Indro Montanelli

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Indro Montanelli
Born
Indro Alessandro Raffaello Schizogene Montanelli

(1909-04-22)22 April 1909
Fucecchio, Kingdom of Italy
Died22 July 2001(2001-07-22) (aged 92)
Milan, Italy
NationalityItalian
Other namesCilindro ("Top Hat")[1]
Alma materUniversity of Florence
Occupations
  • Historian
  • journalist
  • writer
Years active1930–2001
Known forOne of the fifty
World Press Freedom Heroes

Indro Alessandro Raffaello Schizogene Montanelli

Nazi authorities in 1944. Sentenced to death, he was able to flee to Switzerland the day before his scheduled execution by firing squad thanks to a secret service double agent.[3][4][5]

After

kneecapped him;[8] years later, he forgave them.[6] He was also a popular novelist and historian, especially remembered for his monumental Storia d'Italia (History of Italy) in 22 volumes.[6][7]

After leaving the Corriere della Sera in 1973 due to a perceived turn to the left,

Berlusconist militancy while the latter, after having portrayed him as a useful idiot of the post-communist left, underplayed his opposition to Berlusconi.[6]

During the global

Black Lives Matter movement. He also denied the use of poison gas during the war in Ethiopia; he acknowledged their use in 1996.[15]

Biography

Early life and education

Montanelli with his parents in the 1910s

Montanelli was born in Fucecchio, near Florence, on 22 April 1909. His father, Sestilio Montanelli, was a high-school philosophy teacher and his mother, Maddalena Doddoli, was the daughter of a rich cotton merchant. The name Indro was chosen by his father after the Hindu god Indra.[6]

Montanelli obtained a law degree from the

Italian fascist regime. Allegedly, in this thesis, he maintained that, rather than a reform, it amounted to the abolition of elections. According to him, it was during his permanence in Grenoble, while he was taking language lessons, that he realized that his true vocation was that of a journalist.[citation needed
]

Early journalistic career

Montanelli began his journalistic career by writing for the

Paris-Soir, then as a foreign correspondent in Norway, where he fished for cod for a bit, and later in Canada, where he ended up working on a farm in Alberta.[16]

From there, Montanelli began a collaboration with

Fascist Italy, had just had a confrontation with democracy. During this time, Montanelli conducted his first interview with a celebrity, Henry Ford, who surprised him by admitting he did not have a driver's license. During the interview, surrounded by American art depicting pastoral and frontier subjects, Ford began to reverentially talk about the Founding Fathers of the United States. Looking at the decor, Montanelli asked him how he felt about having destroyed their world. Puzzled, Ford asked what he meant. Undaunted, Montanelli pressed on that the automobile and Ford's revolutionary assembly line system had forever transformed the country. Ford looked shocked, and Montanelli realized that, like all geniuses, Ford had not had the slightest idea of what he had really done.[17]

Reporter in Abyssinia

Montanelli in Ethiopia, 1936

When Mussolini invaded

United Press and became a voluntary conscript for this war. Aged 23, Montanelli was put in charge of a 100-strong army of local men. He later said: "It was a beautiful two years."[18] He said he believed then that this was the chance for Italy to bring civilization to the perceived savage world of Africa. While stationed in east Africa, Montanelli bought and married a 12-year-old Bilen child to act as his sex slave, a common practice of Italian soldiers in Abyssinia.[19]

Montanelli began writing about the war to his father who, without Montanelli's knowledge, sent the letters to one of the most famous journalists of those times, Ugo Ojetti, who published them regularly in the most prestigious Italian newspaper, the Corriere della Sera.[citation needed]

Reporter during the Spanish Civil War

On his return from Abyssinia, Montanelli became a foreign correspondent in Spain for the daily newspaper Il Messaggero, where he experienced the

