Fourth Industrial Revolution

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Industry 4.0
)

Museu de Mataró, linking to Wikipedia's Catalan article on Jordi Arenas i Clavell [ca]. Bottom-left: illustrated understanding of the Internet of things in a battlefield setting. Bottom-right: customers using Amazon Go, an example of "just walk out shopping" where integrated technology creates a seamless consumer journey through including computer vision, deep-learning algorithms, and sensor fusion
.
Part of a series on
Sociology
Key themes
Perspectives
Branches
Methods
Sociologists
Lists
History of technology
By technological eras
Premodern
Modern
Future
By historical regions
By type of technology
Technology timelines
Article indices

"Fourth Industrial Revolution", "4IR", or "Industry 4.0"

technological advancement in the 21st century. The term was popularised in 2016 by Klaus Schwab, the World Economic Forum founder and executive chairman,[2][3][4][5][6] who says that the changes show a significant shift in industrial capitalism.[7]

A part of this phase of industrial change is the joining of technologies like artificial intelligence, gene editing, to advanced robotics that blur the lines between the physical, digital, and biological worlds.[7][8]

Throughout this, fundamental shifts are taking place in how the global production and supply network operates through ongoing automation of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices, using modern smart technology, large-scale

machine-to-machine communication (M2M), and the Internet of things (IoT). This integration results in increasing automation, improving communication and self-monitoring, and the use of smart machines that can analyse and diagnose issues without the need for human intervention.[9]

It also represents a social, political, and economic shift from the

augmented social reality compared to just the natural senses and industrial ability of humans alone.[7]

History

The phrase Fourth Industrial Revolution was first introduced by a team of scientists developing a high-tech strategy for the German government.[11] Klaus Schwab, executive chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF), introduced the phrase to a wider audience in a 2015 article published by Foreign Affairs.[12] "Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution" was the 2016 theme of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland.[13]

On 10 October 2016, the Forum announced the opening of its Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco.

fully autonomous vehicles.[17]

In The Great Reset proposal by the WEF, The Fourth Industrial Revolution is included as a strategic intelligence in the solution to rebuild the economy sustainably following the COVID-19 pandemic.[18]

First Industrial Revolution

Main article: Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution was marked by a transition from hand production methods to machines through the use of steam power and water power. The implementation of new technologies took a long time, so the period which this refers to was between 1760 and 1820, or 1840 in Europe and the United States. Its effects had consequences on textile manufacturing, which was first to adopt such changes, as well as iron industry, agriculture, and mining although it also had societal effects with an ever stronger middle class.[19]

Second Industrial Revolution

Main article: Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, is the period between 1871 and 1914 that resulted from installations of extensive railroad and telegraph networks, which allowed for faster transfer of people and ideas, as well as electricity. Increasing electrification allowed for factories to develop the modern production line. It was a period of great economic growth, with an increase in productivity, which also caused a surge in unemployment since many factory workers were replaced by machines.[20]

Third Industrial Revolution

Main article:
Digital Revolution

The Third Industrial Revolution, also known as the Digital Electronics Revolution, occurred in the late 20th century, after the end of the two world wars, resulting from a slowdown of industrialisation and technological advancement compared to previous periods. The production of the

Boolean logic
, a decade later, was the beginning of more advanced digital developments.

A book titled The Third Industrial Revolution, by Jeremy Rifkin, was published in 2011, which focused on the intersection of digital communications technology and renewable energy. It was made into a 2017 documentary by Vice Media.

