Inner Hebrides
The Inner Hebrides (
There are various important prehistoric structures, many of which pre-date the first written references to the islands by
of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline.Sea transport is crucial and a variety of ferry services operate to mainland Scotland and between the islands. The Gaelic language remains strong in some areas; the landscapes have inspired a variety of artists; and there is a diversity of wildlife.
Geography
The islands form a disparate archipelago. The largest islands are, from south to north,
The southern group are in
Physical
The ten largest islands are as follows.
Island | Gaelic name | Area (ha)[5] | Population[2] | Highest point[6] | Height (m)[7] | Gaelic Speakers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coll | Colla | 7,685 | 195 | Ben Hogh | 104 | |
Colonsay | Colbhasa | 4,074 | 124 | Carnan Eoin | 143 | 20.2% (15) |
Eigg | Eige | 3,049 | 83 | An Sgurr
|
393 | |
Islay | Ìle | 61,956 | 3,228 | Beinn Bheigeir | 491 | 19% (613) |
Jura | Diùra | 36,692 | 196 | Beinn an Òir | 785 | |
Lismore | Lios Mor | 2,351 | 192 | Barr Mòr | 127 | 26.9% (50) |
Mull | Muile | 87,535 | 2,800 | Ben More | 966 | |
Raasay | Ratharsair | 6,231 | 161 | Dùn Caan | 444 | 30.4% (48) |
Rùm | Rùm | 10,463 | 22 | Askival | 812 | |
Skye
|
An t-Eilean Sgitheanach or Eilean a' Cheò |
165,625 | 10,008 | Sgurr Alasdair
|
993 | 29.4% (2,942) |
Tiree | Tiriodh | 7,834 | 653 | Ben Hynish | 141 | 38.3% (250) |
TOTAL | 18,947 | 20.7% (3,918) |
The geology and geomorphology of the islands is varied. Some, such as Skye and Mull, are mountainous, whilst others like
There are various smaller archipelagoes including the
The islands are shown to be important as a region of tidal mixing of coastal water.[11]
Human
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
2001 | 18,257 | — |
2011 | 18,948 | +3.8% |
[1][2] |
The inhabited islands of the Inner Hebrides had a population of 18,257 at the 2001 census,
The main commercial activities are tourism,
Climate
The influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic Current creates a mild oceanic climate. Temperatures are generally cool, averaging 6.5 °C (44 °F) in January and 15.4 °C (60 °F) in July at Duntulm on the Trotternish peninsula of Skye.[19][20] Snow seldom lies at sea level and frosts are fewer than on the mainland. Winds are a limiting factor for vegetation: a speed of 128 km/h (80 mph) has been recorded; south-westerlies are the most common. Rainfall is generally high at between 1,300 and 2,000 millimetres (51 and 79 inches) per annum, and the mountains and hills are wetter still.[21][22] Tiree is one of the sunniest places in the country and had 300 days of sunshine in 1975. Trotternish typically has 200 hours of bright sunshine in May, the sunniest month.[23][24]
Climate data for Duntulm, Skye | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
6.6 (43.9) |
8.1 (46.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
5.1 (41.2) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.2 (43.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 148 (5.84) |
100 (3.93) |
82 (3.24) |
86 (3.40) |
73 (2.87) |
85 (3.35) |
97 (3.83) |
112 (4.41) |
128 (5.05) |
152 (6.00) |
143 (5.63) |
142 (5.58) |
1,350 (53.13) |
Source: [19] |
Prehistory
The Hebrides were originally settled in the Mesolithic era and have a diversity of prehistoric sites. A flint arrowhead found in a field near Bridgend, Islay has been dated to 10,800 BCE. This find may indicate the presence of a summer hunting party rather than permanent settlement.[25] Burnt hazelnut shells and microscopic charcoal found at Farm Fields, Kinloch on Rùm indicate a settlement of some kind and this is amongst the oldest evidence of occupation in Scotland.[26][27][28]
Evidence of large-scale
Three stone hearths and traces of red ochre found on Jura and dated to 6000 BCE are the earliest stone-built structures found so far in Scotland.[31][32] However, in general the Neolithic sites in the Inner Hebrides lack the scale and drama of those found in Orkney and the Western Isles.[Note 2] There are numerous Iron Age sites including the remains of Dun Ringill fort on Skye, which are similar in layout to that of both a broch and a complex Atlantic roundhouse.[33]