Santander, Montanelli wrote that "it had been a long military walk with only one enemy: the heat". This judgement contrasted with the propaganda of the times that painted that battle as a glorious bloodshed on the side of the Italian contingent. In fact, the only casualty he noted but never reported was a single death in the Alpini regiment caused by a mule kick that threw the trooper down into a dry river bed. For this article, he was repatriated, tried, and expelled from the National Fascist Party (PNF) and from the official organization of Italian journalists. When in the trial he was asked why he had written such an unpatriotic article, he replied: "Show me a single casualty of that battle: because a battle without casualties is not a real battle!" The trial ended with an acquittal.[citation needed
]

Journalistic activity during World War II

Eastern and Northern Europe

Olivetti MP1 [it] typewriter that was later replaced by his trademark Lettera 22

The stand Montanelli took against fascism led him to his first serious conflicts with the Italian authorities. His PNF membership was revoked thereafter and Montanelli did nothing to regain this important document that at the time conferred a series of important privileges on its holders; the country was dominated by Mussolini's fascist movement. To avoid the worst, the then minister of culture Giuseppe Bottai offered in 1938 to Montanelli the job of director of the Institute of Culture in Tallinn, Estonia, and lecturer in Italian at the University of Tartu, Estonia. In this period, Aldo Borelli, the then director of the Corriere della Sera, asked Montanelli to engage in a collaboration as a foreign correspondent; he could not be employed as a journalist because this had been forbidden by the fascist regime. Montanelli began to correspond for this newspaper from Estonia and Albania during the Italian annexation of this country.[citation needed]

On 1 September 1939,

Skirmish of Krojanty and created a myth from it.[citation needed
]

Montanelli was not welcome in Italy, and decided to move to Lithuania. The joint Nazi German–Soviet invasion of Poland instinctively told him that more was brewing on the Soviet Union border. His instinct was correct because shortly after his arrival in Kaunas, the seat of the Lithuanian government, the Soviet Union issued its ultimatum to the Baltic republics. At this point, Montanelli continued to travel towards Tallinn as it was his wish to see the last of a free and democratic Estonia, which was soon invaded by the Soviet Union. At this point, Montanelli was not popular in Italy nor Germany because of his pro-Estonian and pro-Polish articles, and had been expelled by the Soviet Union for being a foreigner. Thus, he was forced by the events to cross the Baltic Sea and reach Helsinki, the Finnish capital.[citation needed]

In Finland, Montanelli began writing articles about the Lapps and the reindeer, although this was not for long as Vyacheslav Molotov had made requests on the Finnish government for the annexation of part of the Finnish land to the Soviet Union. The Finnish delegation, headed by Juho Kusti Paasikivi, had refused to give in to these requests and on their return it was clear that war was in the air. Montanelli was not able to write about the details of the talks between the Soviet and Finnish delegations, as they were shrouded in strict secrecy; he was able to interview Paasikivi, who was happy to fill him in on everything except for the content of the talks.[citation needed]

Throughout the Winter War that ensued, Montanelli wrote hotly pro-Finnish articles both from the front and from bomb-stricken Helsinki, writing about the almost mythical enterprises of the battle of Tolvajärvi, and of men like captain Pajakka who, with 200 Lapps, successfully confronted 40,000 Russians in the region of Petsamo. Back in Italy, Montanelli's stories had been followed with great enthusiasm by the public but not so enthusiastic was the response of the fascist leaders who were committed to an alliance with the Soviet Union. When Borelli, director of the Corriere della Sera, had been ordered to censor Montanelli's articles, he had had the courage to reply that "thanks to his articles the Corriere increased its sales from 500,000 to 900,000 copies: are you going to reimburse me?" When the Winter War was over and the non-aggression pact was signed between the Soviet Union and Finland, Montanelli was personally thanked by the elusive Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim himself for writing in favour of the Finnish cause.[citation needed]

Invasion of Norway

Before his return to Italy, Montanelli witnessed the Operation Weserübung (the Nazi German invasion of Norway), and was arrested by the German army for his hostility towards the German–Italian alliance. He escaped with the help of his friend Vidkun Quisling and made a run for the north of the country where the English and the French were disembarking their troops at Narvik. He was met by the one-eyed, one-armed Major Carton de Wiart who explained that there were no more than 10,000 Allied troops in Norway, many of them not even trained for battle. Nobody seemed to know where their garrison was. The British wanted to go inland and attack the Germans, but the French wanted to stay put and consolidate their positions. After having seen the clockwork invasion of Poland by the German troops, Montanelli found this disarray a worrying sight. When the Germans began bombing these positions the Allies were forced to embark once again and beat a hasty withdrawal to England.[citation needed]