Characteristics

In essence, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the trend towards

cyber-physical systems (CPS), IoT, industrial internet of things,[21] cloud computing,[22][23][24][25] cognitive computing, and artificial intelligence.[25][26]

The machines cannot replace the deep expertise but they tend to be more efficient than humans in performing repetitive functions, and the combination of machine learning and computational power allows machines to carry out highly complicated tasks.[27]

The Fourth Industrial Revolution has been defined as technological developments in cyber-physical systems such as high capacity connectivity; new human-machine interaction modes such as touch interfaces and virtual reality systems; and improvements in transferring digital instructions to the physical world including robotics and 3D printing (additive manufacturing); the Internet of Things (IoT); "big data" and cloud computing; artificial intelligence-based systems; improvements to and uptake of Off-Grid / Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Systems: solar, wind, wave, hydroelectric and the electric batteries (lithium-ion renewable

energy storage systems
(ESS) and EV).

The Fourth Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of the imagination age.[28]

Key themes

Industry 4.0 increases operational efficiency. Four themes are presented that summarise an Industry 4.0:[22]

  • Decentralized decisions – the ability of cyber physical systems to make decisions on their own and to perform their tasks as autonomously as possible. Only in the case of exceptions, interference, or conflicting goals, are tasks delegated to a higher level[29]

Distinctiveness

Proponents of the Fourth Industrial Revolution suggest it is a distinct revolution rather than simply a prolongation of the Third Industrial Revolution.[12] This is due to the following characteristics:

  • Velocity — exponential speed at which incumbent industries are affected and displaced[12]
  • Scope and systems impact – the large amount of sectors and firms that are affected[12]
  • Paradigm shift in technology policy – new policies designed for this new way of doing are present. An example is Singapore's formal recognition of Industry 4.0 in its innovation policies.

Critics of the concept dismiss Industry 4.0 as a marketing strategy. They suggest that although revolutionary changes are identifiable in distinct sectors, there is no systemic change so far. In addition, the pace of recognition of Industry 4.0 and policy transition varies across countries; the definition of Industry 4.0 is not harmonised. One of the most known figures is Jeremy Rifkin who "agree[s] that digitalization is the hallmark and defining technology in what has become known as the Third Industrial Revolution".[30] However, he argues that "that the evolution of digitalization has barely begun to run its course and that its new configuration in the form of the Internet of Things represents the next stage of its development".[30]

Components

Self-driving car

The application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution operates through:[31]

  • Mobile devices
  • Internet of things (IoT) platforms
  • Location detection technologies (electronic identification)
  • Advanced human-machine interfaces
  • Authentication and fraud detection
  • Smart sensors
  • Big analytics and advanced processes
  • Multilevel customer interaction and customer profiling
  • wearables
  • On-demand availability of computer system resources
  • Data visualisation and triggered "live" training[31][clarification needed]

Mainly these technologies can be summarised into four major components, defining the term "Industry 4.0" or "smart factory":[31]

Industry 4.0 networks a wide range of new technologies to create value. Using

cyber-physical systems that monitor physical processes, a virtual copy of the physical world can be designed. Characteristics of cyber-physical systems include the ability to make decentralised decisions independently, reaching a high degree of autonomy.[31]

The value created in Industry 4.0, can be relied upon electronic identification, in which the smart manufacturing require set technologies to be incorporated in the manufacturing process to thus be classified as in the development path of Industry 4.0 and no longer

digitisation.[32]

Trends

Smart factory

Main article: Smart manufacturing

Smart Factory is the vision of a production environment in which production facilities and logistics systems are organised without human intervention.

The Smart Factory is no longer a vision. While different model factories represent the feasible, many enterprises already clarify with examples practically, how the Smart Factory functions.