Etymology
The earliest extant written reference to these islands appears in
Watson (1926) states that the meaning of Ptolemy's "Eboudai" is unknown and that the root may be pre-Celtic.[36][Note 3] Other early written references include the flight of the Nemed people from Ireland to "Domon and to Erdomon in the north of Alba", which is mentioned in the 12th century Lebor Gabála Érenn.[35] Domon, meaning the "deep sea isle" refers to the Outer Hebrides and Erdomon, meaning "east of, on or near Domon" is thus the Inner Hebrides.[35]
The individual island and place names in the Outer Hebrides have mixed Gaelic and Norse origins.[38]
History
Dál Riata
Although Ptolemy's map identifies various tribes such as the Creones that might conceivably have lived in the Inner Hebrides in the Roman era,[34] the first written records of life begin in the 6th century CE when the founding of the kingdom of Dál Riata is recorded.[39] This encompassed roughly what is now Argyll and Bute and Lochaber in Scotland and County Antrim in Ireland.[40]
In
The figure of Columba looms large in any history of Dál Riata and his founding of a monastery on Iona ensured that Dál Riata would be of great importance in the spread of Christianity in northern Britain. However, Iona was far from unique. Lismore in the territory of the Cenél Loairn, was sufficiently important for the death of its abbots to be recorded with some frequency and many smaller sites, such as on Eigg, Hinba and Tiree, are known from the annals.[41] The kingdom's independent existence ended in the Viking Age, and it eventually merged with the lands of the Picts to form the Kingdom of Alba.
North of Dál Riata the Inner Hebrides were nominally under Pictish control although the historical record is sparse.[Note 4]
Norse rule
According to Ó Corráin (1998) "when and how the Vikings conquered and occupied the Isles is unknown, perhaps unknowable"
The early 10th century are an obscure period so far as the Hebrides are concerned[49] but Aulaf mac Sitric, who fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937 is recorded as a King of the Isles from c. 941 to 980.[49]
It is difficult to reconcile the records of the Irish annals with Norse sources such as the
By the late 12th century Irish influence became a significant feature of island life and
For a while Somerled took control of Mann and the Hebrides in toto, but he met his death in 1164 during an invasion of the Scottish mainland.
Clans and Scottish rule
The Lords of the Isles, a phrase first recorded in 1336,[66] but which title may have been used earlier, would continue to rule the Inner Hebrides as well as part of the Western Highlands as subjects of the King of Scots until John MacDonald, fourth Lord of the Isles, squandered the family's powerful position. Through a secret treaty with Edward IV of England, negotiated at Ardtornish Castle and signed in 1462, he made himself a servant of the English crown. When James III of Scotland found out about the treaty in 1476, he issued a sentence of forfeiture for MacDonald's lands. Some were restored for a promise of good behaviour, but MacDonald was unable to control his son Aonghas Óg, who defeated him at the Battle of Bloody Bay, fought off the coast of Mull near Tobermory in 1481. A further rebellion by his nephew, Alexander of Lochalsh, provoked an exasperated James IV to forfeit the lands for the last time in 1493.[67]
The most powerful clans on Skye in the post-Norse period were Clan MacLeod, originally based in Trotternish, and Clan MacDonald of Sleat. Following the disintegration of the Lordship of the Isles, the Mackinnons also emerged as an independent clan, whose substantial landholdings in Skye were centred on Strathaird.[68] The MacDonalds of South Uist were bitter rivals of the MacLeods, and an attempt by the former to murder church-goers at Trumpan in retaliation for a previous massacre on Eigg, resulted in the Battle of the Spoiling Dyke of 1578.[69][70]
After the failure of the
British era
With the implementation of the
The early 19th century was a time of improvement and population growth. Roads and quays were built, the
For those who remained new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle, commercial fishing and tourism.
