Inland Steel Company

41°40′06″N 87°26′25″W / 41.6684°N 87.4402°W / 41.6684; -87.4402

The Inland Steel Company was an American steel company active in 1893–1998. Its history as an independent firm thus spanned much of the 20th century. It was headquartered in Chicago at the landmark Inland Steel Building.

Inland Steel was an integrated steel company that reduced iron ore to steel. It specialized in the basic open hearth steelmaking process. This produced a steel that was resistant to extreme temperature, unlike those made from the Bessemer or acid open hearth processes.^[1] Its sole steel mill was located in East Chicago, Indiana, on the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal and a large landfill protruding out into Lake Michigan. The steel mill's shoreline location enabled it to take in steelmaking commodities, such as iron ore, coal, and limestone, by lake freighter. Throughout much of its life, Inland Steel operated its own fleet of bulk carrier vessels.

Firm history

Inland Steel was founded in 1893 through the purchase of a small failed Chicago Heights steel mill, Chicago Steel Works. After its closing, the machinery was bought by Ross Buckingham. He was able to acquire six acres of land and $20,000 for buildings, but was unable to raise more capital. An acquaintance of Buckingham, George H Jones, learned of this and became interested. At the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893,Jones met Joseph Block of the Block-Pollack Iron Company. Block wanted to be involved in this new business venture, but his business associates did not. Block put up the capital himself and brought in his 22-year-old son, Philip D Block. After purchasing Buckingham's land and machinery, Inland Steel Company was officially in business on October 30, 1893.^[2]

Inland Steel was immediately successful, even making a small profit in 1894. A slightly larger profit was earned in 1895. A disagreement broke out between the founders on what should be done with these profits. William H Adams and some other investors wanted a larger return on their investment, while others wanted to reinvest profits back into the company. Reinvestment would allow them to replace the old machinery that was in constant need of repair. It was decided that they would reinvest the profits, causing Adams to leave the company. He sold his shares to L.E. Block, oldest son of Joseph.^[3]The Block family led Inland Steel's recovery and, in 1901, Inland Steel pledged to raise more than $1 million to build an open-hearth mill in East Chicago.^[4] This would become the Indiana Harbor plant.^[5] This expansion caused the firm to grow more than tenfold in size, from 250 workers in 1897 to 2,600 in 1910.^[4] RJ Beatty of Midland Steel invested and became general manager, bringing the addition of sheet mills.^[6] March 1903, shareholders vote to increase stock from $2,000,000 to $2,500,000. G.H. Jones is president^[7] In 1906, Inland began to secure their own natural resources with the lease of land in Minnesota's Laura Iron Mine.^[8] This year also marked the debut of Madeline No. 1. Named after the daughter of Philip D Block, it was the first blast furnace in northern Indiana.^[9]

Inland Steel continued to face heavy competition from U.S. Steel, the Pittsburgh-based giant that at that time possessed a dominant share of the U.S. steel market.^[4] Joseph Block died on December 6, 1914.^[10] World wars increased steel demand and pushed Inland Steel forward. In 1917 (World War I), Inland Steel's production broke the 1.0-million ton (0.9m tonne) mark for the first time.^[4] A second plant had opened that year, and was run completely by electricity. The plan for electrification had been done by a Westinghouse engineer named Wilfred Sykes, who later joined the company in 1922.^[11] Philip D Block became president in 1919. He devised a plan for a workday consisting of three 8-hour shifts. It was decided that the plan could not be used until the other steel firms adopted a similar workday plan.^[12] In 1928, Inland purchased White Marble Lime Company, renaming it Inland Lime and Stone Company.^[13][14] Port Inland was built around these limestone and dolomite quarries.^[15] In 1930 the firm completed a new office headquarters in East Chicago, which survives.^[4]

