Integrism (Spain)
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Integrism was a Spanish political philosophy of the late 19th and early 20th century. Rooted in ultraconservative Catholic groupings like
Origins
The role of religion and the
The so-called neocatólicos was an intellectual movement initiated during the early Isabelline years;[3] its founding fathers, Juan Donoso Cortés and Jaime Balmes, tried to accommodate orthodox Catholicism within a framework of the liberal monarchy.[4] With leaders like Antonio Aparisi, Cándido Nocedal, Francisco Navarro Villoslada, Gabino Tejado and Ramón Vinader,[5] in the 1860s the neos strove to save the crumbling rule of Isabel II by building a grand, ultraconservative Catholic party.[6] Their project crashed during the Glorious Revolution of 1868; in the early 1870s they concluded that the Liberal sway can no longer be confronted by constitutional monarchy and that a more radical response is needed.[7]
Carlism emerged as an ultraconservative, anti-liberal and fanatically Catholic opposition to the Isabelline monarchy.
Integrism nascent, 1870–1888
The revolution of 1868, the brief rule of Amadeo I, the emergence of the First Spanish Republic and especially another wave of militantly secular Liberalism drew the neocatólicos and the Carlists together.[12] Starting in 1870 the neos, led by Antonio Aparisi Guijarro, began to join Carlist political structures and abandoned a separate political project of their own.[13] Following the 1876 legitimist defeat in the Third Carlist War, with many traditional Carlist leaders being exiled or forced into seclusion,[14] it was the former Neo-Catholics, usually not compromised by military action, who gradually started to emerge as leading pundits of semi-legal Carlism.[15]
After death of Aparisi leadership of the group was assumed by Cándido Nocedal, already during the war the key Carlist representative on the Republic-controlled territory. As early as 1875 he set up the Madrid-based El Siglo Futuro
The course adopted by Nocedal and his son Ramón generated opposition within Carlism; many of its bigwigs[23] grew anxious not only about Nocedals’ decisive leadership style[24] but also because the movement had stalled in what they perceived was an ineffective intransigence and an apparent marginalization of other, traditional Carlist ideological threads.[25] The conflict soon evolved into a bitter guerra periodistica,[26] usually fought on religious grounds; titles supporting both factions claimed to have represented the genuine faith against the arbitrary usurpation of their opponents. The fray took a new turn when Cándido Nocedal died in 1885 and Ramón was not nominated his successor;[27] the years leading to 1888 are marked by internal strife, decomposition and growing paralysis of Carlism.[28]
1888 breakup
In 1888 the usual skirmishes between Carlist newspapers suddenly exploded
Most students of the subject place religion at the core of the conflict, though it can also be viewed from different perspectives. Some present the friction as growing competition between two visions of Carlism, pointing that while Nocedal clearly aimed at formatting the movement along religious lines and at reducing monarchical, dynastical and fuerista threads to secondary roles, Carlos VII intended to keep balance between all components of Traditionalist ideario.[34] In partisan versions, both parties claimed that they represented genuine Traditionalism.[35]
Another theory seeks clarification in externalization of the Spanish case; instead of pointing to the unique Spanish character of Carlism, it highlights general European patterns of change. With ultramontanism gaining the upper hand over more conciliatory political incarnations of Catholicism after the First Vatican Council, and with the new approach made popular in the neighboring France by Louis Veuillot, the 1888 schism was nothing but a local Spanish manifestation of the trend. Defining the nascent Integrism as religious particularism striving for hegemony, this theory enjoys rather limited popularity.[36]
Yet another approach defines both parties not as competing trends within Carlism, but as entirely separate political groupings which between 1870 and 1888 remained in a temporary, shaky alliance. According to this analysis, the religion-focused group has always been clearly distinct from Carlism.[37] In a partisan version, reactionary Traditionalists infiltrated into popular and pre-socialist Carlism, which managed to shake the intruders off.[38]
All the above perspectives set the stage for different interpretations of what Integrism was and how its role should be perceived. Depending on the perspective which was adopted, it can be viewed either as an offshoot branch of Carlism or as a late 19th-century incarnation of ultraconservative Spanish Catholicism or as a Spanish manifestation of a wider European phenomenon known as ultramontanism.
Nocedal's lead, 1889–1907
The nocedalista breakup did not make a huge impact among the Carlist rank-and-file, who mostly remained loyal to Carlos VII.
