Inner Niger Delta
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Delta Intérieur du Niger | |
---|---|
Location | Sahel area of central Mali |
Coordinates | 15°12′N 4°6′W / 15.200°N 4.100°W |
Area | 4,119,500 ha (15,905 sq mi) |
Official name | Delta Intérieur du Niger |
Designated | 1 February 2004 |
Reference no. | 1365[1] |
The Inner Niger Delta, also known as the Macina or Masina,
Location and description
The delta consists of the middle course of the
The Fulani and Dogon inhabit the Macina region and the surrounding area, which has a population of over 500,000. Most of the year the area has a hot and dry climate, with hot winds from the nearby Sahara raising the temperature up to 40 °C or 104 °F. During the wet season, which generally lasts from June to September but is longer the further south one goes, the swamp floods into a lake and naturally irrigates the land. When the dry season comes, the Macina turns into a network of lakes and channels. Cattle, pearl millet, and rice are its important agricultural products. The Macina inland delta also provides water and fish for the Malians living there and during the wet season is a haven for large numbers of birds.
Due to its proximity to the widening Sahel, there have been concerns that the Macina may be getting less rain every year.
In the early 19th century,
Ecology
The Niger inland Delta lies in the Sahelian zone, and has an ecosystem that is largely dependent on the amount of flooding it receives.[4]
In turn, this strongly affects land use in and around the inland delta, as human impact is driven by agriculture, both irrigated and rainfed, grazing and browsing of herds and flocks and the collection of wood for fuel, all dependent on the availability of water.[4]
Flora
The Inland Delta forms a green oasis in its semi-arid surroundings. Its vegetation growth is limited by the availability of water, thus giving patches more often or longer subject to flooding a denser and more tree-like vegetation cover.[6] As said, flooding cycles follow the precipitation cycle. The vegetation cycle in its turn follows the flooding cycle with a certain delay: it takes days for grasses to germinate after flooding, but months before trees die of a lack of water when floodwater has once again receded.[4]
When classifying vegetation in a grass, shrub and tree layer, up to 80% of vegetation cover in the Sahel consists of grass. In the delta area however, water is more readily available and a larger proportion of cover consists of bushes and trees. Vegetation cover itself changes as well, reaching 100% during and shortly after the flood season. Only low lying patches near a persistent water body are vegetated year-round.[7]
The area is not uniform: according to relief, proximity to a water body and soil type, different species exist. Roughly, three regions with characteristic species can be discerned:
Southern Delta[8] The low-lying floodplains can sustain aquatic plants and grasses including the grasses Acroceras amplectens and Echinochloa pyramidalis, burgu millet (Echinochloa stagnina) and the lovegrass Eragrostis atrovirens.
Outer fringes - The grasslands on the edges of the watercourses, are heavily grazed. Plants include the beardgrass
Northern Delta.
Fauna
The delta is home to birds in large numbers including hundreds of thousands of wintering garganeys, pintails and ruffs and breeding colonies of cormorant, heron, spoonbill, ibis and other waterbirds including the endangered West African subspecies of black crowned crane (Balearica pavonina pavonina). Most large mammals have been removed from the area by the human population. Mammals remaining include the African manatee, known as the sea cow which lives in the rivers and feeds on underwater plants. And the rivers are rich in fish including two endemics; the Mochokidae catfish Synodontis gobroni and a cichlid, Gobiocichla wonderi.
Threats and preservation
The construction of a large irrigation project upstream of the Inner Niger Delta threatens its ecology and the livelihoods of its inhabitants. The 100,000 ha project is an extension to the area irrigated by the
Three
See also
References
- ^ "Delta Intérieur du Niger". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Term from Fula: Maasina, مَاسِنَ.
- ^ Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center. "The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth." "Figure 4.8". Archived from the original on 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
- ^ a b c Seiler, R.; Csaplovics, E. (2003), "Monitoring landcover changes of the Niger Inland Delta (Mali) by means of Envisat-MERIS Data" (PDF), in Lacoste, H. (ed.), Proceedings of the MERIS User Workshop, Frascati, Italy, 10 – 13 November 2003[permanent dead link].
- ^ Briquet, J.P.; Mahe, G.; Bamba, F.; Olivry, J.C. (1996), "Changements climatiques récents et modification du régime hydrologique du fleuve Niger à Koulikoro (Mali)", in Chevallier, P.; Pouyaud, B. (eds.), L'hydrologie tropicale: géoscience et outil pour le développement, IAHS Publ. no. 238 (PDF), pp. 157–166.
- ^ LeHouérou, H.N. (1989), The grazing land ecosystem of the African Sahel, Berlin New York: Springer.
- ISBN 978-389574081-7.
- ^ John, D.M.; Lévêque, C.; Newton, L.E. (1993), "Western Africa", in Whigham, D.; Dykjova, D.; Hejny, S. (eds.), Wetlands of the world 1., Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, pp. 47–78.
- ISBN 2-88032-949-3.
- ^ Elise Martin: Main basse sur le fleuve, Jeune Afrique No. 2583 du 11 au 17 Juillet 2010
Further reading
- Gallais, Jean (1967). Le Delta Intérieur du Niger: étude de géographie régionale (2 Vols.). Dakar: Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN). OCLC 489861274.
- Quensière, Jacques, ed. (1994). La pêche dans le delta central du Niger : approche pluridisciplinaire d'un système de production halieutique (2 Vol.) (PDF). Paris: ORSTOM, Karthala. ISBN 2-7099-1202-3. Link includes both volumes. Volume 2 includes 8 maps. The L'Institut de recherche pour le développement site also has pdf files containing individual chapters.
- Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary; et al., eds. (2005). The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin (PDF). Veenwouden, the Netherlands: Altenburg & Wymenga. ISBN 90-807150-6-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-01-17. Also published in French with the title Le Niger: une Artère vitale. Gestion efficace de l’eau dans le bassin du Haut Niger.
- Zwarts, Leo (2010). Will the Inner Niger Delta shrivel up due to climate change and water use upstream? A&W Report 1537. Commissioned by Wetlands International (PDF). Feanwâlden, The Netherlands: Altenburg & Wymenga. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
External links
- "Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
Niger Inland Delta.