The technical foundations on which the Smart Factory – the intelligent factory – is based are cyber-physical systems that communicate with each other using the Internet of Things and Services. An important part of this process is the exchange of data between the product and the production line. This enables a much more efficient connection of the Supply Chain and better organisation within any production environment.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution fosters what has been called a "smart factory". Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralised decisions.[33] Over the internet of things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in synchronic time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain.[22][34]

Predictive maintenance

Industry 4.0 can also provide predictive maintenance, due to the use of technology and the IoT sensors. Predictive maintenance – which can identify maintenance issues in real time – allows machine owners to perform cost-effective maintenance and determine it ahead of time before the machinery fails or gets damaged.  For example, a company in Los Angeles could understand if a piece of equipment in Singapore is running at an abnormal speed or temperature. They could then decide whether or not it needs to be repaired.[35]

3D printing

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is said to have extensive dependency on 3D printing technology.  Some advantages of 3D printing for industry are that 3D printing can print many geometric structures, as well as simplify the product design process. It is also relatively environmentally friendly. In low-volume production, it can also decrease lead times and total production costs. Moreover, it can increase flexibility, reduce warehousing costs and help the company towards the adoption of a mass customisation business strategy. In addition, 3D printing can be very useful for printing spare parts and installing it locally, therefore reducing supplier dependence and reducing the supply lead time.[36]

The determining factor is the pace of change. The correlation of the speed of technological development and, as a result, socio-economic and infrastructural transformations with human life allows one to state a qualitative leap in the speed of development, which marks a transition to a new time era.[37]

Smart sensors

Sensors and instrumentation drive the central forces of innovation, not only for Industry 4.0 but also for other "smart" megatrends, such as smart production, smart mobility, smart homes, smart cities, and smart factories.[38]

Smart sensors are devices, which generate the data and allow further functionality from self-monitoring and self-configuration to condition monitoring of complex processes. With the capability of wireless communication, they reduce installation effort to a great extent and help realise a dense array of sensors.[39]

The importance of sensors, measurement science, and smart evaluation for Industry 4.0 has been recognised and acknowledged by various experts and has already led to the statement "Industry 4.0: nothing goes without sensor systems."[40]

However, there are a few issues, such as time synchronisation error, data loss, and dealing with large amounts of harvested data, which all limit the implementation of full-fledged systems. Moreover, additional limits on these functionalities represents the battery power. One example of the integration of smart sensors in the electronic devices, is the case of smart watches, where sensors receive the data from the movement of the user, process the data and as a result, provide the user with the information about how many steps they have walked in a day and also converts the data into calories burned.

Agriculture and food industries

Hydroponic vertical farming

Smart sensors in these two fields are still in the testing stage.[41] These innovative connected sensors collect, interpret and communicate the information available in the plots (leaf area, vegetation index, chlorophyll, hygrometry, temperature, water potential, radiation). Based on this scientific data, the objective is to enable real-time monitoring via a smartphone with a range of advice that optimises plot management in terms of results, time and costs. On the farm, these sensors can be used to detect crop stages and recommend inputs and treatments at the right time. As well as controlling the level of irrigation.[42]

The food industry requires more and more security and transparency and full documentation is required. This new technology is used as a tracking system as well as the collection of human data and product data.[43]

Accelerated transition to the knowledge economy

Knowledge economy is an economic system in which production and services are largely based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advance, as well as rapid obsolescence.[44][45] Industry 4.0 aids transitions into knowledge economy by increasing reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources.

Challenges

Challenges in implementation of Industry 4.0:[46][47]

Economic

  • High economic cost
  • Business model adaptation
  • Unclear economic benefits/excessive investment[46][47]

Social

  • Privacy concerns
  • Surveillance and distrust
  • General reluctance to change by stakeholders
  • Threat of redundancy of the corporate IT department
  • Loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes, especially for blue collar workers[46][47][48]
  • Increased risk of gender inequalities in professions with job roles most susceptible to replacement with AI[49][50]

Political

  • Lack of regulation, standards and forms of certifications
  • Unclear legal issues and data security[46][47]

Organizational

  • IT security issues, which are greatly aggravated by the inherent need to open up previously closed production shops
  • Reliability and stability needed for critical
    machine-to-machine
    communication (M2M), including very short and stable latency times
  • Need to maintain the integrity of production processes
  • Need to avoid any IT snags, as those would cause expensive production outages
  • Need to protect industrial know-how (contained also in the control files for the industrial automation gear)
  • Lack of adequate skill-sets to expedite the transition towards a fourth industrial revolution[51][52]
  • Low top management commitment
  • Insufficient qualification of employees[46][47]