The exiled dissidents decided to build a new organization, initially to be named Partido Tradicionalista;[41] in early 1889 it materialized as Partido Integrista Español.[42] Though in August 1889 the party renamed itself to Partido Católico Nacional,[43] the group was usually referred to – and also self-referred to – as Integristas. Each Spanish region was led by a junta, with their work coordinated by Junta Central.[44] In 1893 the collegial executive was dissolved and replaced by the individual leadership of Nocedal, which clearly demonstrated his personal grip on Integrism.[45]
Initially, the dynamics of the movement was powered mostly by mutual and extremely bitter hostility towards Carlists; occasionally the enmity even erupted into violence.[46] In the 1880s adamant not to take part in the Restauración political system, in the 1890s the Íntegros approached elections mostly as a battlefield against Carlism, and they occasionally formed electoral alliances, even with their arch-enemies, the Liberals, if doing so would produce a Carlist defeat.[47] The mutual relationship between the two groups started to change at the turn of the twentieth century, when local Integrist and Carlist juntas began to conclude provincial electoral deals;[48] in the early 20th century it was not uncommon for candidates of both parties to get elected thanks to mutual support.[49]
During Nocedal's leadership the Integrists were typically gaining 2 seats in the Cortes (1891, 1893, 1903, 1905),[50] though there were campaigns with no mandates won (1896, 1899) and a very successful campaign in 1901, when they conquered 3 mandates.[51] Although Integrism was intended as a nationwide political movement, it soon turned out that the party enjoyed material support only in the crescent ranging from Old Castile to Vascongadas, Navarre, Aragon and Catalonia. Its national stronghold turned out to be the province of Guipúzcoa[52] and especially in the district of Azpeitia,[53] which became sort of the Integrists' political fiefdom.[54]
Integrism failed to materialize as a strong national party. Led by Nocedal, mainstream Integrists clung to their intransigence; refusing to reconsider the project, they thought it their moral duty to represent orthodox Christian values and confront Liberalism against all odds.[55] Other members of the party were not so principled; because they failed to dominate the movement,[56] it was plagued by successive defections. As early as 1893 Juan Orti y Lara and marqués de Acillona advocated reformatting the party as a looser Catholic alliance; once their proposal was rejected, they left.[57] Soon afterwards Nocedal expulsed the group supporting Arturo Campión, another strong personality temporarily associated with Integrism.[58] In the late 1890s Integrism suffered in its stronghold, Guipúzcoa, with dissenters taking with them the provincial El Fuerista daily.[59] In 1899 the movement was rocked by a “Pey i Ordeix” affair and expulsion of a Jesuit priest.[60]
Olazábal's lead, 1907–1932
Some contemporaries concluded that Integrism died together with Nocedal,
Despite gradually shrinking social base[66] and continuously losing strength[67] in 1910–1914 Integrism seemed reinvigorated, as a new breed of young Guipuzcoan activists launched its youth branch, Juventud Integrista[68] and the party stimulated emergence of its Catholic trade unions.[69] The movement, however, eventually did not evolve along new lines of popular mobilization and remained in its traditional formula. Though under Olazábal's guidance it initially kept winning 2 mandates in each campaign (1907, 1910, 1914),[70] later it was reduced to a single deputy, always elected in the infallible Azpeitia (1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1923).[71] The Íntegros welcomed the fall of what they perceived a rotten Liberal monarchy, but they soon lost any illusion that Primo de Rivera would lead Spain into a new Traditionalist regime. Partido Católico Nacional was forcibly dissolved and its leaders refused to take part in official primoderiverista structures. Following another wave of defections,[72] during Dictablanda Integrism re-emerged as Comunión Tradicionalista-Integrista.[73] It maintained local branches in almost all Spanish provinces[74] and even recorded sort of revival in some;[75] during last voting campaign of the monarchy, the local elections of April 1931, the Integrists won some seats in the Vasco-Navarrese area and few in Catalonia and Andalusia.[76]
In case of the orthodox conservative Catholics the advent of the
After 1932
Though in 1932 Integrism ceased to exist as a separate political organization, former Integrists remained politically active. After 1934 they were indeed overrepresented in the Carlist executive:
The
Program
There was no work which served as official or semi-official lecture of the Integrist doctrine; its theoretical body was laid out mostly in press articles,[94] with the so-called Manifestación de Burgos[95] the most frequently cited piece.[96] The closest thing to an ideological manual was El liberalismo es pecado, a little book published in 1884 by Félix Sardà y Salvany.[97] It was an exposition of papal teachings on Liberalism, but presented in most absolute and intransigent form. Sardá argued that since Liberalism was a sinful heresy, every Catholic was obliged to fight it; “one is not integrally Catholic unless he is integrally anti-Liberal”.[98] The book immediately defined the group as militantly anti-Liberal movement seeking to re-introduce unity between religious and political goals.
The mediaeval Spain usually served as an inspiration;[99] Integrism did not seek a blind transferral of past institutions, but rather an infusion of their spirit into modern structures.[100] The party rejected Liberal constitutional monarchy and despotic absolutism alike; its ideal envisioned a king which would rule and govern,[101] with his powers executed along and limited by the Catholic principles, as well as by traditional liberties of the social bodies making up the country.[102] The very person of the king, however, posed a problem. Since there was no candidate and even no dynasty they supported, the Integrist monarch was increasingly turning into a theoretical being,[103] with the movement gradually embracing monarchy without a king.[104] In the 20th century the Integrists became even more ambiguous and some of them adopted accidentalism, prepared to accept a republican project.[105]
In terms of political representation the Integrists favored
The Íntegros refused to recognize the social issue as such and approached it as part of the religious question.[112] Class conflict or poverty were unavoidable results of Liberalism and could have been addressed only by rigorous application of Christian principles, exercised within the framework of organicist institutions. Socialism, though viewed as ultimate apocalyptic barbarism, was considered heir to Liberalism (and its branches, Jewry and freemasonry)[113] and hence lesser evil between the two.[114] Some scholars claim that social question distinguished Integrists from Carlists, lambasted for their Manifiesto de Morentin; as it contained vague references to possible future adjustment of Traditionalist doctrine, the Integrists named it treason and deviation from principles.[115] Other scholars dismiss the Morentin issue as an ex-post invented justification for the secession.[116]
During its nascent period Integrism retained a certain degree of moderation; it was only after Aparisi's death that its position began to harden considerably.
Analysis of the Integrist political philosophy is based on theoretical works; how it would have translated into praxis remains nothing but a speculation. Electoral campaigns provide evidence that practical considerations had some moderating effect on the Integrist outlook, as local juntas not infrequently closed deals even with parties at the other end of political spectrum.[120] There are almost no studies which focus on municipalities governed by the Íntegros.[121] Single and not necessarily representative cases of Integrist politicians holding positions of power suggest that they were very down-to-earth administrators; Juan Olazábal as member of the Gipuzkoan Diputación Provincial[122] dedicated himself to issues like maintaining regional cattle breeds, developing local agricultural education and supervising veterinary services;[123] he is praised for promoting experts against dogmatic politicians.[124]
Integrism and the Church
Though the Integrists strove to be most loyal sons of the Church, their relations with the hierarchy remained thorny from the very beginning.
Conciliatory position of the Holy See during a mid-1880s crisis versus the Cánovas government alienated the belligerent Íntegros further on; with Ramón Nocedal explaining in public what rights the bishops were entitled to exercise and Francisco Mateos Gago accusing them of laicism,[130] the conflict soon involved papal nuncio.[131] When Liberalismo es pecado was initially approved by the papal Congregation of the Index the Íntegros declared their triumph; at this point Vatican backtracked and noted that while doctrinally correct, the work was not necessarily valid as political guidance, a reservation which undermined the key message of the book.[132] Though the conflicts kept mushrooming over many issues, as evidenced by the Fuerista controversy in the early 1890s,[133] the bottom line was that the Church was careful to stay on good terms with all governments, while Integrism was assuming an increasingly anti-establishment format.