Balkans and Greece

With Italy's entrance in the war (June 1940), Montanelli was sent to France and the Balkans. He was assigned the responsibility of following the Italian military campaign from Greece and Albania as correspondent. Here, he recounted to have written little: "I remained at that front various months, writing almost nothing, a small reason was because I fell ill with typhus and a huge one because I refused to push as a glorious military campaign the quaking pummeling that we caught down there."[20] An article published on 12 September 1940 issue of Panorama was considered defeatist by the censors of Minculpop (Ministry of Popular Culture), who in turn ordered the closure of the periodical.[citation needed]

Arrest and death sentence

After witnessing war and destruction in the Balkans and the disastrous

Italian invasion of Greece, Montanelli decided to join the Italian resistance movement against the fascist regime by joining the liberal Giustizia e Libertà clandestine group. Here, he met socialist leader Sandro Pertini, who would later become president of Italy from 1978 to 1985. Montanelli was eventually once again captured by the Germans, tried, and sentenced to death. In the Milanese prison of San Vittore, he met Mike Bongiorno, who would later become one of the most famous Italian television personalities. In prison, he also made the acquaintance of General Della Rovere, who was said to have been arrested while on a secret mission on behalf of the Allies. In fact, this man was a thief called Giovanni Bertoni, a spy for the Germans. Bertoni was so taken in by the military character he was playing that he refused to relay any information to his German captors and was executed like a real enemy official. After the war, Montanelli dedicated a book to this incident, Il generale Della Rovere (1959), which later turned into a Golden Lion-winning movie directed by Roberto Rossellini and starring Vittorio De Sica.[citation needed
]

Salvation came at the end of 1944 with the help of unknown conspirators who arranged for his transfer to a prison in Verona. The transfer was then transformed into a dash for the Swiss border. The identity of these conspirators remained a mystery until decades later when it appeared that it had been the result of collusion by several agencies. Among them, Marshall Mannerheim allegedly put pressure on his German allies. To Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, the commander of the German troops stationed in Finland, he said: "You are executing a gentleman." This resulted in Berlin's opening of an inquiry. In 1945, while hiding in Switzerland, he published the novel Drei Kreuze (Three Crosses), which later appeared in Italian with the title Qui non-riposano (Here They Do Not Rest). Inspired by Thornton Wilder's The Bridge of San Luis Rey, the story begins on 17 September 1944 when a Val d'Ossola priest buries three unknown corpses and commemorates them with three anonymous crosses.[citation needed]

Career after World War II

Corriere della Sera

Throughout the post-war years, Montanelli retained an idiosyncratic and particularly undiplomatic style, even when this made him very unpopular among his peers and employers. This is well illustrated in his book La stecca nel coro, which translates as "The False Note in the Chorus" with the meaning of "Going Against the Current", and that is a list of leading articles he composed between 1974 and 1994.[citation needed]

After the war, Montanelli resumed his career at the Corriere della Sera, famously authoring deeply sympathetic articles from Hungary during the

czarina, the daily took a sudden turn to the left. This new launch took place in 1972 with the abrupt dismissal of director Giovanni Spadolini. Montanelli expressed a cutting indictment of the procedure in an interview on L'Espresso, declaring: "A director is not sent away like a thieving house-servant." Turning to the Crespi family, he branded their "authoritarian, bullying junta ways that they have chosen in order to impose their decision".[citation needed
]

Founding of il Giornale nuovo

After breaking with the Corriere della Sera, which he perceived as having moved too much to the left,

communists he attacked. About the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, Bettiza said that Montanelli was convinced the revolt was due to workers wanting true socialism.[22]