Nonetheless, there were continuing gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched blackhouse with accommodation of a more modern design[88] and in recent years, with the assistance of Highlands and Islands Enterprise many of the island's populations have begun to increase after decades of decline.[1]
Economy
Transport
Scheduled
peninsula, Skye.Some ferries reach the Inner Hebrides from other islands such as the Seil to Luing route, Fionnphort on the Ross of Mull to Iona, Sconser to Raasay and Port Askaig to Feolin, Jura. There is also a service to and from the Outer Hebrides from Tarbert, Harris and Lochmaddy on North Uist to Uig, Skye and from Castlebay, Barra to Tiree.[89]
National Rail services are available for onward journeys, from stations at Oban, which has direct services to Glasgow and from Kyle of Lochalsh to Inverness. There are scheduled flights from Colonsay Airport, Islay Airport near Port Ellen and Tiree Airport.
The archipelago is exposed to wind and tide, and there are numerous sites of wrecked ships. Lighthouses are sited as an aid to navigation at various locations.[90] Dubh Artach lighthouse is located on a remote rock and warns seafarers away from the area itself and the nearby Torran Rocks. Originally it was considered to be an impossible site for a light, but the loss of the steamer Bussorah with all thirty-three hands on her maiden voyage in 1863 and of an astonishing 24 vessels in the area in a storm on 30–31 December 1865 encouraged positive action.[91][92] Skerryvore is another remote lighthouse in the vicinity and at a height of 48 metres (157 feet) it is the tallest in Scotland.[93]
Gaelic language
There are about 4,000 Gaelic speakers in the Inner Hebrides, equal to 20% of the population of the archipelago.
There have been speakers of Goidelic languages in the Inner Hebrides since the time of Columba or before, and the modern variant of Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) remains strong in some parts. However, the Education (Scotland) Act 1872 led to generations of Gaels being forbidden to speak their native language in the classroom, and is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. Children were being beaten for speaking Gaelic in school as late as the 1930s.[94] More recently the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act was enacted by the Scottish Parliament in 2005 in order to provide continuing support for the language.[95]
By the time of the 2001 census Kilmuir parish in Skye had 47% Gaelic speakers, with Skye overall having an unevenly distributed 31%. At that time Tiree had 48% of the population Gaelic-speaking, Lismore 29%, Islay 24%, Coll 12%, Jura 11%, Mull 13% and Iona 5%.[96] Students of Scottish Gaelic travel from all over the world to attend Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, a Scottish Gaelic college based on Skye.[97]
The arts
Hebridean landscapes have inspired a variety of musicians, writers and artists.
The poet
Wildlife
In some respects the Hebrides generally lack biodiversity in comparison to mainland Britain, with for example only half the number of mammalian species the latter has.[107] However, these islands have much to offer the naturalist. Observing the local abundance found on Skye in the 18th century Samuel Johnson noted that:
At the tables where a stranger is received, neither plenty nor delicacy is wanting. A tract of land so thinly inhabited, must have much wild-fowl; and I scarcely remember to have seen a dinner without them. The moor-game is every where to be had. That the sea abounds with fish, needs not be told, for it supplies a great part of Europe. The Isle of Sky has stags and roebucks, but no hares. They sell very numerous droves of oxen yearly to England, and therefore cannot be supposed to want beef at home. Sheep and goats are in great numbers, and they have the common domestic fowls."
— [108]
In the modern era avian life includes the
Heather moor containing
See also
- Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
References
- Notes
- ^ There are 43 such islands recorded at List of Inner Hebrides and in addition there is Lunga, which had a population in 2001 but not in 2011.[2]
- ^ See for example Cladh Hallan and the impressive ruins of the Callanish Stones and Skara Brae.
