Inotrope
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An inotrope
The term inotropic state is most commonly used in reference to various
Medical uses
Both positive and negative inotropes are used in the management of various cardiovascular conditions. The choice of agent depends largely on specific pharmacological effects of individual agents with respect to the condition. One of the most important factors affecting inotropic state is the level of calcium in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell. Positive inotropes usually increase this level, while negative inotropes decrease it. However, not all positive and negative drugs affect calcium release, and, among those that do, the mechanism for manipulating the calcium level can differ from drug to drug.
While it is often recommended that
Positive inotropic agents
By increasing the concentration of intracellular calcium or increasing the sensitivity of receptor proteins to calcium, positive inotropic agents can increase myocardial contractility.[7] Concentrations of intracellular calcium can be increased by increasing influx into the cell or stimulating release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.[8]
Once in the cell, calcium can pass through one of two channels: the L-type calcium channel (long-lasting) and the T-type calcium channel (transient). These channels respond to voltage changes across the membrane differently: L-type channels respond to higher membrane potentials, open more slowly, and remain open longer than T-type channels.
Because of these properties, L-type channels are important in sustaining an action potential, while T-type channels are important in initiating them.[9]
By increasing intracellular calcium, via the action of the L-type channels, the action potential can be sustained for longer and therefore, contractility increases.
Positive inotropes are used to support cardiac function in conditions such as
Examples of positive inotropic agents include:[citation needed]
- Digoxin
- Berberine
- Calcium
- Calcium sensitisers
- Catecholamines
- Dopamine
- Dobutamine
- Dopexamine
- Adrenaline (epinephrine)
- Isoproterenol(isoprenaline)
- Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
- Angiotensin II
- Eicosanoids
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
- Glucagon
- Insulin
Negative inotropic agents
Negative inotropic agents decrease myocardial
Examples of negative inotropic agents include:
- Beta blockers[14]
- Non-dihydropyridine Calcium channel blockers
Class IA
Class IC antiarrhythmics such as
See also
- Bathmotropic
- Dromotropic
- Vasoconstrictors
Notes
References
- ^ "Inotrope". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ a b "Inotrope". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- ^ "Inotrope". Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Elsevier.
- ^ "Inotrope". Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Wolters Kluwer.
- ^ "Inotrope". Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary.
- PMID 25669592.
- ^ Gordon S, Saunders A (November 2015). "Positive Inotropes". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ Berry W, McKenzie C (January 2010). "Use of inotropes in critical care". Clinical Pharmacist. 2: 395. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ISBN 9780495391845.
- PMID 24857641.
- PMID 34916560.
- S2CID 29440212.
- PMID 31159740.
- PMID 23325883.