The Integrist doctrine has divided the Spanish priesthood. While most hierarchs supported the idea of Catholic unity as a catchword for conciliatory approach towards the Restoration regime,[134] intransigence was rife amongst the lower clergy[135] and some scholars, with incidents of bishops closing the seminaries and dismissing professors and seminarians alike.[136] Only few nationally recognizable personalities of the Church, like Sardá y Salvany or José Roca y Ponsa openly sympathised with the Integrists. Most Spanish religious orders demonstrated at least a grade of sympathy;[137] despite growing controversies, the Jesuits backed Integrism openly.[138] From 1892 onwards[139] the order started – initially erratically – to scale down their support. The final blow came in 1905, when Compañía de Jesus embraced the lesser evil principle.[140] Inter Catolicos Hispaniae (1906) gave papal approval to the Jesuit line[141] and left Nocedal personally shattered.[142] Olazábal turned on the Jesuits when waging war against Gonzalo Coloma, the campaign which lasted until 1913.[143]
Around 1900 the Spanish hierarchy started to abandon their traditional strategy of influencing key individuals within the liberal monarchy
Legacy
No matter whether Spanish Integrism is categorized as an offshoot branch of Carlism,[157] a phase in history of Spanish militant political Catholicism[158] or local manifestation of European ultramontanism,[159] it is usually firmly classified as antidemocratic reactionary trend which ventured to prevent modernization of Spain.[160] There are some exceptions, though; few scholars underline that the Integrists confronted the corrupted Restoration system by advancing democratic claims.[161] Its actual impact on history of the country remains disputed. Some scholars claim that Integrism constituted a marginal phenomenon, anachronistic already when it emerged; though it was testimonial to some debates within Spanish Catholicism, it soon disappeared on the ash heap of history.[162] Some students claim that the Integrist intransigence and their insistence on the annihilation of the opposition hardened ideological divisions, fuelled aggressive political militancy and contributed to sectarian politics of the 1930s.[163] Despite vehemently anti-Francoist stand of key former Integrists,[164] there are authors who maintain that Integrism enjoyed its triumph in the Francoist Spain;[165] they point out that the regime was founded on national re-Christianisation concept of "reconquista" and "cruzada", nacionalcatolicismo gained upper hand over syndicalist falangism[166] and the 1953 concordat was “reproducción de ideal integrista”.[167]
The Integrist role in history of the Church is also subject to different and indeed contradictory conclusions. Some scholars see Integrismo as a product of wider Catholic trend that emerged in Europe in the 1870s, in the aftermath of the First Vatican Council.
See also
- Integrism
- Neocatólicos
- Carlism
- Ultramontanism
- Partido Católico Nacional
- Electoral Carlism (Restoration)
- El Siglo Futuro
- La Constancia
- Ramón Nocedal Romea
- Juan Olazábal Ramery
- Manuel Senante Martinez
- José Sánchez Marco
- Félix Sardà y Salvany
Footnotes
- ISBN 0299098044, 9780299098049, especially the chapter The Challenge of Liberalism, pp. 71-96; detailed discussion in Charles Patrick Foley, The Catholic-liberal struggle and the Church in Spain, 1834-76 [PhD thesis], University of New Mexico 1983
- ^ Payne 1984, pp. 93-96
- ISBN 8400061578, 978840006157
- ^ Urigüen 1986, p. 54
- ^ José Luis Orella Martínez, El origen del primer catolicismo social español [PhD thesis at Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Madrid 2012, p. 35
- ^ Urigüen 1986, p. 280
- ^ Urigüen 1986, p. 285
- ISBN 8420639478, 9788420639475
- ISBN 8400090136, 9788400090135; for the First Carlist War see pp. 130-152, for the Second Carlist War see pp. 152-154
- ^ works on Carlist ideology and the Church are listed in Rubio Liniers, Talavera Díaz 2012, pp. 93-98
- ^ for a bibliography on the social basis of Carlism see Rubio Liniers, Talavera Díaz 2012, pp. 100-112
- ^ Urigüen 1986, p. 380
- ^ John N. Schumacher, Integrism. A Study in XIXth Century Spanish politico-religious Thought, [in:] Catholic Historical Review, 48/3 (1962), p. 344
- ISBN 8432305103, p. 1
- ^ Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012, pp. 31-70
- ^ its declared objectives were: “defender la integridad de los derechos de la Iglesia, propagar las doctrinas católicas y combatir los errores contrarios que en este siglo están en boga y abundan”, El Siglo Futuro 19.03.75, available here
- ^ the front-page editorial in the first issue suggested that it was actually the 13th century which constituted a point of reference, see El Siglo Futuro 19.03.75
- ^ Jordi Canal i Morell, Las “muertes” y las “resurrecciones” del carlismo. Reflexiones sobre la escisión integrista de 1888, [in:] Ayer 38 (2000), p. 133
- ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 51-53; some authors claim that the pilgrimage was already an attempt to launch an all-Catholic ultraconservative party, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 112-12
- ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 53, 59, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 20
- ISBN 84-85170-10-5, pp. 275-80
- ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 56
- ^ like Cerralbo, Melgar, Valde-Espina and Sangarren, see Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 55, 65-6, 81
- ^ Sangarren confessed that he bowed to “the tyranny of Cándido Nocedal” not only because the latter was appointed by the king, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 81
- ^ detailed discussion of the conflict in Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 31-123
- ^ on El Siglo Futuro vs. La Fé see Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 58-9, on El Siglo Futuro vs. El Fenix see Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 17-18
- ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 79, Román Oyarzun, Historia del Carlismo, Valladolid 2008, p. 393
- ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 101-102, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 66, Canal i Morell 2000, p. 118
- ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 85
- ^ when anti-nocedalista La Fe referred to the claimant's Manifiesto de Morentín of 1875 instead of referring to the policy that should be followed at present, El Siglo Futuro responded by stating that the document was inspired by “mestizos” like Valentin Gomez and he also stated that it contained a dangerously liberal leaning. Carlos VII responded by publishing a document titled El Pensamiento del Duque de Madrid, pointing out that no paper can freely read his mind, Canal i Morell 2000, pp. 119-120
- ^ “Has faltado á tu mision de periodista monárquico y á tus deberes de súbdito leal, introduciendo en nuestro campo la discordia, con empeño que sólo iguala al que pongo yo en extinguirla”, wrote Carlos VII to Nocedal, quoted after Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 104. In turn, Nocedal referred to a traditional Carlist doctrine when he declared that the claimant possessed “legitimidad de origen pero no de ejercicio”
- ^ Oyarzun 2008, pp. 532-533, Jaime del Burgo Torres, Carlos VIl y su tiempo, Pamplona 1994, pp. 328-9, Manuel Ferrer Muñoz, Los frustrados intentos de colaborar entre el partido nacionalista vasco y la derecha navarra durante la segunda república, [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), p. 131
- ^ Canal i Morell 2000, pp. 134-5, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 121
- ^ Jaime Lluis y Navas, Las divisiones internas del carlismo a través de la historia, [in:] Homenaje a Jaime Vicens Vives, vol. 2, Barcelona 1967, pp. 331-334, José Andres Gallego, La politica religiosa en España, Madrid 1975, pp. 26-34, Barrero 1976, pp. 280-281; referred after Canal i Morell 2000
- ^ Carlists accused Integrists of turning the party into an apostolic action, Barrero Fernandez 1976, pp. 280-1, while Integrists accused Carlists of deviation from Traditionalist principles, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 88
- ^ Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. XXVIII-I, Sevilla 1959, pp. 131-132. Jesús Pabon, La otra legitimidad, Madrid 1969, p. 56, referred after Canal i Morell 2000
- ISBN 8449018544, 9788449018541, p. 80
- ISBN 9788495414243, p. 28
- ^ Canal i Morell 2000, p. 115-122
- ^ all Carlist periodicals in Vascongadas opted for Integrism, Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta, Aproximación a un estudio de las elecciones y partidos políticos en Euskadi, desde 1808 hasta la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera, [in:] Historia del Pueblo Vasco, San Sebastián 1979, p. 177. Integrist periodicals mushroomed also in Catalonia, though they were usually short-lived, see Solange Hibbs-Lissorgues, La prensa católica catalana de 1868 a 1900 (III), [in:] Anales de Literatura Española 10 (1994), pp. 168-170. In Spain there were some 25 periodicals switching to Integrism, Canal i Morell 2000, p. 122, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 87
- ISBN 8483741520, 9788483741528 p. 20
- ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 108, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 119
- ISBN 8496467953, 9788496467958, p. 153
- ^ it was presided over by Nocedal; other members were Juan Ortí y Lara, Liborio Ramery Zuzuarregui, Javier Rodríguez de la Vera, José Pérez de Guzmán, Fernando Fernández de Velasco, Ramón M. Alvarado and Carlos Gil Delgado, Canal i Morell 2000, p. 127, Canal i Morell 1990, p. 778; in 1893
- ^ the decision was adopted by a national assembly, which gathered 88 delegates representing 17 juntas regionales, María Obieta Vilallonga, La escisión del «Tradicionalista» de Pamplona del seno del Partido Integrista (1893): la actitud de «El Fuerista» de San Sebastián, [in:] Principe de Viana 10 (1988), p. 309
- ^ the most famous act of violence was that of Teatro del Olimpia in Barcelona in November 1888, Canal i Morell 2000, p. 124
- ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 207; “antes que carlista, cualquier cosa: republicano, fusionista, conservador, cualquier cosa antes que carlista”, quoted after Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 57 (1996), p. 181
- ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 360
- ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 190, Jose María Remirez de Ganuza López, Las Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra, [in] Príncipe de Viana 49 (1988), p. 367
- ^ Nocedal and Ramery in 1891, Nocedal and Campion in 1893, Nocedal and Sanchez del Campo in 1903, Nocedal and Sanchez Marco in 1905, detailed data at the official Cortes service available here
- ^ Nocedal, Aldama and Sanchez del Campo
- ^ for detailed analysis of 19th-century Integrism see Real Cuesta 1985, brief review also in Carlos Larrinaga Rodríguez, El surgimiento del pluralismo político en el País Vasco (1890–1898). Fragmentación política y primeros síntomas de resquebrajamiento del bipartidismo, [in:] Vasconia 25 (1998), pp. 249-250
- ISBN 8425911524, 9788425911521, p. 470; Larrinaga Rodríguez 1998, p. 243 adds also Renteria as a Guipuzcoan Integrist stronghold; indeed during the 19th century most of the local councillors were Integrists, see Mikel Zabaleta García, Panorama político y elecciones municipales en Renteria, [in:] Bilduma 6 (1992), pp. 83-124, especially the graphs on pp. 98-99; unfortunately when focusing on the 20th century the author approaches Integrists and Carlists jointly and following graphs do not provide information on the Integrists' strength
- ISBN 849992039X, 9788499920399, p. 132; in the final decade of the Restoration period the Integrists controlled 65-75% of seats in the local ayuntamiento, see Luis Castells Arteche 1991, p. 1150. The Integrist popularity in Azpeitia is usually linked to an immensely popular Loyola sanctuary, ran by the Jesuits and located in the area
- ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 124
- ^ the only Integrist personality whose prestige at some point matched that of Nocedal was Félix Sardà y Salvany; though in the late 1890s he backtracked on his intransigent Integrism, Sardá has not challenged the party leader; all those who did not enjoy comparable standing
- ^ Obieta Vilallonga 1988, p. 310
- ISBN 9788484192206, pp. 75-80
- ^ what triggered the conflict remains disputed. One theory highlights the alliance strategy; in 1895 Nocedal changed his recommendations, suggesting coalitions with parties offering the best deal instead of the most approximate ones. Another theory attributes the conflict to nationalist penchant of the dissenters; see Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta, Integrismo entry [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia online, available here, Carlos Larrinaga Rodríguez, El surgimiento del pluralismo político en el País Vasco (1890–1898). Fragmentación política y primeros síntomas de resquebrajamiento del bipartidismo, [in:] Vasconia 25 (1998), p. 250, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 122-127
- ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 112
- ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 422
- ^ José Sanchez Marco, Benito de Guinea and Juan Olazábal according to El Siglo Futuro 11.04.07, or Juan de Olazábal, José Sánchez Marco and Manuel Aznar according to Jose Urbano Asarta Epenza, Juan de Olazábal Ramery entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia online
- ISBN 9780521207294, 9780521086349, p. 73, Estornés Zubizarreta, La construction de una nacionalidad Vasca. El Autonomismo de Eusko-Ikaskuntza (1918–1931), Donostia 1990, p. 220
- ISBN 9788495484802; at the death of Nocedal junta administrativa of El Siglo Futuro was composed of Javier Sanz Larumbe, Ildefonso Alonso de Prado, D. Adaucto, Timoteo San Millán, El Siglo Futuro 22.04.35, available here
- ^ e.g. during the 1914 talks on forging a broad Catholic alliance with the Conservatives and the Jaimistas it was Senante representing Integrismo, Cristóbal Roblez Muñoz, Jesuitas e Iglesia Vasca. Los católicos y el partido conservador (1911–1913), [in:] Príncipe de Viana (1991), p. 224
- ^ though Integrism had some supporters among great industry tycoons (especially in Vascongadas, see Félix Luengo Teixidor, La prensa guipuzcoana en los años finales de la Restauración (1917–1923), [in:] Historia contemporánea 2 (1989), p. 232-3) or landowners (especially in Castille and Leon, see Mariano Esteban de Vega, Católicos contra liberales notas sobre el ambiente ideológico salmantino en la Restauración, [in:] Studia historica. Historia contemporánea, 4 (1986), p. 58), its social base was composed of three other sectors: mid-range professionals (lawyers, journalists, academics, doctors), lower parochial clergy and self-sustainable peasants
- ^ the number of Integrist periodicals dropped from 25 in the late 1880s to around 15 in the early 20th century, see El Siglo Futuro 11.06.07, available here ; for review of Integrist press in late 1920s and early 1930s see Eduardo González Calleja, La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931–1937), [in:] El Argonauta español 9 (2012), available here
- ISBN 8475681395, pp. 349-351
- ^ with leaders like Felipe Ormazábal involved, Castells 1991, p. 1174
- ^ Senante and Sanchez Marco 1907, Senante and Sanchez Marco 1910, Senante and Sanchez Marco 1914
- ^ each time it was Senante winning the race
- ^ see euskonews service available here
- ^ El Siglo Futuro 11.04.30, available here
- ^ except Canary Islands, see El Siglo Futuro 20.03.30, available here
- ^ especially Western Andalusia; slightly more info, with historiographical references to Carlism in Andalusia, in Leandro Álvarez Rey, La contribución del carlismo vasconavarro a la formación del tradicionalismo en Andalucía (1931-1936), [in:] Príncipe de Viana 10 (1988), pp. 23-32
- ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 42
- ^ compare Antonio Manuel Moral Roncal, 1868 en la memoria carlista de 1931: dos revoluciones anticlericales y un paralelo, [in:] Hispania sacra 59 (2007), pp. 337-361
- ^ Lamamie in Salamanca, Estévanez and Gómez Roji in Burgos, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 57
- ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 73
- ISBN 8474815215, 9788474815214, p. 203
- ^ Manuel Senante, Ricardo Gómez Roji, Emilio Ruiz Muñoz (known under his pen-name Fabio) and Domingo Tejera
- ^ González Calleja 2012
- ^ Oyarzun 2008, p. 461
- ISBN 8487863469, p. 112
- ISBN 848786371X, 9788487863714, Aurora Villanueva Martínez, Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 19 (2003), pp. 97–117
- ^ Santiago Martínez Sánchez, El Cardenal Pedro Segura y Sáenz (1880-1957) [Phd thesis Universidad de Navarra], Pamplona 2002, p. 321
- ^ Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56), [in:] Hispania 69 (2009), pp. 179-208, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, El papel del carlismo navarro en el inicio de la fragmentación definitiva de la comunión tradicionalista (1957–1960), [in:] Príncipe de Viana 72 (2011), pp. 393-406
- ISBN 9788431315641, 9788431315641, pp. 181-187, 231-239, 268-272
- ISBN 8493556203, 9788493556204, p. 495
- ISBN 8400074424, 9788400074425, especially the chapter Antecedentes. Las publicaciones del integrismo católico, pp. 231-232
- ISSN 2340-9592
- ISSN 1137-117X
- ISBN 9788460658740, p. 151
- ^ a multi-volume collection of Ramón Nocedal's works, mostly his press articles, was published after his death between 1907 and 1928