In 1935. Inland acquired the steel warehouse business of Joseph T Ryerson & Sons, Inc.^[16] Edward L Ryerson became vice chairman of the board at Inland.^[17] Milcor Steel Company of Milwaukee was purchased in 1936. In that same year, Inland acquired Wilson & Bennett Manufacturing. The latter became Inland Container Company, adding pails, barrels, and food containers to their list of products.^[18] By World War II the Chicago-area steelmaker had 14,000 employees and was producing 3.4 million tons (3.0m tonnes) per year.^[4] Inland received two awards for military production in 1943. The Army/Navy "E" of achievement was given for high production of wartime material. The "M" from the U.S. Maritime Administration was for outstanding achievement in vital wartime contracts.^[19] In 1948, Wilfred Sykes became president.^[20]

Starting in the 1950s, Inland Steel specialized in cold-rolled sheet and strip steel for motor vehicles. In 1956–1957, the successful firm constructed a new corporate headquarters, the Inland Steel Building, in downtown Chicago. Employment at the Indiana Harbor mill rose toward its peak of 25,000 in 1969.^[4]

The decline in the U.S. steel industry, starting in 1970, affected Inland Steel. Foreign steel companies were increasing their presence in the world steel market. During the late 1970s Inland Steel formed several joint ventures with Nippon Steel to create I/N Tek and I/N Kote, but profitability continued to be difficult to attain. After a series of internal reforms, Inland rapidly became so profitable in 1997 that, uniquely amongst U.S. integrated steel mills, they became desirable for acquisition. Ispat International acquired Inland Steel in 1998 eventually becoming ArcelorMittal.^[4] As of 2020, the assets of Inland Steel are now part of Cleveland-Cliffs.

Facilities

In 1894, Inland established a research lab.^[21] By 1935, the lab had employed 35 researchers.^[22] The lab was located in the open hearth department of the plant, allowing steel to be tested as it was being made. It would be tested for impurities, chemical composition, and physical properties.^[23] Researchers also worked on the development of new steel.^[24]

Fifty acres of land were purchased along Lake Michigan in 1901 for the development of a plant with an open hearth furnace.^[25] An open hearth is a furnace that has scrap and pig iron thrown in and heated to a very high temperature in the process of turning iron into steel.^[26] In August of the following year, the plant at Indiana Harbor was put into operation.^[27] Steel ingots were produced. It had four 40-ton open hearth furnaces, a 32' blooming mill, 7 sheet and bar mills, and a 24" universal bar mill.^[28] Headquarters were in the Marquette Building in Chicago.^[27]

In August of 1906, a new 50 acre tract with 4000 feet water frontage was acquired next to the existing plant. Also acquired was the Laura mine on the Mesaba range from Alexis W. Thompson, former president of Republic Iron & Steel. The 5th open hearth furnace had just been completed and the daily capacity of open hearth steel was 500 tons.^[29] The "Madeline" blast furnace with a rated capacity of 350 tons/day was blown in on August 31, 1907.^[30] A blast furnace heats iron ore, limestone, and coke to a temperature of at least 3000 degrees. Impurities in the molten metal rise to the top and are removed when hot air is blown in.^[31]

In 1908, there were further additions. The plant at Indiana Harbor got 3 new sheet mills, 2 galvanizing pots, an 8''-11" merchant mill, and a 24" sheet bar billet and mill.^[32] Two open hearth furnaces and 8 sheet mills were added in 1910. Land was leased on the Cuyuna Range in Minnesota for iron ore mining.^[33] With capital stock increased from $2,500,000 to $5,000,000 further additions to be made are 2 modern blast furnaces and a 6th open hearth furnace (50 tons).^[29] April 1912, Madeline No. 2, is placed 366 feet north of and is slightly larger than No. 1. The addition of 5 stoves makes a total of 9 stoves in one row between the 2 furnaces. 400 tons/day is given as the maximum capacity of No. 1.^[34]