- ^ Murray (1966) claims that Ptolemy's "Ebudae" was originally derived from the Old Norse Havbredey, meaning "isles on the edge of the sea".[37] The idea is often repeated, but no firm evidence of this derivation has emerged.
- Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence."[42]
- ^ Hunter (2004) states that the claims of Somerled's descent from Gofraid mac Fergusa are "preserved in Gaelic tradition and accepted as broadly authentic by modern scholars".[60] However, Woolf (2005) asserts that "contrary to the image, projected by recent clan-historians, of Clann Somhairle as Gaelic nationalists liberating the Isles from Scandinavians, it is quite explicit in our two extended narrative accounts from the thirteenth century, Orkneyinga saga and The Chronicle of the Kings of Man and the Isles, that the early leaders of Clann Somhairle saw themselves as competitors for the kingship of the Isles on the basis of their descent through their mother Ragnhilt" and that their claim "to royal status was based on its position as a segment of Uí Ímair."[56]
- Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e General Register Office for Scotland (28 November 2003) Scotland's Census 2001 – Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f National Records of Scotland (15 August 2013). "Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands" (PDF). Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two) (PDF) (Report). SG/2013/126. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ a b Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 502-5
- ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 173
- ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 30, 79, 130, 148 and 182 except estimates from Ordnance Survey maps as indicated.
- ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) and Ordnance Survey maps.
- ^ Ordnance Survey maps.
- ^ "Crìonadh mòr sa Ghàidhlig anns na h-Eileanan – Naidheachdan a' BhBC". Naidheachdan A' Bhbc. bbc.co.uk. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
- ^ McKirdy et al. (2007) p. 224
- ^ The Corryvreckan is regularly cited as the third largest whirlpool of the world – see for example "Corryvreckan Whirlpool " Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 19 September 2009. Some sources suggest it is the second largest after the Moskstraumen.
- ^ D. J. Ellett and A. Edwards, Oceanography and inshore hydrography of the Inner Hebrides, Cambridge University Press, 26 July 2012, link.
- ^ "Scotland's 2011 census: Island living on the rise". BBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ See for example Hunter (2000) pp. 152–158
- ^ See for example Maclean (1977) Chapter 10: "Arcady Despoiled" pp. 125–35
- ^ "Argyll and the Islands - economic profile". HIE. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Lochaber, Skye and Wester Ross - economic profile'. HIE. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Growing fragile communities". HIE. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Directory of Members" Archived 19 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine DTA Scotland. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
- ^ a b Cooper (1983) pp. 33-5. Averages for rainfall are for 1916–50, temperature 1931–60.
- ^ See also "Weather Data for Staffin Isle of Skye". carbostweather.co.uk. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
- ^ Murray (1966) p. 147.
- ^ "Regional mapped averages". Met Office. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ Murray (1973) p. 79.
- ^ For Islay data see "Islay weather and climate" http://www.islayinfo.com. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ Moffat (2005) p. 42
- ^ Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) p. 70
- ^ Occupation at this site is dated to 8590+/-95 uncorrected radiocarbon years BP. Edwards, Kevin J., and Mithen, Steven (Feb. 1995) "The Colonization of the Hebridean Islands of Western Scotland: Evidence from the Palynological and Archaeological Records," World Archaeology. 26. No. 3 p. 348. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
- ^ Finlayson, Bill and Edwards, Kevin J. "The Mesolithic" in Edwards & Ralston (2003) p. 115
- ^ a b "Mesolithic food industry on Colonsay" (June 1995) British Archaeology. No. 5. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
- ^ a b Moffat (2005) pp. 91–2
- ^ Moffat (2005) pp. 90–91.
- ^ Mercer, John (1972) "Microlithic and Bronze Age camps, 75–26 ft OD, N Carn, Jura". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
- ^ "Skye, Dun Ringill" RCAHMS. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
- ^ a b c Breeze, David J. "The ancient geography of Scotland" in Ballin Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 11-13
- ^ a b c d Watson (1926) pp. 40-41
- ^ Watson (1926) p. 38
- ^ Murray (1966) p. 1
- ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) various pages.