Country applications

Many countries have set up institutional mechanisms to foster the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. For example,

Australia

Australia has a Digital Transformation Agency (est. 2015) and the Prime Minister's Industry 4.0 Taskforce (est. 2016), which promotes collaboration with industry groups in Germany and the USA.[53]

Germany

The term "Industrie 4.0", shortened to I4.0 or simply I4, originated in 2011 from a project in the high-tech strategy of the

German Academy of Science and Engineering.[57]

As Industry 4.0 principles have been applied by companies, they have sometimes been rebranded. For example, the aerospace parts manufacturer

Meggitt PLC has branded its own Industry 4.0 research project M4.[58]

The discussion of how the shift to Industry 4.0, especially

digitisation, will affect the labour market is being discussed in Germany under the topic of Work 4.0.[59]

The federal government in Germany through its ministries of the BMBF and BMWi, is a leader in the development of the I4.0 policy. Through the publishing of set objectives and goals for enterprises to achieve, the German federal government attempts to set the direction of the digital transformation. However, there is a gap between German enterprise's collaboration and knowledge of these set policies.[60] The biggest challenge which SMEs in Germany are currently facing regarding digital transformation of their manufacturing processes is ensuring that there is a concrete IT and application landscape to support further digital transformation efforts.[60]

The characteristics of the German government's Industry 4.0 strategy involve the strong customisation of products under the conditions of highly flexible (mass-) production.

Horizon 2020 research project CREMA (cloud-based rapid elastic manufacturing) as a major initiative to foster the Industry 4.0 topic.[66]

Estonia

In Estonia, the digital transformation dubbed as the 4th Industrial Revolution by

leapfrogged to the digital era, while skipping the analogue connections almost completely. The early decisions made by Prime Minister Mart Laar on the course of the country's economic development led to the establishment of what is today known as e-Estonia, one of the worlds most digitally advanced nations
.

According to the goals set in the Estonia's Digital Agenda 2030,[67] next leaps in the country's digital transformation will be switching to event based and proactive services, both in private and business environment, as well as developing a green, AI-powered and human-centric digital government.

Indonesia

Another example is Making Indonesia 4.0, with a focus on improving industrial performance.[53]

India

India, with its expanding economy and extensive manufacturing sector, has fully embraced the digital revolution, leading to a new era of manufacturing excellence. The Indian program for Industry 4.0 centers around leveraging technology to produce globally competitive products at cost-effective rates while adopting the latest technological advancements of Industry 4.0.[68]

Japan

Society 5.0 envisions a society that prioritizes the well-being of its citizens, striking a harmonious balance between economic progress and the effective addressing of societal challenges through a closely interconnected system of both the digital realm and the physical world. This concept was introduced in 2019 in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan for Japanese Government as a blueprint for a forthcoming societal framework.[69]

South Africa

South Africa appointed a Presidential Commission on the Fourth Industrial Revolution in 2019, consisting of about 30 stakeholders with a background in academia, industry and government.[70][71] South Africa has also established an Inter ministerial Committee on Industry 4.0.

South Korea

The Republic of Korea has had a Presidential Committee on the Fourth Industrial Revolution since 2017. The Republic of Korea's I-Korea strategy (2017) is focusing on new growth engines that include AI, drones and autonomous cars, in line with the government's innovation-driven economic policy.[70]

Spain

See Science and technology in Spain

Uganda

Uganda adopted its own National 4IR Strategy in October 2020 with emphasis on e-governance, urban management (smart cities), health care, education, agriculture and the digital economy; to support local businesses, the government was contemplating introducing a local start-ups bill in 2020 which would require all accounting officers to exhaust the local market prior to procuring digital solutions from abroad.[70]

