Integralism

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the Brazilian political movement, see Brazilian Integralism. For the holistic philosophy, see Integral theory (Ken Wilber).
"Integrism" redirects here. For the movement in Spain, see Integrism (Spain).

The Labarum of Constantine the Great, the first Roman emperor to embrace Christianity
Part of a series on
Integralism
Vendéen Sacred Heart
Concepts
Variants
Thinkers
Politicians
Works
Organizations
See also

In

Society of St. Pius X, have argued is at odds with previous doctrinal pronouncements.[4][5]

The term is sometimes used more loosely and in non-Catholic contexts to refer to a set of

policies that advocate a fully integrated social and political order based on a comprehensive doctrine of human nature. In this generic sense some forms of integralism are focused purely on achieving political and social integration, others national or ethnic unity, while others were more focused on achieving religious and cultural uniformity. Integralism has, thus, also been used[6] to describe non-Catholic religious movements, such as Protestant fundamentalism or Islamism. In the political and social history of the 19th and 20th centuries, the term integralism was often applied to traditionalist conservatism and similar political movements on the right wing of a political spectrum, but it was also adopted by various centrist movements as a tool of political, national and cultural integration.[7]

As a distinct intellectual and political movement, integralism emerged during the 19th and early 20th century polemics within the

modernists, who had sought to create a synthesis between Christian theology and the liberal philosophy of secular modernity. Proponents of Catholic political integralism taught that all social and political action ought to be based on the Catholic Faith. They rejected the separation of church and state, arguing that Catholicism should be the proclaimed religion of the state.[2]

Contemporary discussions of integralism were renewed in 2014, focusing on criticism of liberalism and capitalism.[8][9]

Catholic integralism

History

The Coronation of Charlemagne, fresco from the workshop of Raphael depicting the crowning of Charlemagne as Imperator Romanorum by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, 800.

The first polity that formally embraced Christianity was Armenia under

Savonarola as an early pioneer of integralism in the face of the "neo-pagan" influences of the Renaissance: "Savonarola shows us the strong conscience of the ascetic and an apostle who has a lively sense of things divine and eternal, who takes a stand against rampant paganism, who remains faithful to the evangelical and Pauline ideal of integral Christianity, put into action in public life as well and animating all institutions. This is why he started preaching, prompted by an interior voice and inspired by God."[11]

Teachings

Catholic integralism is an interpretation of

Erastianism (Gallicanism in French context). Rather, it supports subordinating the state to the moral principles of Catholicism. Thus, it rejects separating morality from the state, and favours Catholicism as the proclaimed religion of the state.[2]

Catholic integralism appeals to the teaching on the necessity of the subordination of the state, and on the subordination of temporal to spiritual power, of medieval popes such as

papacy lasted from 1903 to 1914. After the papal condemnation of modernism in 1907, those most active in promoting the papal teachings were sometimes referred to as "integral Catholics" (French: Catholiques intégraux), from which the words intégrisme (integrism) and intégralisme (integralism) were derived.[2] Encouraged by Pope Pius X, they sought out and exposed any co-religionist whom they suspected of modernism or liberalism. An important integralist organization was the Sodalitium Pianum, known in France as La Sapinière (fir plantation), which was founded in 1909 by Umberto Benigni.[2]

Another component of the anti-modernist programme of Pius X was its insistence on the importance of Thomas Aquinas, both in theology and philosophy. In his decree Postquam Sanctissimus of 1914, the pope published a list of 24 philosophical theses to summarise 'the principles and more important thoughts' of St Thomas.[14] Thus integralism is also understood to include a commitment to the teachings of the Angelic Doctor, understood especially as a bulwark against the subjectivist and sceptical philosophies emanating from Descartes and his successors.

Political authority

The idea that temporal political authority should be subordinated to man’s ultimate, spiritual end is a common theme – if not the main theme – of contemporary Catholic integralism.[15][16][17]

Revival

In recent years, however, a "revived Catholic integralism" has been noted among the younger generation of Catholics writing for websites such as The Josias.