Kneecapped by the Red Brigades

On 2 September 1977, Montanelli was shot four times in the legs by a two-man commando of the

kneecapped"),[27] for which the paper's editor Piero Ottone received criticism.[28][29] This was not limited to the Corriere della Sera, as it happenend during a period in which the Red Brigades were targeting journalists through the use of kneecapping, without murdering them, and two other journalist suffered the same fate in the matter of days.[30]

In later years, Montanelli said that he expected the attack and was not surprised by it,[31] and came to forgive the terrorists,[6] who saw him as a servant of the regime,[9] as well as of multinational corporations.[32][33] In il Giornale, he wrote days after the attack that "the prose of the Red Brigades does not differ much from that of certain weekly magazines which point to me as 'the watchdog of the bourgeoisie'."[34]

Quarrel with Silvio Berlusconi and final years

When Silvio Berlusconi, who since 1977 had held the majority of shares in il Giornale, entered politics with the founding of a new populist political party, Forza Italia, Montanelli came under heavy pressure to switch his editorial line to a position favourable to Berlusconi. Montanelli never hid his bad opinion of Berlusconi, saying: "He lies as he breathes." In the end, protesting his independence, he founded a new daily, for which he resurrected the name La Voce ("The Voice"), which had belonged to a renowned newspaper run by Giuseppe Prezzolini. La Voce, which had garnered a devoted but limited readership, folded after about a year, and Montanelli returned to the Corriere della Sera. In 1994, Montanelli was awarded the International Editor of the Year Award from the World Press Review.[citation needed]

From 1995 to 2001, Montanelli was the chief letters editor of Corriere della Sera, answering a letter a day on a page of the newspaper known as "La Stanza di Montanelli" ("Montanelli's Room"). Montanelli spent his last years vigorously opposing Berlusconi's politics. He was a mentor to a significant group of colleagues, followers, and students including Mario Cervi, Marco Travaglio, Paolo Mieli, Roberto Ridolfi, Andrea Claudio Galluzzo, Beppe Severgnini, and Roberto Gervaso. Montanelli died on 22 July 2001 at the La Madonnina clinic in Milan. The following day, the Corriere della Sera published a letter on its front page titled "Indro Montanelli's farewell to his readers".[citation needed]

Legacy

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Montanelli had been nicknamed "The Prince of Journalism" by his own colleagues while he was still alive, gaining large esteem and consent even from

political right, which was an alternative to that of Silvio Berlusconi, whom he opposed. Since his death, the political left emphasized Montanelli's anti-Berlusconism over his anti-communism and conservatism, while the political right minimized his opposition to Berlusconi after having accused him of being a useful idiot of the post-communist left.[6]

A polarizing figure, Montanelli's journalism was distinct from both the prevailing pro-government journalism, which was linked to the ruling Christian Democracy, and to the liberal-democratic journalism of the likes of Mario Pannunzio, whom Montanelli admired.[6] In his letters, Montanelli once said: "If you lack the holy fire inside, if you're not made for this work, if you lack a natural appendice with a typewriter... it's pointless to do this job."[35] He left for posterity a number of first-person reportages and interviews with important historical figures, including Charles de Gaulle, Benito Mussolini, Pope John XXII, and Winston Churchill.[36][37][38]

Monument to Montanelli in Milan

While working as a journalist for the fascist magazine Civiltà Fascista, Montanelli had argued that under no circumstances soldiers should fraternize with black people, at least "until they had been given a culture."[39][40] In March 2019, the feminist group Non Una Di Meno poured pink paint on the statue erected in honour of Montanelli, who had bought an Eritrean child as a wife.[41] In June 2020, a statue of Montanelli in Milan was vandalized by activists in the context of the Black Lives Matter movement.[42][43][44] The activist group Rete Studenti Milano labelled Montanelli "a colonialist who made slavery an important part of his political activity" and said he "cannot and should not be celebrated in the public square".[15] This was also done to highlight the fact that, when aged 24 and working in Italian Ethiopia (former Abyssinia), he married a young girl, by buying her from her family, as was customary among locals, and in his interviews affectionately referred to her as "a little docile animal". The marriage falls into what was known as the madamato [it] practice, a relationship between Italian men and local women that was commonplace in the then Italian colonies.[13] The next day, Rete Studenti Milano and Laboratorio universitario Metropolitano revendicated a street painting dedicated to the memory of the young girl by the street artist Ozmo.[45]