Indiana Harbor plant #2 was completed in 1917. It was completely electrified.^[35] On January 16, 44 Koppers Coke ovens commenced production, bringing the total to 130, with a Koppers by-product and benzol recovery plant.^[36][37] On April 24, blast furnace Madeline No. 3, with rated capacity of 500-600 tons/day, was blown in.^[38] Ten open hearth furnaces, 20 soaking pits, a 40' blooming mill, and new docks were also part of the second plant.^[39]

A 76" strip mill was added in 1932, and a tin mill in 1933. In 1938, a 2.5 minutes per mile 44" strip mill, 59 coke ovens, and 5 open hearth furnaces were put in at Indiana Harbor. ^[40] On January 3, 1939, Madeline No. 5, new and largest among Inland's furnaces was blown in with 1000 tons/day for a new total of 4000 tons/day. This blast furnace was built by Arthur G. McKee & Co, who had also built No. 1 in 1907.^[41] Madeline No. 6 arrived in 1942.^[42]

In 1928, Inland purchased limestone and dolomite quarries in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.^[43] This became Inland Lime & Stone Company^[44]. A new harbor and docks were built and given the name of Port Inland.^[45] A new stone-crushing and ship-loading plant was completed in 1930.^[46] Inland also secured its own source of coal. A small mining operation was located at Greenwood Mine, near Marquette, Michigan. A much larger source was secured when land and equipment was purchased from Elkhorn Coal Company. Inland was responsible for introducing a water supply, sanitation, and paved roads into the mine's nearby town of Wheelwright, Kentucky.^[47]

Programs and Benefits

The Inland Department of Safety, Sanitation, and Relief implemented a program for workplace safety in 1911. It was credited for reducing time off work due to accidents by one-third.^[48] In that same year, the Inland Fellowship Club was formed. Seventy percent of Indiana Harbor employees contributed 10 cents per month to a fund for worker relief. Inland used its own supply of coal to provide donations for workers in need.^[49] During the Great Depression, despite their own reduced income, many workers contributed 3% of their salary to the Fellowship Club. The contributions were matched by the company.^[50] Funded by vending machine profits at Indiana Harbor Works, Inland Athletic Association was formed in 1934. Employees participated in team and individual competitive sports such as bowling, horseshoes, golf, baseball, softball, basketball, and tennis.^[51] In 1936, a medical clinic was set up at Indiana Harbor to serve workers and their families.^[52]

Contributory group insurance was offered to employees beginning in 1930, with life insurance policies being the first.^[53] A pension plan was implemented in 1936. Sickness, accident, and hospitalization insurances were added in 1940.^[54] Death and dismemberment insurance was included in 1942. In 1960. all insurance benefits became noncontributory. An early retirement plan, based on age and length of employment, was put into effect in 1966. In 1970, employees received a major medical insurance plan. Dental benefits were added one year later. Vision was included in 1979.^[55]

Local 1010

Inland's union was viewed as the most left-leaning and radical of the steelworkers' unions. earning it the nickname of the "red local" and a reputation for being militant.^[56][57] In 1936, SWOC (Steelworkers' Organizing Committee) 1010 was formed by the 8 members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, & Tin Workers.^[58] Among these original 8 members was a man named William Young. He would later become the first black person to sit at the negotiation table with Inland and the first in the U.S. to serve as chairman of a basic grievance committee of a steelworkers' union.^[59]

In 1937, "big steel" company U.S. Steel signed a collective bargaining contract. SWOC called for a nationwide strike on the "little steel" companies of Republic, Youngstown, Bethlehem, and Inland for their refusals to sign contracts and allow collective bargaining.^[60] On May 26, the strike shut down operations at Indiana Harbor.^[61] Inland workers were allowed to strike without police intervention.^[62] On May 30, a large number of members from Local 1010 arrived in South Chicago to support the striking workers at Republic Steel.^[63] In what became known as the "Memorial Day Massacre", Chicago police opened fire on striking workers and their supporters. Ten men were killed and 125 more were injured. Among the dead were three Inland employees: Alfred Causey, Kenneth Reed, and Sam Popovich.^[64][65] On July 1, the strike at Indiana Harbor was ended through the intervention of state governor Townsend.^[66] He had each party sign an agreement with him, then promised to resolve any grievances that could not be resolved at the plant.^[67] Inland approved of the wage increases and signed the governor's agreement. However, the company still refused to acknowledge the union.^[68]