Pius IX in the 1858 Mortara case, in which he ordered the abduction of a six-year-old Jewish boy who had been baptized without his parents' consent.[13]: 1039–1041  A systematic account of Catholic integralism as a coherent political philosophy has recently been attempted by Thomas Crean and Alan Fimister in their work, 'Integralism: a manual of political philosophy'.[20]

Scholars have drawn parallels between Catholic integralism and a view held by a minority in the Reformed churches,

Liberation Theology and rejecting capitalism.[25][26][27][28]

Integralism has been identified as a basis for modern legal conceptions that emphasize natural law, including common good constitutionalism. Proposed and popularized by Adrian Vermeule, common good constitutionalism was developed like integralism to "combat the legitimate societal threat of modern liberal individualism".[29] Some Protestant figures, such as Brad Littlejohn, have expressed interest in integralism and contended it more closely resembles a traditionally Protestant account of politics rather than a Catholic one.[30]

Variants of integralism

Part of a series on
Conservatism
Variants
Principles
Intellectuals
Works
Politicians
Organizations
Religion
Personal variants
National variants
Historical background
Related ideologies
Related topics

There are a number of variants and localized permutations of integralist political theory, often named by their country of origin.

French integralism

The term "intégrisme" is largely used generically and pejoratively in French philosophical and sociopolitical parlance, particularly to label any religious extremism. Integralism in the narrow sense is often but controversially applied to the

Integral humanism, which he adopted after rejecting Action Française, was the authentically integralist stance,[32] although it is generally viewed as its antithesis.[33]

Portuguese integralism

Catholicism and the monarchy.[34]

Brazilian integralism

Main article: Brazilian Integralism

Somewhat rooted in the Portuguese integralist tradition, the Brazilian integralist movement led by Plínio Salgado – Ação Integralista Brasileira – was founded in Brazil in 7 October 1932; it lasted less than six years as a legally recognized organization. Salgado's organization was, however, an integral nationalist movement only tangentially connected to Catholic integralism.[35]

Spanish integralism

Main article: Integrism (Spain)

The political implications of Catholic integralism are apparent in the Basque-Navarrese context of Spain, where that Integrism or Traditionalist Catholicism refers to a 19th- and 20th-century anti-Liberal movement advocating for the re-establishment of not only clerical but also native institutions lost in the context of the First Carlist War (1833, 1840). One of its branches evolved by the turn of the 20th century into Basque nationalism.

The term may also refer to the Spanish formation (1888–1932) led by Ramón Nocedal and Juan Olazábal.

Criticism

The

recent popes are illegitimate.[36]

Critics and opponents of integralism, such as

religious liberty",[39] while authors such as Thomas Pink insist integralism is compatible with Vatican II's account of religious freedom.[40]