United Kingdom

In a policy paper published in 2019, the UK's Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, titled "Regulation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution", outlined the need to evolve current regulatory models to remain competitive in evolving technological and social settings.[8]

United States

The Department of Homeland Security in 2019 published a paper called 'The Industrial Internet of things (IIOT): Opportunities, Risks, Mitigation'. The base pieces of critical infrastructure are increasingly digitised for greater connectivity and optimisation. Hence, its implementation, growth and maintenance must be carefully planned and safeguarded. The paper discusses not only applications of IIOT but also the associated risks. It has suggested some key areas where risk mitigation is possible. To increase coordination between the public, private, law enforcement, academia and other stakeholders the DHS formed the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC).[72]

Industry applications

The aerospace industry has sometimes been characterised as "too low volume for extensive automation"; however, Industry 4.0 principles have been investigated by several aerospace companies, and technologies have been developed to improve productivity where the upfront cost of automation cannot be justified. One example of this is the aerospace parts manufacturer

Meggitt PLC's M4 project.[58]

The increasing use of the

Bosch, and generally in Germany. Applications include machines that can predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self-organised coordination that react to unexpected changes in production.[73] in 2017, Bosch launched the Connectory, a Chicago, Illinois
based innovation incubator that specializes in IoT, including Industry 4.0.

Industry 4.0 inspired Innovation 4.0, a move toward digitisation for academia and research and development.[74] In 2017, the £81M Materials Innovation Factory (MIF) at the University of Liverpool opened as a center for computer aided materials science,[75] where robotic formulation,[76] data capture and modelling are being integrated into development practices.[74]

Criticism

With the consistent development of automation of everyday tasks, some saw the benefit in the exact opposite of automation where self-made products are valued more than those that involved automation.

Yale, and Dan Ariely of Duke
. Another problem that is expected to accelerate with the growth of IR4 is the prevalence of mental disorders.[78] The world has already experienced such problems in high-tech industries.[79]

Future

Industry 5.0

Industry 5.0 has been proposed as a strategy to create a paradigm shift for an industrial landscape in which the primary focus should no longer be on increasing efficiency but on promoting the well-being of society and sustainability of the economy and industrial production.[80][81]

AI era

Main article: AI era

The AI era, also known as the AI revolution, is the ongoing transition of the human economy and society towards a

post-scarcity economy and post-work society enabled by artificial intelligence (AI), which started around the early 2020s
.

Ever faster developing AI systems are finding their way into more and more economic sectors and areas of life and are expected to eventually take over most human jobs. As a result, industrial production is also being driven by AI to an ever-increasing extent.