The union continued to meet. The majority of their demands focused on ending discrimination based on age, race, and gender. They wanted equal pay for equal work and a system of job promotion that was based on seniority,^[69] In 1942, SWOC officially became the USWA (United Steelworkers' Association).^[70] In that same year, Inland acknowledged the union after the "little steel" companies were ordered to allow union elections by the National Labor Relations Board.^[71]

In 1956, Local 1010 joined the CCSC (Coordinated Committee of Steel Companies) for industry-wide bargaining. This committee was responsible for negotiating a labor agreement that would determine the wage, benefits, working hours, and grievance procedure for the entire industry.^[72] Because representation was based on company size, those at Inland and other "little steel" companies often felt that this arrangement only served the interests of "big steel." The CCSC was dissolved by unanimous vote on May 2, 1985, ending the practice of industry-wide bargaining for steelworkers.^[73]

Inland Fleet

In 1911, the Inland Steamship Company was formed, with Hutchinson & Company of Cleveland serving as purchasing agent and manager of marine operations. Two steamships were purchased from the Acme Transit Company.^[74] The Arthur H. Hawgood, at 569 feet, was renamed Joseph Block.^[75] During her years of service, the Joseph Block was involved in numerous incidents. In 1913, she needed to be placed in the drydock for repairs after striking a pier at the Canadian lock in Sault Ste. Marie. Two months later, she ran aground and was struck by steamer Calcite of the Bradley fleet.^[76] In May of 1916, the crew of the Joseph Block rescued one of two survivors from the shipwreck of the S R Kirby.^[77] In 1917, she received damage after hitting an ice pack in Lake Superior. A 1919 November gale led to another trip to the shipyard.^[78] The Joseph Block grounded at the Death's Door Passage near Green Bay in 1968. Deciding against repairing the extensive damages, the company sold her to Kinsman Marine Transport. She was repaired and entered their service as the George Steinbrenner (2),

The second boat purchased from Hawsgood was the W. R. Woodford, which was a little shorter at 552 feet. She was renamed N. F. Leopold.^[75] Like the Joseph Block, the N. F. Leopold was involved in several mishaps. In 1915, she grounded near Port Calcite. Two years later, an ice pack caused damage to her hull. In a 1924 collision with the Charles L. Hutchinson, both ships received minor damage, Two separate groundings in 1928 necessitated the replacement of multiple hull plates and a propeller blade. The pilothouse and forward cabins required extensive repairs after Lake Michigan battered them during a 1936 November storm.^[79] In 1943, the N. F. Leopold was renamed E. J. Block. She was sent to the shipyard in 1946 for extensive work and modernization. She was the first Lake freighter to have her steam engines converted to diesel. ^[80] She also became the first to have radar installed as standard equipment.^[81]

The first new ship built for Inland Steamship Company was steamer L. E. Block. Built in 1927 at the American Ship Building Company in Lorain, Ohio, her 621 feet in length made her one of the largest on the lakes. The L. E. Block set, then later broke, the record for carrying iron ore four times between 1936 and 1939.^[82] Throughout her career she had three incidents, two groundings and a small collision, that required minor repairs. The first grounding was in 1933 near the ore dock in Escanaba, Michigan.^[83] The second grounding occurred 40 years later in the St. Marys River. In 1979, she collided with tug George N. Carleton in Thunder Bay. Both escaped relatively unharmed, without the need for any major repairs.^[84] L.E. Block was laid up in 1981. In 1986, she was purchased by Basic Marine, Inc. The following year, she was towed to Lake Calumet in South Chicago to be used for cement storage. She sank from being overloaded. In 1988, L. E. Block was towed back to Escanaba. She remained there until she was towed to the Port Colborne scrap yard in 2006.^[85]