In a 1969 episode of the talk show L'ora della verità (The Hour of the Truth), Montanelli told host Gianni Bisiach of his child bride: "I think I chose well. She was a beautiful girl of 12 years. I'm sorry. But in Africa it's different."[14] During the interview, his account was interrupted by a question from the feminist and journalist Elvira Banotti, who asked him how he could justify his marriage to a child, since marriage in Europe to a 12-year-old girl would be considered abhorrent; Montanelli replied that "in Abyssinia that's how it works", and that "at 12 years they normally marry, they are women already".[14] In a 1982 interview with Biagi, Montanelli called her "a little docile animal",[46] and said that he bought her for ₤500.[14][47] According to Montanelli, the relationship was never violent or nonconsensual, and both the family and the girl always reported as agreeing to it; the girl still showed affection towards Montanelli years after their separation by naming her first-born child Indro.[12][13][14] Details are confused and Montanelli was inconsistent when talking about it. Initially, he stated that she was 12 years old; later on, he described her as 14 years old.[48][49][50] At times, she was referred to as Destà;[51] other times, she was known as Fatima.[52][53] Marco Travaglio, one of Montanelli's students, defended him. He said: "He was not a paedophile. He loved that little girl, he wanted to become Abyssian, and adapted to a tradition."[54]

Angelo Del Boca, the historian who first researched Italian war crimes in Ethiopia and made Montanelli acknowledge the use of poison gas in 1996 that he had previously denied,[15] retained great esteem for Montanelli and defended his marriage with the young girl. He said: "It makes no sense [to call him a racist and rapist], it was an act of integration, especially since Montanelli kept a good relationship with her for years. At the time, but maybe even nowadays, it was normal to marry women of that age in Africa; it was initially encouraged as an element of fraternization."[55][56] Giuseppe Sala, Milan's mayor of the centre-left Democratic Party, refused to remove the statue on the grounds that it was to honour his journalistic contributions. He said: "He was a great journalist who fought for freedom of the press. When we judge our own lives, can we say that ours is spotless? Lives must be judged in their complexity."[15] He argued that "lives should be judged in their totality", while recognizing his dismay at the lightness of the way Montanelli spoke about his actions in Abyssinia.[57] Among others, the group Sentinelli di Milano had asked Sala to remove Montanelli's statue from the gardens of Porta Venezia because "until the end of his days, Montanelli proudly claimed the fact that he had bought and married a twelve-year-old Eritrean girl years to be his sex slave."[58]

Controversies

During his long career, Montanelli was involved in several controversies, the most notable being his child bride. His intervention and diatribe with Banotti continued for the whole episode of Bisiach's talk show L'ora della verità. The practice of the

2020 Black Lives Matter protests.[15]

Another notable controversy of Montanelli's career was related to his statements regarding the Nazi–Fascist and World War II years. In 1996, he sent a letter to the former Nazi officer Erich Priebke, whom he revered as "Mr. Captain", after the first 15-year sentence that he considered to be senseless. He sympathized, and said: "As an old soldier, and even if from an army very different from his, I know very well that you could not do anything different from what you did."[62] About the Ardeatine massacre, he reclaimed the death of Giuseppe Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo and Filippo de Grenet [it] as "two of my old and dear friends" to whom he compared himself in his detention in the San Vittore Prison, where he said "I could suffer the same fate as the hostages of the Ardeatine".[62] He said that "even among us Italians there are men who think right...even when those who think and see unfair are the masters of the square", and concluded: "Best wishes, Mr. Captain."[62]

