Influx of disease in the Caribbean

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The first European contact in 1492 started an influx of

European colonists.[1] Waves of enslaved Africans were brought to replace the dwindling Indigenous populations, solidifying the position of disease in triangular trade.[2][3]

Infectious diseases

Main articles:
Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Further information: British colonization of the Americas, Dutch colonization of the Americas, French colonization of the Americas, Portuguese colonization of the Americas, and Spanish colonization of the Americas

Before the

diseases, brought about by limited contact between tribes.[4] This left them socially and biologically unprepared when the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus and his crew introduced several infectious diseases, including typhus, smallpox, influenza, whooping cough, and measles following his 1492 voyage to the Americas.[1][4] The European diseases spread from the carriers to the Indigenous populations, who had no immunity, leading to more serious cases and higher mortality.[1][5] Because the Indigenous societies of the Americas were not used to the diseases as European nations were at the time, there was no system in place to care for the sick.[6]

Columbian Exchange due to the high number of deaths and impact on life for Indigenous societies.[1][5] Smallpox first broke out in the Americas on the island of Hispaniola in 1518.[7] The disease was carried over from Europe, where it had been endemic for over seven hundred years.[5] Like the other diseases introduced in the time period, the Europeans were familiar with the treatment of the disease and had some natural immunity, which reduced mortality and facilitated quicker recovery.[5] The Taíno people, who inhabited Hispaniola, had no natural smallpox immunity and were unfamiliar with treating epidemic disease.[5]

In 1493, the first recorded influenza epidemic to strike the Americas occurred on the island of Hispaniola in the northern Spanish settlement of Isabela.[8][9] The virus was introduced to the Isle of Santo Domingo by the Cristóbal Cólon, which docked at La Isabela on 10 December 1493, carrying about 2,000 Spanish passengers.[10] Despite the general poor health of the colony, Columbus returned in 1494 and found that the Native American population had been affected by disease even more catastrophically than Isabela's first settlers were. By 1506, only a third of the native population remained.[11] The Taíno population before European contact is estimated to have been between 60,000 and 8 million people, and the entire nation was virtually extinct 50 years after contact, which has primarily been attributed to the infectious diseases.[4]

After the first European contact, social disruption and epidemic diseases[12] led to a decline in the Amerindian population.[13] Because the Indigenous societies, including the Taínos, were unfamiliar with the diseases, they were not prepared to deal with the social consequences.[6] The high number of people incapacitated by the disease disrupted the normal cycles of agriculture and hunting that sustained the Native American populations.[6] This led to increased dependence on the Europeans, and reduced capacity to resist the European invasion.[6] The eventual enslavement of the Taíno people by the Europeans compounded the effects of the epidemics in the downfall of the Indigenous societies.[4]

Impact of the transatlantic slave trade

Main article: Atlantic slave trade
Further information: History of slavery

As the population of enslaved Indigenous peoples fell due to disease and abuse, the

vector for the disease and allowed it to spread.[18] Many of the African-born enslaved people had genetic protections against malaria that Indigenous enslaved people did not.[16] As malaria, smallpox, and other diseases spread the Indigenous populations continued to fall, which increased the motivation for the Spanish and Portuguese colonists to continue to import more enslaved workers from Africa.[16] This enslaved people worked in mining and agriculture, driving the development of triangular trade.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f McNeill, J. R.; Sampaolo, Marco; Wallenfeldt, Jeff (September 30, 2019) [28 September 2019]. "Columbian Exchange". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  2. JSTOR 25703506
    .
  3. ISBN 9780307265722
    .
  4. ^
    ISSN 0895-3309
    .
  5. ^ a b c d e "Smallpox Devastates Indigenous Populations." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Edited by Thomas Riggs. Gale, Farmington, MI, USA, 2015, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegue/smallpox_devastates_indigenous_populations/0
  6. ^ a b c d Schroeder, Michael. "Epidemics in the Americas, 1450–1750." World History: A Comprehensive Reference Set. Edited by Facts on File,. Facts On File, New York, NY, USA, 2016, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofworld/epidemics_in_the_americas_1450_1750/0
  7. ^ Cook, Noble David (1998). Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492-1650. Cambridge University Press. p. 26.
  8. ^ Kipu (in Spanish). Ediciones ABYA-YALA. 1986. p. 85.
  9. S2CID 46540669
    .
  10. ISSN 1134-6582
    . Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  11. ISBN 978-1-4205-0349-4
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-313-34102-1.[permanent dead link
    ]
  13. ^ Engerman, p. 486
  14. JSTOR 494748
    .
  15. ^ The Sugar Revolutions and Slavery, U.S. Library of Congress
  16. ^ a b c d Esposito, Elena (2015). Side effects of immunities : the African slave trade (Report). Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  17. ^
    S2CID 7096696. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on February 27, 2020.
  18. PMID 11633589
    .

Bibliography
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