Steamship Philip D. Block, also built at the American Ship Building Company of Lorain, entered service in 1925. First owned by the Pioneer Steamship Company, she was acquired by Inland in 1936.^[86] Built at the length of 600 feet, 72 more were added to her midsection in 1950. Additional work modernized her navigational equipment, engines, and accommodations. In 1955, she was struck by the departing G. A. Tomlinson while docked in Indiana Harbor. G. A. Tomlinson suffered damages to her hull, while Philip D. Block only needed cosmetic repair.^[87] She remained in service until she was laid up in 1981. In 1985, she was sold to the scrap yard in Port Colborne. The navigational equipment was removed, and the Philip D. Block was sold to be scrapped in Brazil in 1986. Along with the W. W. Holloway (formerly the SS Henry A. Hawgood), she was taken under tow by the Jantar. After a journey of about six weeks, they arrived in Recife.^[88]

In 1946, Inland purchased the motor vessel Steel Chemist from U.S. Steel, which they renamed The Inland. With two cranes mounted on the deck a length of 258 feet, she was capable of delivering steel products to most ports along the Great Lakes. The Inland only served in the fleet for two years, which were without incident. She was sold to Transit Tankers & Terminals, or Quebec, where she was converted to a liquid bulk carrier and rechristened as Transinland. During an extended period of being laid-up, vandals caused serious damage to the ship's internal structure. She was scrapped in 1980.^[89]

The first U.S. ship built on the Great Lakes after World War II was the SS Wilfred Sykes.^[90] Named after the president of the company at that time, the 678 foot long vessel entered service in 1950.^[91] She was designed to operate with greater speed and carrying capacity, and was considered the prototype for all future lakeboats.^[92] In her two years as the largest shop on the lakes, Wilfred Sykes set five records for hauling the most tonnage of iron ore.^[93] She had incidents of grounding in 1973, 1998, and 2002. In 1997, she hit a seawall near Grand Haven, Michigan. Except for the 1973 grounding that required a trip to drydock for repairs, Wilfred Sykes escaped these incidents without much damage. A boiler explosion in 1984 caused massive damage to the mechanical systems.^[94] In 1953, Wilfred Sykes responded to the distress call of the SS Henry Steinbrenner. First mate Arthur Ritter and nine other crew entered frigid Lake Superior in one of the ship's lifeboats to look for survivors. They rescued two men. When the crew arrived at Indiana Harbor, they were greeted by the ship's namesake and Philip D. Block, Jr. Block praised their actions and presented each crew member with a U.S. savings bond.^[95] The Lake Carriers Association later presented them with a citation of bravery on a bronze plaque.^[96] In 1971, the crew rescued a man whose sailboat had gone adrift on Lake Michigan. The Wilfred Sykes was one of several ships that joined the unsuccessful rescue efforts in the 1975 sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald. ^[97] After the 1998 sale of Inland Steel, Wilfred Sykes came under ownership of the Indiana Harbor Steamship Company and the management of Central Marine Logistics.^[98] As of 2024, Lori Reinhart holds the position of captain of the Wilfred Sykes. As of 2024, she is the first and only American woman to serve as captain on a Lake freighter.^[99]

At 760 feet in length, the SS Edward L. Ryerson entered service in 1960.^[100] As she was designed for optimal service in transporting iron ore, the cargo hold of the Edward L Ryerson had a square bottom and was smaller than other ships of comparable overall size.^[101] in 1997, boiler issues caused her to lose power on Lake Michigan. A tugboat towed her into Milwaukee for repairs, and Edward L Ryerson was back to work the following day. This was the only incident she is known to have had. In 1998, she was acquired by the Indiana Harbor Steamship Company and was under management of Central Marine Logistics. Edward L Ryerson entered her first long-term layup around that time, which lasted until 2006. In 2009, she entered another period of inactivity^[102]. As of 2024, she remains at Fraser Shipyards in long term layup status.^[103]

