in 1930 by Reginald Innes Pocock based on a leopard skin from Annam.[3]
Characteristics
Pocock described an Indochinese leopard skin as almost rusty-red in ground colour but paler at the sides. It had small rosettes that were mostly 3.8 cm × 3.8 cm (1.5 in × 1.5 in) in diameter and so closely set that it looked dark. The fur was short with less than 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long hair on the back. He commented to have seen only
Records from camera trapping studies conducted at 22 locations in southern Thailand and peninsular Malaysia between 1996 and 2009 show that Indochinese leopards recorded north of the
Distribution and habitat
The Indochinese leopard is distributed in Southeast Asia, where today small populations remain only in Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, and southern China. In Laos, Vietnam and Singapore it is suspected to have been extirpated.[1] Peninsular Malaysia and the Northern Tenasserim Forest Complex on the Thailand-Myanmar border are at present considered strongholds, and eastern Cambodia a priority site.[2]
In Myanmar's
In Thailand, the Indochinese leopard is present in the Western Forest Complex, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri and Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok protected area complexes. But since the turn of the 21st century, it has not been recorded any more in the northern and south-central forest complexes of the country.[2] In
In Malaysia, the leopard is present in
In Laos, 25 different leopards walked past
In Cambodia, leopards were recorded in deciduous
In southern China, camera trap surveys were conducted in 11 nature reserves between 2002 and 2009, but leopards were only recorded in Changqing National Nature Reserve in the Qinling Mountains.[17]
Ecology and behaviour
Since the mid-1980s, leopard-oriented field research was carried out in three protected areas in Thailand:
- Between 1985 and 1986, leopard scats were collected in an Indian muntjac, followed by wild boar, long-tailed goral, dusky leaf monkey, Malayan porcupine, and Indian hog deer only in the hot season from February to April.[18]
- In 1996, three leopards were fitted with
- Between 1994 and 1999, ten leopards were fitted with radio collars in the northwestern part of deciduous forest with flat slope near water courses.[21]
Wild boar, macaque and
Threats
There are few contiguous areas left where leopards have a chance of long-term survival. They are primarily threatened by
An increasingly growing threat is hunting for the illegal wildlife trade, which is showing its potential to do maximum harm in minimal time:[24] leopards are increasingly being used as substitutes for tiger parts in traditional Chinese medicine, with the price of leopard parts rising as tiger parts become scarce.[2]
Habitat destruction
Human traffic inside protected areas negatively affects leopard movements and activity. They show less diurnal activity in areas more heavily used by people.
In a highly fragmented
Illegal wildlife trade
Substantial domestic skin markets exist in Myanmar, in Malaysia for
In Myanmar, 215 body parts of at least 177 leopards were observed in four markets surveyed between 1991 and 2006. Among the body parts, a leopard
In early 2018, the carcass of a
See also
References
- ^ a b c Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J.F.; Clements, G.R.; Lynam, A.J. & Naing, H. (2019). "Panthera pardus ssp. delacouri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T124159083A163986056. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ hdl:10722/232870.
- ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 34 (2): 307–336.
- ^ .
- ^ Majerus, M. E. N. (1998). Melanism: evolution in action. New York: Oxford University Press.
- PMID 15294353.
- .
- ^ Kitamura, S.; Thong-Aree, S.; Madsri, S. & Pooswad, P. (2010). "Mammal diversity and conservation in a small isolated forest of southern Thailand" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 58 (1): 145–156. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
- ^ a b Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E. & Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of leopard population size in a secondary forest within Malaysia's capital agglomeration using unsupervised classification of pugmarks". Tropical Ecology. 52: 209–217.
- ^ Theng, M. & Norhayati, A. (2019). "Panthera pardus at Panti Forest Reserve, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia". Southeast Asia Vertebrate Records: 31–32.
- ^ S2CID 73637721.
- ^ Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix 4". A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora International. pp. 33−42.
- ^ Gray, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59 (2): 311−318.
- ^ Gray, T. N. E. (2013). "Activity patterns and home ranges of Indochinese leopard Panthera pardus delacouri in the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society. 59 (1): 39−47.
- PMID 29515839.
- .
- ^ Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W.J. (2010). "Cats living with pandas: The status of wild felids within giant panda range, China". Cat News. 52: 20–23.
- S2CID 90655767.
- ^ a b Grassman, L. (1999). "Ecology and behavior of the Indochinese leopard in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand" (PDF). Natural History Bulletin Siam Society. 47: 77–93. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- .
- ^ .
- ^ Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M. (2011). "Occupancy status of Malayan leopard prey species in a fragmented forest in Selangor, Malaysia". Asia Life Sciences Supplement. 7: 41–55.
- ^ Sanei, A. & Zakaria, M. (2011). "Impacts of human disturbances on habitat use by the Malayan leopard in a fragmented secondary forest, Malaysia". Asia Life Sciences. Supplement (7): 57–72.
- ^ Nowell, K., Jackson, P. (1996) Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.
- .
- ^ ICEM (2003). Lao PDR National Report on Protected Areas and Development. Review of Protected Areas and Development in the Lower Mekong River Region (PDF) (Report). Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia.
- ^ Nowell, K. (2007). Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations (PDF) (Report). Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC.
- ^ Shepherd, C. R. & Nijman, V. (2008). The wild cat trade in Myanmar (PDF) (Report). Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.
- ABC Online. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
- ^ Pairomahakij, R.S. (2017). "'Panther' poaching the tip of iceberg". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
- ^ "ITD tycoon in crosshairs after arrest". Bangkok Post. 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.