Intangible cultural heritage
An intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation,
. Intangible cultural heritage is considered by member states of UNESCO in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture. In 2001, UNESCO made a survey[1] among States and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage[2] was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion.Definition
The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage[4] defines the intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, as well as the knowledge and skills (including instruments, objects, artifacts, cultural spaces), that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognise as part of their cultural heritage. It is sometimes called living cultural heritage, and is manifested in the following domains, among others:[5]
- Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage;
- Performing arts;
- Social practices, rituals and festive events;
- Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;
- Traditional craftsmanship
According to the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) – or living heritage – is the mainspring of humanity's cultural diversity and its maintenance a guarantee for continuing creativity. It is defined as follows:
Intangible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development.
Oral history
Intangible cultural heritage is slightly different from the discipline of oral history, the recording, preservation and interpretation of historical information (specifically, oral tradition), based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker. ICH attempts to preserve cultural heritage 'with' the people or community by protecting the processes that allow traditions and shared knowledge to be passed on while oral history seeks to collect and preserve historical information obtained from individuals and groups.[citation needed]
Food heritage
With
Dance heritage
The UNESCO lists of intangible cultural heritage also include a variety of dance genres, often associated with singing, music and celebrations, from all over the world. The lists include: celebratory and
Other dance forms,[11] however, even if they are officially recognised as heritage from their country of origin, are practised and enjoyed all over the world. For example, flamenco from Spain and tango, from Argentina and Uruguay, have an international dimension. Dance is a complex phenomenon, which involves culture, traditions, the use of human bodies, artefacts (such as costumes and props), as well as a specific use of music, space and sometimes light. As a result, a lot of tangible and intangible elements[12] are combined within dance, making it a challenging but interesting type of heritage to safeguard.[citation needed]
Digital heritage
Digital heritage is a representation of heritage in the digital realm and is a sub-category of Intangible Cultural Heritage.[13] It refers primarily to the use of digital media in the service of preserving cultural or natural heritage.[14][15][16]
Sports heritage
Oral continuity
-
Greekskoufos and fustanella
Intangible cultural heritage is passed orally within a community, and while there may be individuals who are known tradition bearers, ICH is often broader than one individual's own skills or knowledge. A 2006 report by the government of Newfoundland and Labrador said, regarding oral culture in their area, "The processes involved in the continuation of this traditional knowledge constitute one of the most interesting aspects of our living heritage. Each member of the community possesses a piece of the shared knowledge.[21] Crucial knowledge is passed on during community activities, frequently without any conscious attention to the process."[22]
Preservation
Prior to the UNESCO Convention, efforts had already been made by a number of states to safeguard their intangible heritage.
In 2003 UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. This went into effect on 20 April 2006. The Convention recommends that countries and scholars develop inventories of ICH in their territory, as well as work with the groups who maintain these ICH to ensure their continued existences; it also provides for funds to be voluntarily collected among UNESCO members and then disbursed to support the maintenance of recognized ICH.[24] UNESCO has also created other intangible culture programs, such as a list called Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. This list began in 2001 with 19 items and a further 28 were listed in 2003 and another 43 in 2005. In part, the original list was seen as a way to correct the imbalance in the World Heritage List, since it excluded many Southern Hemisphere cultures which did not produce monuments or other physical cultural manifestations.[24] It was superseded in 2008 by the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[citation needed]
Recently there has been much debate over protecting intangible cultural heritage through intellectual property rights, as well as the desirability to do so through this legal framework and the risks of commodification derived from this possibility.[25] The issue still remains open in legal scholarship.[citation needed]
UNESCO lists by country
Note: Each country may maintain its own cultural heritage lists, items of which are not necessarily inscribed into UNESCO lists.