- ^ Nieke, Margaret R. "Secular Society from the Iron Age to Dál Riata and the Kingdom of Scots" in Omand (2006) p. 60
- ^ a b Lynch (2007) pp. 161 162.
- ^ Clancy, Thomas Owen "Church institutions: early medieval" in Lynch (2001).
- ^ Hunter (2000) pp. 44, 49
- ^ Ó Corráin (1998) p. 25
- ^ Thomson (2008) p. 24-27
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 57
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 109
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 115
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 253, 296-97
- ^ a b c Gregory (1881) pp. 4-6
- ^ Hunter (2000) p. 84
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 213
- ^ a b Gregory (1881) p. 5
- ^ Duffy (1992) pp. 100-01
- ^ a b Duffy (1992) p. 108
- ^ a b Duffy (1992) p. 106
- ^ a b Woolf (2005) p. 212
- ^ Ó Corráin (1998) p. 23
- ^ Duffy (1992) pp. 110-13
- ^ Gregory (1881) pp. 9-17
- ^ a b Hunter (2000) pp. 104
- ^ Gregory (1881) pp. 15-16
- ^ Gregory (1881) pp. 17-19
- ^ Hunter (2000) pp. 106-111
- ^ Barrett (2008) p. 411
- ^ "Agreement between Magnus IV and Alexander III, 1266" isleofman.com. Manx Society vols IV, VII & IX. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ^ Oram, Richard "The Lordship of the Isles: 1336–1545" in Omand (2006) p. 123
- ^ Oram, Richard "The Lordship of the Isles: 1336–1545" in Omand (2006) pp. 135–38
- ^ Mackinnon, C. R. (1958). "The Clan Mackinnon: a short history". Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ^ Murray (1966) p. 156.
- ^ "The Massacre at Trumpan Church and the subsequent Battle of the Spoiled Dyke" Archived 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Hendry Family. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
- ^ "Flora Macdonald's Grave, Kilmuir" Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Am Baile. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ Murray (1966) pp. 152-4.
- ^ Murray (1977) p. 121
- ^ "Dunvegan" castlescotland.net Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ "Incidents of the Jacobite Risings - Donald Livingstone" Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine clanmclea.co.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ "The Battle of Culloden" BBC. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ "Culloden Aftermath" Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine http://www.highlandclearances.info Archived 9 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ Duncan, P. J. "The Industries of Argyll: Tradition and Improvement" in Omand (2006) pp. 152-53
- ^ Hunter (2000) p. 212
- ^ Hunter (2000) pp. 247, 262
- ^ Duncan, P. J. "The Industries of Argyll: Tradition and Improvement" in Omand (2006) pp. 157-58
- ^ "Battle of the Braes" Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine highlandclearances.info. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
- ^ Hunter (2000) p. 292
- ^ Hunter (2000) p. 343
- ^ Duncan, P. J. "The Industries of Argyll: Tradition and Improvement" in Omand (2006) p. 169
- ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 47, 87
- ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 57, 99
- ^ "Blackhouses". isle-of-lewis.com Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ "Timetables and Fares" Caledonian MacBrayne. Retrieved 4 July 2010. Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Lighthouse Library" Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ Bathhurst (2000) pp. 210–35
- ^ Stevenson (1872) pp. 4, 6
- ^ "Historical Information" Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
- ^ "Gaelic Education After 1872" Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine simplyscottish.com. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
- ^ ""The Gaelic Language Act ", Bòrd na Gàidhlig. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2004) 1901-2001 Gaelic in the Census (PowerPoint) Linguae Celticae. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
- ^ "Welcome to Sabhal Mòr Ostaig" UHI Millennium Institute. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
- ^ Beyond Twilight: Music For Cello & Piano By Female Composers, Delphian DCD34306 (2023)
- ^ "Donovan" isbuc.co.uk Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ Gough, Jim (30 May 2004) "Anderson swaps fish for his flute". Glasgow. Sunday Herald
- ^ 'Chris Rainbow: Looking Over My Shoulder', atuneaday
- ^ "Translations for Shepherd Moons". http://www.pathname.com. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Hallaig by Sorley MacLean, translated by Seamus Heaney" (30 November 2002) guardian.co.uk Retrieved 27 October 2008.