- ^ for exact text, see here Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ present-day scholar summarises major points of the document as follows: “absoluto imperio de la fe católica «íntegra»; condena del liberalismo como «pecado»; negación de los «horrendos delirios que con el nombre de libertad de conciencia, de culto, de pensamiento y de imprenta, abrieron las puertas a todas las herejías y a todos los absurdos extranjeros»; descentralización regional y un cierto indiferentismo en materia de forma de gobierno”; Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, Las tradiciones ideologicas de la extrema derecha española, [in:] Hispania LXI/I (2001), p. 118
- ^ he was earlier twice refused publication by two bishops, Schumacher 1962, p. 358
- ^ Schumacher 1962, p. 358
- ISBN 0691026564, 9780691026565, especially the chapter History Remembered. Catholic Integrism and the Sacralization of the National Past, pp. 99-121
- ^ a b Schumacher 1962, p. 344
- ISBN 8487863396, 978848786339, pp. 184-187, Francisco José Fernández de la Cigoña, El pensamiento contrarrevolucionario español: Ramón Nocedal el parlamentario integrista, [in:] Verbo 193-4 (1981), pp. 619-622
- ^ Schumacher 1962, pp. 352-3, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 102, 119-20
- ^ it is not unrelated that during the First World War Olazábal joined Liga Neutralista, a lobbying group acting in favour of the Central Powers, considered closer to traditional model than the democratic Entente, see Pedro Barruso Barés, San Sebastian en los siglos XIX y XX, [in:] Geografia e historia de Donostia-San Sebastian, available here
- ISBN 8449018544, 9788449018541, p. 95; analysis of the Integrist program pp. 94-99
- ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 110-1; "Tres tendencias se van señalando entonces en el integrismo. Una, de acercamiento dinástico, generalmente de católicos procedentes de la aristocracia; otra, más señalada como antidinástica y tendentea pactar con los carlistas, pero sin refundirse con ellos, y una tercera, que partiendo de la accidentalidad delas formas de gobierno, aceptaría incluso una república del tipo de la de García Moreno en el Ecuador. Sin embargo, la unidad del partido integrista no se quebrantó, por la misma accidentalidad de las formas de gobierno", Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo Español, vol. XVIII, Sevilla 1959, pp. 302-303
- ^ Sarasola 2009, pp. 153-154
- ^ Schumacher 1962, pp. 351-2
- ^ on Nocedal and his vision of political parties, see Fernández de Cigoña 1981, pp. 608-617
- ^ Schumacher 1962, p. 352; this view is rather an exception; most scholars consider Integrists a fiercely anti-democratic group
- ISBN 9788474070774; the Integrists sided with the Catalanists in wake of the Ley de Jurisdicciones crisis, Jose Urbano Asarta Epenza, Juan de Olazábal Ramery entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia online, available here
- ^ it was exactly this decentralisation which attracted Campión, Obieta Vilallonga 1988, p. 308
- ISBN 9788478003143, p. 184
- ISBN 844047606X, pp. 771–791, Isabel Martin Sanchez, La campaña antimasónica en El Siglo Futuro: la propaganda anujudía durante la Segunda República, [in:] Historia y Comunicación Social 4 (1999), pp. 73-87
- ^ Schumacher 1962, p. 362
- ^ Canal 1991, p. 63
- ISBN 842351322X, 9788423513222, p. 328, Jaime Ignacio del Burgo Tajadura, El carlismo y su agónico final, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 74 (2013), p. 182
- ^ Schumacher 1962, p. 354, also Blinkhorn 2008, p. 11
- ISBN 8474906253, 9788474906257, p. 159
- ^ Schumacher 1962, p. 355
- ISBN 8495075172, 9788495075178, Jose María Remirez de Ganuza López, Las Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra, [in] Príncipe de Viana 49 (1988), pp. 359–399, Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 57 (1996), pp. 177–224
- ^ the only work useful deals with social conflict in Azcoitia by focusing on relations between workers and employers, see Castells 1991. The analysis hardly mentions activities of the local ayuntamiento. It seems that the local council at times intervened in conciliatory mode (pp. 1152, 1154), though Integrism exercised its influence rather by guiding local employers (who financially supported conciliatory trade unions, enabling them to run an insurance scheme, p. 1168), sponsoring arbitrage committees (the one set up was headed by parochial priest, with employers represented by an Integrist lawyer and employees by a Carlist lawyer, pp. 1154, 1175) and animating charity organisations (1165). As a result, Azcoitia was one of few towns with no socialist trade union (1163); the most belligerent one, Sindicato Católico Libre, was inspired by social-Catholicism of Gafo (1170). The author concludes that "el obrero de Azcoitia se nos revela como ideologicamente tradicionalista y conservador en su cultura y costumbres, modelando estos rasgos sus actitudes politicas y comportamiento"; for Renteria, there is some information on their social basis in Zabaleta García 1992
- ^ Pedro Berriochoa Azcárate, 1911: Incompatibilidades burocráticas sobre fondo caciquil en la Diputación de Gipuzkoa, [in:] Historia Contemporánea 40 (2010), pp. 29-65
- ^ "se defiende la postura del diputado Juan Olazábal (que era la de Olalquiaga) a través de sus intervenciones en el Consejo de diputados", quoted after Berriochoa Azcárate 2010, p. 57
- ISBN 9788400068288, pp. 47, 56, 374
- ^ Schumacher 1962, p. 345
- ^ Schumacher 1962, p. 345-6
- ^ most likely due to lukewarm approach of Leo XIII, unwilling to get trapped in Spanish politics, see Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 52, 56, also Schumacher 1962, pp. 346-7
- ^ José Leonardo Ruiz Sánchez, Jerarquía católica y conflictividad en la Iglesia española de finales del siglo XIX. Orígenes y fundamentos, [in:] Kalakorikos: Revista para el estudio, defensa, protección y divulgación del patrimonio histórico, artístico y cultural de Calahorra y su entorno, 14 (2009), pp. 20-23
- ^ Schumacher 1962, p. 357
- ^ who accused Nocedal of Febronianism, see Schumacher 1962, p. 348
- ^ in 1896 Sardá retracted much of his previous position Schumacher 1962, p. 360-361
