Ingrian Finns

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Ingrian Finnish
)
Not to be confused with Izhorians.
Ingrians
inkeriläiset
Ингерманландцы
(part of Finns)
Flag of Ingrians
Ingrian Finns at the Estonian Song and Dance Festival
Total population
c. 50,000
Regions with significant populations
Finland, Russia
 Finland25,000[1]
 Russia20,300 (2010)[2]
 Sweden4,500 (2008)[3]
 Ukraine768 (2001)[4]
 Kazakhstan373 (2009)[5]
 Estonia369 (2011)[6]
 Belarus151 (2009)[7]
Languages
Finnish (Ingrian dialects), Ingrian, Votic, Estonian, Russian
Religion
Lutheranism, Orthodox Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Other Baltic Finns
Especially Izhorians, Votes, Estonians, and other Finns (particularly Siberian Finns and Korlaks)

The Ingrians (

Russian Federation. According to some records, some 25,000 Ingrian Finns have returned or still reside in the region of Saint Petersburg
.

History

Origins

Two main subgroups of Ingrian Finns: Äyrämöiset and Savakot

Finnish-speaking Ingrians are not to be confused with

Lutheran settlers and migrant workers who moved to Ingria during the period of Swedish rule 1617–1703.[8] Others originated from more or less voluntary conversion among the indigenous Finnic-speaking Votes and Izhorians, where approved by the Swedish authorities.[citation needed] Finns made up 41.1 percent of the population of Ingria in 1656, 53.2 percent in 1661, 55.2 percent in 1666, 56.9 percent in 1671 and 73.8 percent in 1695.[9]

After the

Karelian Finns
.

Developments in the 19th century

In 1870, the printing of the first Finnish-language newspaper, Pietarin Sanomat, started in Ingria. Before that Ingria received newspapers mostly from Vyborg. The first public library was opened in 1850, in Tyrö. The largest of the libraries, situated in Skuoritsa, had more than 2,000 volumes in the second half of the 19th century. In 1899, the first song festival in Ingria was held in Puutosti (Skuoritsa).[8]

By 1897, the number of Ingrian Finns had grown to 130,413, and by 1917 it exceeded 140,000 (45,000 in Northern Ingria, 52,000 in Central (Eastern) Ingria and 30,000 in Western Ingria, the rest in

Petrograd).[8]

Ingrians in the Soviet Union

Main articles: Genocide of the Ingrian Finns and Deportations of the Ingrian Finns

Soviet rule, and the German occupation (1941–1944) during World War II, were as disastrous for the Ingrian Finns as for other small ethnic groups. Many Ingrian Finns were either executed, deported to Siberia, or forced to relocate to other parts of the Soviet Union. There were also refugees to Finland, where they assimilated.

After the 1917

Toksova and Finnish
as its official language.

The

First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union
in 1926 recorded 114,831 "Leningrad Finns", as Ingrian Finns were then called.[8]

In 1928,

Valkeasaari, Lempaala, Vuole and Miikkulainen near the Finnish border, were transferred to the area around Cherepovets. In Ingria they were replaced by people from other parts of the Soviet Union.[8]

In 1937 Lutheran churches and Finnish-language schools in Ingria were closed down, and publications and radio broadcasting in Finnish were suspended.

In March 1939 the Kuivaisi National District was liquidated.

Initially during the

Terijoki government led to the ultimate result that in 1941, Moscow officially decided that Ingrian Finns were unreliable, and in 1942 most of the Ingrian Finns remaining in Ingria were forcibly relocated to Siberia. During the Finnish and German occupation of the area, Ingrian Finns were evacuated to Finland. However, after the Continuation War, most of these Ingrian Finns, who were still Soviet citizens, were forcibly returned to the Soviet Union, where they were dispersed into Central Russia. However, some Ingrian Finns were able to flee to Sweden, and nearly 4,000 were able to remain in Finland. Ingrian Finns were largely forgotten during the presidencies of Juho Kusti Paasikivi and Urho Kekkonen.[12]

After the war many Ingrian Finns settled in Soviet-controlled Estonia.

Present day

Leningrad Oblast, Russia.
Leningrad Oblast, Russia.
Kingisepp (Кингисепп)
class=notpageimage|
Leningrad Oblast, Russia, showing Kingisepp (Russian: Кингисепп)
A map of Votic and neighbouring Ingrian-Finnish and Izhorian villages 1848–2007.
  Votic villages (1848-2007)
  Izhorian villages (by 1943)
  Finnish villages (by 1943)
  Other villages

From the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 until 2010, about 25,000 Ingrian Finns moved from Russia and Estonia to Finland,[13] where they were eligible for automatic residence permits under the Finnish Law of Return. In 2010, however, the Finnish government decided to stop the remigration, so Ingrian Finns seeking residence are now treated in the same way as any other foreigners. There are still about 15,000 people in the remigration queue.[13]

The number of people who declared their nationality as Finnish in the 2010 Russian census was 20,000, down from 47,000 in 1989.

Many Ingrian Finns, including mixed families, who moved to Finland did not speak any language other than Russian and in many cases still identify as Russians.[14] There are social integration problems similar to those of any other migrant group in Europe, to such an extent that there is a political debate in Finland over the retention of the Finnish Law of Return. In contrast, native Finnish-speakers have been easily assimilated into mainstream Finnish culture, leaving little trace of Ingrian Finnish traditions.

In Estonia, the Ingrian Finns have enjoyed cultural autonomy since 2004, being the first minority to organize and use such a right after Estonia's restoration of independence. The 2011 census counted 369 Ingrian Finns in Estonia, a large majority of whom are also citizens of Estonia.

In Russia, many Ingrian Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria.

Genetics

Ingrian Finns cluster with Finns from Finland,

U5.[15]

Notable people of Ingrian Finnish descent

Further information: Category:People of Ingrian Finnish descent

See also

References

  1. ^ Paluumuutto Suomeen TE-palvelut, Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö (in Finnish)
  2. ^ 6-й финно-угорский конгресс в Шиофоке
  3. ^ Ancestry, Kunskapscenter, Nyheter från Ancestry: Ny bok skildrar ingermanländsk historia (in Swedish)
  4. ^ Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001. Русская версия. Результаты. Национальность и родной язык. Украина и регионы
  5. ^ Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Перепись 2009. Archived 2012-05-01 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Statistika andmebaas
  7. ^ Национальный состав Беларуси по переписи населения 2009
  8. ^ a b c d e Kurs, Ott (1994). Ingria: The Broken Landbridge Between Estonia and Finland. GeoJournal 33.1, 107-113.
  9. ^ Inkeri. Historia, kansa, kulttuuri. Edited by Pekka Nevalainen and Hannes Sihvo. Helsinki 1991.
  10. JSTOR 2497223
    .
  11. JSTOR 10.1086/235168. – via JSTOR
    (subscription required)
  12. ^ ""Inkerin Liitto" Inkerinsuomalaisten yhdistys". Archived from the original on 2007-02-20.
  13. ^ a b Helsingin Sanomat: Yle: Hallitus aikoo rajoittaa inkeriläisten paluumuuttoa
  14. ^ National Minorities of Finland, The Old Russians- Ex Virtual Finland Archived at Wayback Machine
  15. PMID 30241495
    .
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