In 1962, Inland purchased the 552 foot long SS JJ Sullivan. Following the acquisition, the 55 year-old ship was renamed Clarence B Randall. Although she had numerous incidents under her previous name and ownership, Clarence B Randall only had one while serving the Inland Fleet. She ran aground in 1973, but was able to free herself a short tine later without receiving any damage. She was sold in 1976 for conversion to a storage barge. During this process, a cutter's torch ignited a fire. The galley and three staterooms were damaged. Clarence B Randall was sold three more times before she was scrapped in 1987.^[104]

In 1976, the newly constructed MV Joseph L Block entered service for Inland. At 728 feet in length, she had a carrying capacity of over 37,000 tons.^[105] She had two groundings in 1990, with one minor in nature and the other causing significant damage. Joseph L Block came under the ownership of Indiana Harbor Steamship Company and the management of Central Marine Logistics in 1998. Following this, she had minor grounding incidents in 1999 and 2010. In 2006, the crew of Joseph L Block rescued a kayaker who was 32 miles off the shore of Lake Michigan.^[106] In 2024, Joseph L Block opened the shipping season as the first commercial vessel to go through the locks at Sault Ste. Marie.^[107]

MV Adam E Cornelius (4) was leased from the American Steamship Company in 1994. Built in 1973 at the Roger M Kyes, she was 680 feet in length. She was involved in many incidents that required repairs, most of them groundings. In one notable mishap in 1983, her aft mast struck the I-75 freeway bridge over Rouge River. Roger M Kyes delivered its cargo, but was unable to clear the bottom of the bridge on the way out. She returned to the dock and a work crew was called in to remove the mast. In 1989, she was renamed Adam E Cornelius (4). While leased by Inland, she retained her name, but was repainted with the Inland paint scheme and given its logos. Shortly after starting with Inland, she needed repairs to a ballast tank that was punctured in a grounding. In 1997, ice damage caused severe flooding in her forward compartments, necessitating another trip to the shipyard. Adam E Cornelius was returned to American Steamship Company in 1998, and continued service there.^[108] In 2017, she was sold to Algoma Central and renamed Algoma Compass.^[109]

Further reading

• Moise Dreyfus Obituary – http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1937/05/13/page/18/article/moise-dreyfus-estate-valued-at-11-3-millions
• Book, 50 Years of Inland Steel, 1943
• Booklet, “The Story of Inland Steel”, 1964
• Booklets, “Inland Steel at 100: Beginning a Second Century of Progress”, 1993.
• Perry, W.A., Booklet, “History of Inland Steel Co. to 1971", b
• Perry, W. A., Booklet, “A History of Inland Steel Company and the Indiana Harbor Works” (ca. 1980)
• Perry, W.A (1979) A History of Inland Steel Company And The Indiana Harbor Works (booklet)
• Perry, William A. & Saran, Sam H. Booklet, A History of Inland Steel Company and the Indiana Harbor Works (1992).
• Perry, William A. & Saran, Sam H. Booklet, A History of Inland Steel Company and the Indiana Harbor Works(1993).
• Wilder, John Watson Book, Inland Steel, 1893–1943.^[110]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inland Steel Company.

• Artist's Rendering, Inland Steel Company, Chicago Heights, Illinois plant, 1894 The Digital Collections of IUPIU University Library.
• The Michael Tenenbaum papers at Hagley Museum and Library consist of a series of his writings and speeches and a small number of Inland Steel Company publications.
• Arcelor Mittal page on Indiana Harbor – former Inland Steel plant
• The Metal Giant, Periscope Film #96264