Rank | Country | No. of elements inscribed by UNESCO[26] |
---|---|---|
1 | China | 43[27] |
2 | Turkey | 30[28] |
3 | France | 28[29] |
4 | Spain | 25[30] |
5 | Iran | 24[31] |
6 | Azerbaijan | 23[32] |
7 | Croatia, Japan, South Korea | 22[33][34][35] |
8 | Italy | 19[36] |
9 | Belgium | 18[37] |
10 | India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Vietnam, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan | 15[38][39][40][41][42][43] |
11 | Colombia, Morocco, Oman, Peru | 14[44][45][46][47] |
12 | Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia | 13[48][49][50] |
13 | Mexico | 12[51] |
14 | Algeria, Austria | 11[52][53] |
15 | Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland | 10[54][55][56][57][58][59] |
16 | Bolivia, Brazil, Hungary, Mali, Slovakia, Venezuela | 9[60][61][62][63][64][65] |
17 | Armenia, Bulgaria, Egypt | 8[66][67][68] |
18 | Cyprus, Malaysia, Nigeria, Slovenia, Tunisia | 7[69][70][71][72][73] |
19 | Cambodia, Cuba, Malawi, Mauritania, Palestine, Philippines, Poland, Syria, Uganda | 6[74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82] |
20 | Bangladesh, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Estonia, Kenya, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Ukraine, Zambia | 5[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91] |
21 | Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Guatemala, Ireland, Ivory Coast, Kuwait, Lithuania, Mauritius, Moldova, North Korea, Qatar, Thailand, Yemen | 4[92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105] |
22 | Albania, Andorra, Bahrain, Botswana, Latvia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Pakistan, Sweden | 3[106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114] |
See also
- Living human treasure
- Non-material culture
- UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
References
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- ^ Gerold Keusch: Kulturgüterschutz in der Ära der Identitätskriege (German – Protection of cultural property in the era of identity wars). In: Truppendienst – Magazin des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, 24 October 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-1931897051.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ "Dance as a form of intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ]
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- ^ Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl Archived 5 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Kumari, Sonia (29 March 2019). "UNESCO TSG visited for the possibilities of organizing Traditional Sports and Games in South Korea". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
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- ^ Khan, Khalil Ahmed; Tluehan, Bekbolat (2019). "UNESCO traditional sports and games". Педагогико-психологические и медико-биологические проблемы физической культуры и спорта. 14 (2 (eng)): 5–8.
- ^ "Traditional sports". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
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- ^ Creative Newfoundland and Labrador: The Blueprint for Development and Investment in Culture (PDF). St. John's, NL: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
- ISBN 978-0796920744. Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
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- ^ "Farah, Paolo Davide and Tremolada, Riccardo Conflict between Intellectual Property Rights and Human Rights: A Case Study on Intangible Cultural Heritage (December 19, 2015). Oregon Law Review, Vol. 94, No. 1, 2015". Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ^ "Map of the Intangible Cultural Heritage". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
- ^ "China – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Turkey – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "France – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Spain – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Iran – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Azerbaijan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Croatia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Japan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Republic of Korea – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Italy – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Belgium – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "India – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Mongolia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Viet Nam – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "United Arab Emirates – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Uzbekistan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Colombia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Morocco – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Oman – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Peru – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Indonesia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Kazakhstan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Mexico – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Algeria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Austria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Czech Republic – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Germany – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Greece – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Portugal – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Romania – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Switzerland – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Bolivia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Brazil – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Hungary – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Mali – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Slovakia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Venezuela – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Armenia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Bulgaria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Egypt – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Cyprus – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Malaysia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ "Nigeria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Slovenia – intangible heritage". ich.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Tunisia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Cambodia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "Cuba – intangible heritage". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023.
- ^ "Malawi – intangible heritage". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023.
- ^ "Mauritania – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Palestine – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Philippines – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Poland – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Syria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
- ^ "Uganda – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "UNESCO - Bangladesh". ich.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Belarus – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ "Estonia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Kenya – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Luxembourg – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Netherlands – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ^ "Ukraine – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Zambia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Dominican Republic – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Ecuador – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Finland – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Guatemala – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Ireland – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Ivory Coast – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Kuwait – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Lithuania – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Mauritius – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Moldova – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "North Korea – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Qatar – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Thailand – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Yemen – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Albania – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "Andorra – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Bahrain – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Botswana – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Latvia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Madagascar – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Mozambique – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Pakistan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Sweden – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
Further reading
- Petrillo Pier Luigi, Biocultural diversity and the Mediterranean Diet, in FAO, Sustainable diets and biodiversity, Rome 2012
- Petrillo Pier Luigi, The Legal Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage. A comparative Perspective, Springer 2020
External links
- Official website
- Definitions of Intangible Cultural Heritage as of States, IGOs and NGOs in 2001
- Full text of the Convention
- What Is ICH? document from Newfoundland, Canada
- Exploring a Model of Living Cultural Heritage New model of Intangible heritage
- Culture Quintessence Internationally oriented enterprise dedicated to the protection, appreciation and transmission of Intangible Cultural Heritage
- Dédalo. Open source software for management of Cultural Heritage (tangible and intangible) and Oral History
- Intangible Spanish heritage