See also

References

  1. S2CID 218941878
    .
  2. ^ McGinnis, Devon (27 October 2020). "What Is the Fourth Industrial Revolution?". The 360 Blog from Salesforce. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  3. ^ "The Fourth Industrial Revolution will be people powered | McKinsey". www.mckinsey.com. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  4. ^ Signé, Njuguna Ndung'u and Landry (8 January 2020). "The Fourth Industrial Revolution and digitization will transform Africa into a global powerhouse". Brookings. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  5. ^ Marr, Bernard. "Why Everyone Must Get Ready For The 4th Industrial Revolution". Forbes. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
  6. PMID 27830223
    .
  7. ^
    JSTOR 26588339
    .
  8. ^ a b "Regulation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution". UK Gov Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  9. ^ November 2019, Mike Moore 05 (5 November 2019). "What is Industry 4.0? Everything you need to know". TechRadar. Retrieved 27 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ISSN 2199-8531
    .
  11. ^ "Industrie 4.0: Mit dem Internet der Dinge auf dem Weg zur 4. industrial Revolution - vdi-nachrichten.com". 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d Schwab, Klaus (12 December 2015). "The Fourth Industrial Revolution". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  13. ^ Marr, Bernard. "Why Everyone Must Get Ready For The 4th Industrial Revolution". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  14. ^ Monck, Adrian (10 October 2016). "New Forum Center to Advance Global Cooperation on Fourth Industrial Revolution". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  15. ISBN 9781524758875
    . Retrieved 29 June 2017. Digital technologies ... are not new, but in a break with the third industrial revolution, they are becoming more sophisticated and integrated and are, as a result, transforming societies and the global economy.
  16. ^ "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond". World Economic Forum. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  17. ^ Schwab, Klaus (14 January 2016). "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 29 June 2017. The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum computing.
  18. ^ "Strategic Intelligence – World Economic Forum". Archived from the original on 22 December 2020.
  19. ^ "The Industrial Revolution and Work in Nineteenth-Century Europe – 1992, Page xiv by David Cannadine, Raphael Samuel, Charles Tilly, Theresa McBride, Christopher H. Johnson, James S. Roberts, Peter N. Stearns, William H. Sewell Jr, Joan Wallach Scott". Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  20. ^ "History of Electricity".
  21. ^ "IIOT AND AUTOMATION".
  22. ^ a b c Hermann, Pentek, Otto, 2016: Design Principles for Industrie 4.0 Scenarios. Retrieved 4 May 2016
  23. ^ Jürgen Jasperneite:Was hinter Begriffen wie Industrie 4.0 steckt Archived 1 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine in Computer & Automation, 19 December 2012 accessed on 23 December 2012
  24. ^ Kagermann, H., W. Wahlster and J. Helbig, eds., 2013: Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0: Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group
  25. ^ a b Heiner Lasi, Hans-Georg Kemper, Peter Fettke, Thomas Feld, Michael Hoffmann: Industry 4.0. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering 4 (6), pp. 239–242
  26. ISSN 2351-9789
    .
  27. S2CID 243788231
    .
  28. ^ Recke, Martin (June 2019). "Why imagination and creativity are primary value creators". SinnerSchrader Aktiengesellschaft.
  29. ^ Gronau, Norbert, Marcus Grum, and Benedict Bender. "Determining the optimal level of autonomy in cyber-physical production systems." 2016 IEEE 14th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). IEEE, 2016. DOI:10.1109/INDIN.2016.7819367
  30. ^ a b "StackPath". 15 January 2016.
  31. ^ a b c d e "How To Define Industry 4.0: Main Pillars Of Industry 4.0". ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  32. ^ "Industrie 4.0 Maturity Index – Managing the Digital Transformation of Companies". acatech – National Academy of Science and Engineering. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  33. S2CID 3809961
    .
  34. ISSN 2405-8963
    .
  35. ^ "Are You Ready For The Fourth Industrial Revolution?". The One Brief. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  36. ISSN 0020-7543
    .
  37. ^ Shestakova I. G. New temporality of digital civilization: the future has already come // // Scientific and Technical Journal of St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University. Humanities and social sciences. 2019. # 2. P.20-29