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-22879-4
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-475-11013-8
    .
  3. ^ John Henry Newman. "A Letter Addressed to the Duke of Norfolk on Occasion of Mr. Gladstone's Recent Expostulation". Newmanreader.org. The National Institute for Newman Studies. p. 317. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021.
  4. ^ Second Vatical Council (7 December 1965). "Dignitatis humanae". Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  5. ISBN 9780814656617
    .
  6. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(87)90059-5
    . Patrick J. Ryan has suggested the term 'integralism' for the Iranian phenomena, by analogy with the Roman Catholic movement by that name and largely because of the role of the 'ulamã' ('Islamic Fundamentalism: a Questionable Category', America, December 29, 1984, pp . 437-440), and this suggestion has some merit.
  7. doi:10.5840/soctheorpract200531212
    .
  8. ^ "On the one [fusionist] side one finds an older American tradition of orthodox Catholicism as it has developed in the nation since the mid-twentieth century... On the other [integralist] side is arrayed what might be characterized as a more radical Catholicism."A Catholic Showdown Worth Watching Archived 22 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine Deneen, Patrick. "A Catholic Showdown Worth Watching," The American Conservative, 6 Feb 2014.
  9. ^ "Mena said that some of these young traditionalists are actually more at home under Francis than John Paul II and Benedict XVI, precisely because his critique of capitalism and the whole liberal order strikes them as more sweeping than the previous two pontiffs." Weird Catholic Twitter Offers a Reminder of Catholic Complexity Archived 16 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Allen, John, Jr. Crux, 27 Apr 2018.
  10. ISBN 978-0-14-020503-9
    .
  11. ^ "Savonarola si rivela una forte coscienza di asceta e di apostolo che ha vivo il senso del divino e dell’eterno, che si rivolta contro il paganesimo dilagante, che resta fedele all’ideale evangelico e paolino di un Cristianesimo integrale, attuato anche nella vita pubblica e animante tutte le istituzioni. Perciò diede inizio alle sue predicazioni, spintovi da una Voce interiore e ispirato da Dio" L'Osservatore Romano 5th November 1969.
  12. ISBN 9781317271352
    .
  13. ^ a b Schwartzman, Micah; Wilson, Jocelyn (2019). "The Unreasonableness of Catholic Integralism". San Diego Law Review. 56: 1039–.
  14. ^ Postquam sanctissimus Archived 10 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Latin with English translation See also P. Lumbreras's commentary on the 24 Thomistic Theses Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ^ Waldstein, Edmund; O.Cist. (17 October 2016). "Integralism in Three Sentences". The Josias. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  16. ^ O.Cist, Edmund Waldstein (31 October 2018). "What Is Integralism Today?". Church Life Journal. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  17. ^ Waldstein, Edmund; O.Cist. (3 February 2015). "The Good, the Highest Good, and the Common Good". The Josias. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  18. ^ Douthat, Ross (8 October 2016). Among the Post-Liberals. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 July 2017
  19. ^ Pope Pius IX (1864). "The Syllabus Of Errors". Retrieved 11 March 2021 – via papalencyclicals.net.
  20. ^ "Published by Editiones Scholasticae in 2020". Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  21. ^ Spadaro, Antonio; Figueroa, Marcelo (2017). "Evangelical Fundamentalism and Catholic Integralism in the USA: A surprising ecumenism". La Civiltà Cattolica. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  22. ^ Glatz, Carol (13 July 2017). "Journal: Strip religious garb, fundamentalist tones from political power". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  23. ^ McElwee, Joshua J. (13 July 2017). "Italian Jesuit magazine criticizes political attitudes of some US Catholics". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  24. ^ Faggioli, Massimo (18 July 2017). "Why Should We Read Spadaro on 'Catholic Integralism'?". Commonweal. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  25. ^ "What is Integralism?". Tradistae. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  26. ^ "A Tradinista! Manifesto". 30 April 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  27. ^ "Marcher Hopes to 'Follow in the Footsteps of Saints' with Pro-Life Advocacy". 30 January 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021. Hackett drove to Washington D.C. on Thursday from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he lives in a Catholic worker house part of the Catholic Worker Movement. This was his sixth year attending the March for Life. The Catholic Worker Movement was founded by Peter Maurin and Dorothy Day in 1933, amid the Great Depression. According to its website, there are 187 Catholic Worker Movement communities worldwide that "live a simple lifestyle in community, serve the poor, and resist war and social injustice." Hackett is also the co-founder of the Catholic worker organization Tradistae. "Something we're really interested in as Catholic workers and part of the mission of Tradistae is, as Peter Maurin said, sort of blow the dynamite of Catholic social teaching," Hackett said. "He really believed that Catholic social teaching has this dynamism, and it can influence society."
  28. ^ Mena, Jose (10 October 2016). "Yes, Tradinistas are left-wing radicals". Catholic Herald. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  29. SSRN 4083882
    . Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  30. ^ Littlejohn, Bradford (25 February 2022). "Integralism or Political Protestantism?". American Reformer. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022.
  31. ^ Rao, John (Spring 1983). "Catholicism, Liberalism and the Right: A Sketch From the 1920's". Faith and Reason. 9 (1, 2): 9–31.
  32. ^ Maritain, Jacques. Integral Humanism. 1938, page 63-64).
  33. ^ Fraser, Hamish. The Kingship of Christ 1925-1975. (Approaches 47 & 78 and Approaches Supplement 71).
  34. ^ Kallis, Aristotle A. Fascism Reader, p. 313-317 2003 Routledge
  35. user-generated source?
    ]
  36. ^ "Active Radical Traditional Catholicism Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019.
  37. ^ "Games Intellectuals Play | George Weigel". 20 May 2020.
  38. ^ Pinkoski, Nathan (30 April 2020). "How Not to Challenge the Integralists – Nathan Pinkoski". Law & Liberty. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  39. ^ Zmirak, John (5 August 2017). "Catholics Reject Freedom at Their Own Peril". The Stream. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  40. ^ Pink, Thomas (9 May 2020). "Integralism, Political Philosophy, and the State". Public Discourse. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integralism&oldid=1220586873"