- ^ see Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, Católicos y cuestión foral. La crisis de 1893–1894, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 10 (1988), p. 400
- ^ there were notable exceptions; an iconic example of an Integrist hierarch was Pedro Casas y Souto, the bishop of Plasencia, see de Vega 1986, p. 58
- ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 111
- ^ Schumacher 1962, pp. 347, 356-7
- ^ except the Augustinians; “The champions of Spanish Catholic integrism in the 1870s were the Jesuits and the Dominicans, both orders ultramontane in their loyalties, neo-Thomist in their philosophical allegiance, and theocratic in their politics”, Boyd 1997, p. 100
- ISBN 8484680398, 9788484680390, p. 2057
- ^ when Luis Martin was elected the Jesuit General, Schumacher 1962, p. 361
- ^ The Integrists have always rejected the lesser evil principle; even if applied, according to them it would have called for confronting Liberalism as an enemy far worse than the Socialists
- ^ Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, Católicos y participación política en Navarra (1902–1905), [in:] Príncipe de Viana 10 (1988), p. 413
- ^ Rosa Ana Gutiérrez Lloret, ¡A las urnas. En defensa de la Fe! La movilización política Católica en la España de comienzos del siglo XX, [in:] Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea 7 (2008), p. 249, Schumacher 1962, p. 362-3, Robles Muñoz 1988, p. 412, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 419; for the most concise review of Jesuit stand towards Integrism, see Sanz de Diego 2001, pp. 2057–2058; in brief, the author separates 4 phases of the Jesuit stand towards Integrism: 1. 1875–1888; 2. 1888–1892; 3. 1892–1906; 4. after 1906
- ^ discussed in detail in Roblez Muñoz 1991
- ^ some scholars claim that the 19th century reluctance of the Church to sponsor its own Catholic political movement might have contributed to persistence of Integrism, see Feliciano Montero García, El movimiento católico en la España del siglo XX. Entre el integrismo y el posibilismo, [in:] María Dolores de la Calle Velasco, Manuel Redero San Román (eds.), Movimientos sociales en la España del siglo XX, Salamanca 2008, p. 178
- ^ in 1906 integrism was disqualified by the Spanish hierarchy as a political option; the church opted for possibilism, Montero García 2008, p. 177
- ^ for detailed discussion of the process see Gutiérrez Lloret 2008; the first phase (until 1903) consisted of assembling Congresos Católicos (pp. 241-245), the second phase (1903–1905) consisted of launching Ligas Católicas (pp. 245-248)
- ^ though they participated in different Catholic alliances, for 1914 see Roblez Muñoz 1991, p. 224, for 1921 see Orella Martinez 2012, p. 238, also pp. 73, 80-81
- ISBN 8400076680, 9788400076689, pp. 329
- ^ the papal document Inter Catolicos Hispaniae advised accidentalism and the politics of lesser evil; locally it was followed by Las Normas para la acción social y política de los católicos españoles, issued by the Spanish primate, Montero García 2008, pp. 179-180, Gutiérrez Lloret 2008, pp. 249-250
- ^ like Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas, Acción Catolica, Confederación de Estiudantes Católicos or Juventud Católica Española; the new strategy initially fared badly in Guipúzcoa, where the Catholic Ligas could not get off the ground due to the Integrist domination, see Montero García 2008, p. 247; the new christian-demoncratic organizations repaid Integrist contempt by labelling the Íntegros reactionary and anachronistic, Montero García 2008, pp. 244-5
- ^ on micro-scale competition between Gafo-sponsored Sindicato Católico Libre and the Integrists see Castells 1991, esp. p. 1170
- ^ in 1919 the Integrists straightforwardly condemned Grupo de la Democracia Cristiana of Aznar, Montero García 2008, p. 180
- ^ Montero García 2008, p. 184
- ^ accompanied by a number of newly nominated ultraconservative bishops of Integrist or Carlist leaning, see Payne 1984, p. 152
- ^ Montero García 2008, pp. 181-5; it was Segura who decisively sided with the Íntegros against Arboleya, Montero García 2008, pp. 180-184
- ISBN 9788497429054, esp. pp. 170-176
- ^ see e.g. Real Cuesta 1985; in numerous statistical tables (e.g. pp. 193, 273) he presents combined figures for both branches, usually labelled jointly “Tradicionalistas” and divided into “Integrists” and “Carlists”; the book itself, dedicated to Carlism, deals extensively (in separate chapters) with the Integrists and with the followers of Carlos VII
- ^ see e.g. Urigüen 1986; the author underlines what she believes was a distinct identity of the nocedalistas; though her book in principle does not go beyond 1870, it refers to the 1888 split a few times and suggests a clear continuity between the pre-1870 nocedalista neocatólicos and the post-1888 nocedalista íntegros
- ^ Ferrer 1959, pp. 131-132, Pabon 1969, p. 56, referred after Canal i Morell 2000
- ^ Feliciano Montero García, El peso del integrismo en la Iglesia y el catolicismo español del siglo XX, [in:] Melanges de la Casa de Velázquez 44/1 (2014), pp. 131-156
- ISBN 9788416662609, p. 584. Also other scholars note that some Integrists stuck to their, particular vision of genuine democracy, Schumacher 1962, p. 352,
- ISBN 8470903209, 9788470903205 p. 240
- ^ Schumacher 1962, p. 364
- ^ like Manuel Fal Conde, Jose Luis Zamanillo or Manuel Senante; in their perspective, Francoist omnipotent state, centralization, monopolist party, arbitrarily designed representation, aggressive syndicalism and Church subservient to state were incompatible with the Integrist vision of a withdrawn state, regionalisation, abolishment of parties, corporative representation, anti-socialist stand and state subservient to Church
- ^ some scholars classified Nocedal as a predecessor of the extreme Spanish Right, see Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, Las tradiciones ideologicas de la extrema derecha española, [in:] Hispania LXI/I (2001), p. Feliciano Montero García, Las derechas y el catolicismo español: Del integrismo al socialcristianismo, [in:] Historia y política: Ideas, procesos y movimientos sociales 18 (2007), pp. 108-9, also Montero García 2014