In 1999, during the trial of the Nazi captain

SS officer, he replied: "Yes, because in prison the prisoners were divided into those 'hostages' of the repubblichini and those in the hands of the Germans, and each had his own freely."[63] He retorted: "The interrogations of the Germans were long, unnerving, but neither I nor anyone else was subjected to brutality."[63] The public prosecutor then exhibited a letter of his from that period in which he wrote that "with a particularly delicate caress the Germans broke my rib and injured my liver".[63] In response, Montanelli justified himself by contradicting himself, and said: "It wasn't me who was beaten, but Gasparini. And it wasn't the Germans who beat up but the repubblichini."[63] For the first time, he reduced the role of the cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster in his release from prison to attribute it to the OVRA spy Luca Osteria [it] (at the time, he was known as Ugo Osteria), without clarifying his permission to expatriate by Saevecke. To the indignation of the victims' families throughout his deposition, he concluded: "They may as well make noises, I don't give a damn about their noises. I don't tell lies."[63]

Awards and decorations

References

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  34. ^ Siepi, Paolo (7 March 2017). "Periscopio". Italia Oggi (in Italian). No. 56. p. 15. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
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  37. ^ Casadio, Nevio (11 March 2009). "Io sono soltanto un giornalista". Indro Montanelli.tv (in Italian). 2.09 minutes in. Retrieved 13 August 2023 – via YouTube.
  38. ^ Dalla Palma, Andrea (28 May 2021). "Indro Montanelli, il Principe del giornalismo". Il Pelapatate (in Italian). Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  39. ^ "1935–36 Civilta' Fascista 'Dentro la guerra' (in fondo la storia di Montanelli in Africa e in Italia)". Storiologia (in Italian). 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  40. ^ De Lucia, Dario (25 April 2022). "Tutte le fake news sul fascismo: ecco la verità". Collettiva (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  41. ^ Mianiti, Mariangela (11 March 2019). "La sposa bambina che 'puzzava di capra'". Il manifesto (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  42. ^ "Statue of famous Italian journalist defaced in Milan". Al Jazeera. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  43. ^ "U.S. protesters call attention to deaths of more Black men following Atlanta police killing". CBC. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  44. ^ Brighella, Niccolò (15 June 2020). "Perché Indro Montanelli sposò una bambina in Africa". iStorica.it (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  45. ^ Giuffrida, Fabio (15 June 2020). "Montanelli, a Milano spunta 'il monumento' alla sposa bambina – Foto". Open (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  46. ^ Biagi, Enzo (1982). "Montanelli e la sposa bambina: un animalino docile". Questo secolo (in Italian). Retrieved 14 August 2023 – via YouTube.
  47. ^ Reali, Rosella (3 April 2019). "L'animalino docile di Indro Montanelli". Viaggiatori Ignoranti (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  48. ^ Sciuto, Cinzia (19 September 2019). "Montanelli e la sposa bambina – animabella". Newsmavens (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023 – via Animabella.
  49. ^ Corlazzoli, Alex (16 June 2020). "Montanelli, della statua non mi importa ma ora che so della sua vicenda dei dubbi me li pongo". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023. Sul Corriere della Sera nella nota rubrica La stanza di Montanelli una lettrice 18enne, Rossella Locatelli, chiede al giornalista di raccontare l'avventura. Montanelli non nasconde nulla: 'Si trattava di trovare una compagna intatta per ragioni sanitarie e di stabilire con il padre il prezzo. Dopo tre giorni di contrattazioni a tutto campo tornò con la ragazza e un contratto redatto dal capo-paese in amarico, che non era un contratto di matrimonio ma – come oggi si direbbe – una specie di 'leasing', cioè di uso a termine. Prezzo 350 lire (la richiesta era partita da 500) più l'acquisto di un 'tucul' cioè una capanna di fango e di paglia del costo di 180 lire. La ragazza si chiamava Destà e aveva 14 anni: particolare che in tempi recenti mi tirò addosso i furori di alcuni imbecilli ignari che nei Paesi tropicali a 14 anni una donna è già donna, e passati i venti è una vecchia. Faticai molto a superare il suo odore, dovuto al sego di capra di cui erano intrisi i suoi capelli, e ancor di più a stabilire con lei un rapporto sessuale perché era fin dalla nascita infibulata...' [On the Corriere