  38. ^ Imkamp, D., Berthold, J., Heizmann, M., Kniel, K., Manske, E., Peterek, M., Schmitt, R., Seidler, J., and Sommer, K.-D.: Challenges and trends in manufacturing measurement technology – the "Industrie 4.0" concept, J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 325–335, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-325-2016, 2016
  39. ^ A.A. Kolomenskii, P.D. Gershon, H.A. Schuessler, Sensitivity and detection limit of concentration and adsorption measurements by laser-induced surface-plasmon resonance, Appl. Opt. 36 (1997) 6539–6547
  40. ^ Arnold, H.: Kommentar Industrie 4.0: Ohne Sensorsysteme geht nichts, available at: http://www.elektroniknet.de/messen-testen/ sonstiges/artikel/110776/ (last access: 10 March 2018), 2014
  41. ISSN 1876-1364
    .
  42. S2CID 3433104
    .
  43. ISBN 978-0-12-815260-7
    , retrieved 26 September 2020
  44. ^ Schwok, Karen (2 December 2020). "A "new" tech revolution is coming and the winds of change will hit the U.S. first". CTECH - www.calcalistech.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  45. S2CID 56043796
    .
  46. ^ a b c d e "BIBB : Industrie 4.0 und die Folgen für Arbeitsmarkt und Wirtschaft" (PDF). Doku.iab.de (in German). August 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  47. ^
    S2CID 169819946
    .
  48. hdl:2318/1741791
    .
  49. S2CID 233583489
    .
  50. ^ UNESCO (25 February 2021). "Women a minority in Industry 4.0 fields". UNESCO. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  51. doi:10.1080/13639080.2020.1858230
    .
  52. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.368
    .
  53. ^
    ISBN 978-92-3-100450-6
    .
  54. ^ BMBF-Internetredaktion (21 January 2016). "Zukunftsprojekt Industrie 4.0 – BMBF". Bmbf.de. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  55. ^ "Industrie 4.0: Mit dem Internet der Dinge auf dem Weg zur 4. industriellen Revolution". Vdi-nachrichten.com (in German). 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  56. PMID 32842693
    .
  57. ^ Industrie 4.0 Plattform Last download on 15. Juli 2013
  58. ^ a b "Time to join the digital dots". 22 June 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  59. ^ Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2015). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0.
  60. ^ a b Keller, Matthias (2021). "I4.0 Strategy and Policy Integration in The German Machining Industry". KU Leuven.
  61. ^ "This Is Not the Fourth Industrial Revolution". Slate. 29 January 2016.
  62. ^ Selbstkonfiguierende Automation für Intelligente Technische Systeme, Video, last download on 27. Dezember 2012
  63. ^ Jürgen Jasperneite; Oliver, Niggemann: Intelligente Assistenzsysteme zur Beherrschung der Systemkomplexität in der Automation. In: ATP edition – Automatisierungstechnische Praxis, 9/2012, Oldenbourg Verlag, München, September 2012
  64. ^ "Herzlich willkommen auf den Internetseiten des Projekts RES-COM – RES-COM Webseite". Res-com-projekt.de. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  65. ^ "RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Cluster of Excellence "Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries" – English". Production-research.de. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  66. ^ "H2020 CREMA – Cloud-based Rapid Elastic Manufacturing". Crema-project.eu. 21 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  67. ^ "Digiühiskonna arengukava 2030 | Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeerium". www.mkm.ee. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  68. ^ "SAMARTH Udyog Bharat 4.0".
  69. ^ "Society 5.0". Japanese Government, 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  70. ^
    ISBN 978-92-3-100450-6
    .
  71. ISBN 978-92-3-100450-6
    .
  72. ^ Ayala, Mario; Cantu, Rob (2019). "THE INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIOT): OPPORTUNITIES, RISKS, MITIGATIO" (PDF). Department of Homeland Security-Publications: 34 – via DHS.
  73. ^ Markus Liffler; Andreas Tschiesner (6 January 2013). "The Internet of Things and the future of manufacturing | McKinsey & Company". Mckinsey.com. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  74. ^
    S2CID 219766018. Archived from the original
    on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  75. ^ "Formulus". Develop Safe and Effective Products with Formulus. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  76. ^ "Innovation 4.0: A Digital Revolution for R&D". New Statesman. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  77. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.002
    .
  78. S2CID 250252625
    .
  79. ^ Arghami, Sh.; Nasl Seraji, J.; Mohammad, K.; Farhangi, A.; van Vuuren, W. (2005). "Mental health in high-tech system". Iranian Journal of Public Health. 34 (1): 31–37.
  80. ISSN 2227-9717
    .
  81. ^ Kraaijenbrink, Jeroen. "What Is Industry 5.0 And How It Will Radically Change Your Business Strategy?". Forbes. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Industrial_Revolution&oldid=1219299087"