- ^ Newton (1995) p. 96
- ^ "Eilean Shona House" eileanshona.com. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Film based on little island" (5 April 2010) Press and Journal. Aberdeen.
- ^ Murray (1973) p. 72
- ^ Johnson (1775) pp. 78-79
- ^ Fraser Darling (1969) p. 79
- ^ "Trotternish Wildlife" Duntulm Castle. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
- ^ Watson, Jeremy (12 October 2006). "Sea eagle spreads its wings...". Scotland on Sunday. Edinburgh.
- ^ Benvie (2004) p. 118.
- ^ Fraser Darling (1969) pp. 71-72
- ^ "Protected mammals - Seals" Archived 20 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ Murray (1973) pp. 96-98
- ^ Fraser Darling (1969) p. 286
- ^ "Trout Fishing in Scotland: Skye" trout-salmon-fishing.com. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
- ^ "Trends – The Sea" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
- ^ "Species List" Archived 2 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Whale Watching Trips Isle of Mull Archived 2 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ Fraser Darling (1969) p. 84
- ^ Skye & Lochalsh Biodiversity Action Plan (2003) (pdf) Skye and Lochalsh Biodiversity Group. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
- ^ Slack, Alf "Flora" in Slesser (1970) pp 45-58
- General references
- Barrett, James H. "The Norse in Scotland" in Brink, Stefan (ed) (2008) The Viking World. Abingdon. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33315-6
- Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2517-X
- Bathhurst, Bella (2000) The Lighthouse Stevensons. London. Flamingo.
- Benvie, Neil (2004) Scotland's Wildlife. London. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-978-2
- Cooper, Derek (1983) Skye. Law Book Co of Australasia. ISBN 0-7100-9565-1.
- Downham, Clare "England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century" in Gillingham, John (ed) (2004) Anglo-Norman Studies XXVI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2003. Woodbridge. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-8438-3072-8
- Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052-1171". JSTOR 30007421.
- Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
- Fraser Darling, Frank; Boyd, J. Morton (1969). The Highlands and Islands. The New Naturalist. London: Collins. First published in 1947 under title: Natural history in the Highlands & Islands; by F. Fraser Darling. First published under the present title 1964.
- ISBN 1-904607-57-8
- Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
- Hunter, James (2000) Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh. Mainstream. ISBN 1-84018-376-4
- Johnson, Samuel (1775) A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland. London: Chapman & Dodd. (1924 edition).
- Lynch, Michael (ed) (2007) Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923482-0.
- Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003) Ainmean-àite/Placenames. (pdf) Pàrlamaid na h-Alba. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007) Land of Mountain and Flood: The Geology and Landforms of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-357-0
- Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda. Edinburgh. Canongate. ISBN 0-903937-41-7
- Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson.
- Murray, W.H. (1966) The Hebrides. London. Heinemann.
- Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland: the Inner and Outer Hebrides. London. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0-413-30380-2
- Murray, W.H. (1977) The Companion Guide to the West Highlands of Scotland. London. Collins.
- Newton, Norman (1995) Islay. Newton Abbott. Pevensey Press. ISBN 978-0-907115-97-7
- Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998) Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century CELT.
- Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006) The Argyll Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-480-0
- Ross, David (2005) Scotland – History of a Nation.
- Slesser, Malcolm (1970) The Island of Skye. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Club.
- Stevenson, Robert Louis (1995) The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire. California. Silverado Museum. Based on an 1872 manuscript and edited by Swearingen, R.G.
- Thomson, William P. L. (2008) The New History of Orkney. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0
- ISBN 1-84158-323-5. First published 1926.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5
External links
Media related to Inner Hebrides at Wikimedia Commons