della Sera in the well-known column La stanza di Montanelli an 18-year-old reader, Rossella Locatelli, asks the journalist to tell the story of the adventure. Montanelli hides nothing: 'It was a question of finding an intact partner for health reasons and establishing the price with the father. After three days of all-out negotiation, he returned with the girl and a contract drawn up by the village leader in Amharic, which was not a marriage contract but – as we would say today – a kind of 'leasing', i.e. a temporary use. Price 350 lire (the request had started from 500) plus the purchase of a 'tucul', i.e. a mud and straw hut costing 180 lire. The girl's name was Destà and she was 14 years old: a detail that in recent times has brought upon me the fury of some imbeciles unaware that in tropical countries at 14 a woman is already a woman, and after twenty she is an old woman. I struggled a lot to overcome her smell, due to the goat tallow with which her hair was soaked, and even more to establish a sexual relationship with her because she had been infibulated since birth...']
  50. ^ Fiammenghi, Davide (18 June 2020). "La sposa-bambina di Montanelli è veramente esistita?". Strade Online (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  51. ^ "Chi era Destà la bambina che sposò Indro Montanelli: la vera storia di Fatima". AmalfiNotizie.it (in Italian). 9 January 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  52. ^ Alpozzi, Alberto (26 April 2021). "Montanelli e Destà. La sposa bambina non è mai esistita". L'Italia Coloniale (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  53. ^ "Chi era Fatima la bambina sposa di Indro Montanelli: Destà è esistita veramente?". AmalfiNotizie.it (in Italian). 26 December 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  54. ^ Scalettari, Luciano (17 June 2020). "Marco Travaglio difende Indro Montanelli: 'Non era un pedofilo. Amava quella ragazzina, voleva diventare abissino e si adeguò a una tradizione'". Famiglia Cristiana (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  55. ^ Delbecchi, Nanni (16 June 2020). "Processo a Montanelli. 'Razzista? Non ha senso'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  56. ^ Aimi, Gianmarco (17 June 2020). "Montanelli razzista? Secondo lo storico Del Boca 'quel matrimonio è un atto di integrazione'". Rolling Stone Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  57. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (14 June 2020). "Milan mayor refuses to remove defaced statue of Italian journalist". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  58. ^ Di Francesco, Niccolò (14 June 2020). "'Lei si vanta di aver violentato una bambina': quando Montanelli fu attaccato per le nozze con una 12enne | Video". The Post Internazionale (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  59. ^ "Il Madamato. Indro Montanelli racconta l'atroce vicenda della sua sposa bambina". BL Magazine (in Italian). 18 June 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2023 – via YouTube.
  60. ^ Innaurato, Oscar Alfonso (13 June 2020). "Il madamato: quando l'Italia rese legale lo stupro delle bambine". BL Magazine (in Italian). Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  61. ISBN 978-8-8565-0213-8
    . Retrieved 13 August 2023 – via Google Books.
  62. ^ a b c Biloslavo, Fausto (12 October 2013). "Quando Montanelli scrisse al condannato: 'Capitano, è una sentenza insensata'". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Custodero, Alberto; Fazzo, Luca (14 May 1999). "Montanelli testimone Ss ma gentiluomo". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  64. ^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana – Montanelli Dott. Indro – Cavaliere di Gran Croce Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana" (in Italian). Quirinal Palace. 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  65. ^ Aarniva, Virve (12 March 1995). "Yksi elämä, monta alkua". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  66. ^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana – Montanelli Dott. Indro – Grande Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana" (in Italian). Quirinal Palace. 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2023.

Bibliography

External links
Media offices
Preceded by
Ernesto Libenzi
 Editor in chief of La Domenica del Corriere
1945–1946 		Succeeded by
Eligio Possenti
New title
Founder
 Editor in chief of il Giornale
1974–1994 		Succeeded by
New title
Founder
 Editor in chief of La Voce
1994–1995 		Newspaper failed
Preceded by
Isabella Bossi Fedrigotti
 Letters editor of Corriere della Sera
1995–2001 		Succeeded by
Paolo Mieli
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