Injury prevention
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Injury prevention is an effort to prevent or reduce the severity of
Injury prevention strategies cover a variety of approaches, many of which are classified as falling under the "3 Es" of injury prevention: education, engineering modifications, and enforcement/enactment of policies.[4] Some organizations and researchers have variously proposed the addition of equity, empowerment, emotion, empathy, evaluation, and economic incentives to this list.[5][6][7]
Measuring effectiveness
Injury prevention research can be challenging because the usual outcome of interest is deaths or injuries prevented and it is difficult to measure how many people did not get hurt who otherwise would have. Education efforts can be measured by changes in knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs and behaviors before and after an intervention; however, tying these changes back into reductions in
Common types
Traffic and automobile safety
Engineering: vehicle crash worthiness, seat belts, airbags, locking seat belts for child seats.
Education: promote seat belt use, discourage impaired driving, promote child safety seats.
Enforcement and enactment: passage and enforcement of primary seat belt laws, speed limits, impaired driving enforcement.
Pedestrian safety
Psychological pedestrian safety studies extend as far back as the mid-1980s, when researchers began examining behavioral variables in children.[citation needed] Behavioral variables of interest include selection of crossing gaps in traffic, attention to traffic, the number of near hits or actual hits, or the routes children chose when crossing multiple streets such as while walking to school. The most common technique used in behavioral pedestrian research is the pretend road, in which a child stands some distance from the curb and watches traffic on the real road, then walks to the edge of the street when a crossing opportunity is chosen.[citation needed] Research is gradually shifting to more ecologically valid virtual reality techniques.[citation needed]
Home safety
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Home accidents including burns, drownings, and poisonings are the most common cause of death in industrialized countries.[11] Efforts to prevent accidents such as providing safety equipment and teaching about home safety practices may reduce the rate of injuries.[11]
Occupational safety and health
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is the science of forecasting, recognizing, evaluating and controlling of hazards arising in or from the workplace that could impair the health and wellbeing of workers. This area is necessarily vast, involving a large number of disciplines and numerous workplace and environmental hazards. Liberalization of world trade, rapid technological progress, significant developments in transport and communication, shifting patterns of employment, changes in work organization practices, and the size, structure and lifecycles of enterprises and of new technologies can all generate new types and patterns of hazards, exposures and risks.[12] A musculoskeletal injury is the most common health hazard in workplaces.[13] The elimination of unsafe or unhealthy working conditions and dangerous acts can be achieved in a number of ways, including by engineering control, design of safe work systems to minimize risks, substituting safer materials for hazardous substances, administrative or organizational methods, and use of personal protective equipment.[14]
Other
The following is an abbreviated list of other common focal areas of injury prevention efforts:
- Bicycle safety
- Boat and water safety
- Consumer product safety
- Farm Safety[15]
- Firearm safety
- Fire and burn safety
- Impaired driving
- Poison control
- Toy safety
- Traffic safety
- Sports injury safety
See also
- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
- Haddon Matrix
- Home Safety Council
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- Accident Analysis and Prevention
- Journal of Injury and Violence Research
- Injury Prevention
- International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion
- Journal of Safety Research
- Journal of Trauma
- Traffic Injury Prevention
References
- PMID 25386040.
- ^ a b "Injuries and Violence Are Leading Causes of Death". www.cdc.gov. 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ "10 Leading Causes of Nonfatal Emergency Department Visits, United States". wisqars.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- PMID 26208854.
- S2CID 202703212.
- ^ NHTSA. 2000. Safe Communities: The First Six Months. https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/firstsixmonths_0.pdf
- ^ Geller, Scott (May 1, 2011). "The Human Dynamics of Injury Prevention: Three New E-Words for Occupational Safety". www.ehstoday.com. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ "Data Analysis: Nature & Environmental Injuries in California". Freedman Law. 2022-05-03. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
- ^ "CDC Injury Prevention Champion David Sleet Receives 2015 Elizabeth Fries Health Education Award". CDC Foundation. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^ "Transportation Safety | Motor Vehicle Safety | CDC Injury Center". www.cdc.gov. 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ PMID 22972081.
- ISBN 978-92-2-120454-1. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ "Understanding the Risks of Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI)".[dead link]
- ISBN 978-92-2-120454-1. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- PMID 30188948.