- ISBN 8431317132; according to the author, "el autoritarismo franquista no fue de signo fascista sino tradicionalista", see also Juan María Sanchez-Prieto, Lo que fué y lo que no fué Franco, [in:] Nueva Revista de Política, Cultura y Arte 69 (2000), pp. 30-38
- ISBN 0299110745, 978029911074, pp. 420-421
- ^ Ferrer 1959, pp. 131-132, Pabon 1969, p. 56
- anti-modernist oath, confronting the groups of Le Sillon, Romolo Murri, Alfred Loisy, Salvatore Minocchiand the instaurare omnia in Christo campaign
- ^ Jacek Bartyzel, Integryzm, [in:] haggard service available here Archived 2008-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ R. M. Sanz de Diego 2001, p. 2058
- ^ the English-language summary of a scholarly piece on Integrism reads: “Fundamentalism, as the supreme expression of religious and political intolerance...”, see Montero García 2014, p. 131
- ^ “Integrism is considering religion in terms of power and submission; integrism is incapacity to engage in a dialogue; integrism is sacralisation of state and nationalisation of religion; integrism is ignoring the ethical dimension of religion; [...] integrism is merging onslaught on Liberalism with onslaught on liberty. For an integrist there is no greater scandal than a free man”, Józef Tischner, U źródeł integryzmu, [in:] Tygodnik Powszechny 25 (1994), p. 9
Further reading
- José Luis Agudín Menéndez, El tratamiento y denuncia del caciquismo desde la perspectiva integrista: El Siglo Futuro y los procesos electorales durante la Restauración (1891-1923), [in:] Borja de Riquer i Permanyer, Joan Lluís Pérez Francesch, María Gemma Rubí i Casals, Lluís Ferran Toledano González, Oriol Luján (eds.), La corrupción política en la España contemporánea: un enfoque interdisciplinar, Madrid 2018, ISBN 9788416662609, pp. 571–584
- Joan Bonet, Casimir Martí, L'integrisme a Catalunya. Les grans polémiques: 1881–1888, Barcelona 1990, ISBN 8431628006, 9788431628000
- Jordi Canal i Morell, Carlins i integristes a la Restauració: l’escissió de 1888, [in:] Revista de Girona 147 (1991), pp. 59–68
- Jordi Canal i Morell, Las 'muertes' y las 'resurrecciones' del carlismo. Reflexiones sobre la escisión integrista de 1888, [in:] Ayer 38 (2000), pp. 115–136
- Jordi Canal i Morell, La masonería en el discurso integrista español a fines del siglo XIX: Ramón Nocedal y Romea, [in:] J. A. Ferrer Benimeli (ed.), Masonería, revolución y reacción vol. 2, Alicante 1990, ISBN 844047606X, pp. 771–791
- Vicente Cárcel Ortí, San Pío X, Los Jesuitas y los integristas españoles, [in:] Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 27 (1989), pp. 249–355
- Luis Castells Arteche, El desarrollo de la clase obrera en Azcoitia y el sindicalismo católico (1900–1923), [in:] Iñigo Ruiz Arzallus, Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria (eds.), Memoriae L. Mitxelena magistri sacrum, Vol. 2, 1991, ISBN 978-84-7907-070-0, pp. 1145–1176
- Antonio Elorza, Los integrismos, Madrid 1995, ISBN 8476792719
- Francisco José Fernández de la Cigoña, El pensamiento contrarrevolucionario español: Ramón Nocedal el parlamentario integrista, [in:] Verbo 193-4 (1981), pp. 603–636
- Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012
- Juan María Laboa, El integrismo, un talante limitado y excluyente, Madrid 1985, ISBN 842770691X, 9788427706910
- Carlos Mata Induráin, Dos cartas inéditas de C. Nocedal a F. Navarro Villoslada sobre las elecciones de 1881, [in:] Huarte de San Juan. Geografia e Historia 3-4 (1996-7), pp. 291–298
- Isabel Martin Sanchez, La campaña antimasónica en El Siglo Futuro: la propaganda anujudía durante la Segunda República, [in:] Historia y Comunicación Social 4 (1999), pp. 73–87
- Antonio Moliner Prada, Félix Sardá i Salvany y el integrismo en la Restauración, Barcelona 2000, ISBN 8449018544, 9788449018541
- Antonio Moliner Prada, Félix Sardá i Salvany, escritor y propagandista católico, [in:] Hispania Sacra 107 (2001), pp. 91–109
- Feliciano Montero García, El movimiento católico en la España del siglo XX. Entre el integrismo y el posibilismo, [in"] María Dolores de la Calle Velasco, Manuel Redero San Román (eds.), Movimientos sociales en la España del siglo XX, Madrid 2008, ISBN 9788478003143, pp. 173–192
- Feliciano Montero García, El peso del integrismo en la Iglesia y el catolicismo español del siglo XX, [in:] Melanges de la Casa de Velázquez 44/1 (2014), pp. 131–156
- María Obieta Vilallonga, La escisión del «Tradicionalista» de Pamplona del seno del Partido Integrista (1893): la actitud de «El Fuerista» de San Sebastián, [in:] Principe de Viana 10 (1988), pp. 307–316
- María Obieta Vilallonga, Los integristas guipuzcoanos: desarrollo y organización del Partido Católico Nacional en Guipúzcoa, 1888–1898, Bilbao 1996, ISBN 8470863266
- María Obieta Vilallonga, Los intimos de Jesucristo: reflexiones en torno al integrismo en el País Vasco (el caso de Guipúzcoa, 1888–1898), [in:] Boletin de Estudios Históricos sobre San Sebastián 28 (1994), pp. 713–727
- Javier Real Cuesta, El carlismo vasco 1876–1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN 8432305103, 9788432305108
- Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, Los católicos integristas y la República en España (1930-1934), [in:] Antonió Matos Ferreira, João Miguel Almeida (eds.), Religião e cidadania: protagonistas, motivações e dinâmicas sociais no contexto ibérico, Lisboa 2011, ISBN 9789728361365, pp. 45–76
- José Leonardo Ruiz Sánchez, Jerarquía católica y conflictividad en la Iglesia española de finales del siglo XIX. Orígenes y fundamentos,[in:] Kalakorikos: Revista para el estudio, defensa, protección y divulgación del patrimonio histórico, artístico y cultural de Calahorra y su entorno 14 (2009), pp. 9–30
- Rafael María Sanz de Diego, Una aclaración sobre los origenes del integrismo: la peregrinación de 1882, [in:] Estudios Eclesiásticos 52 (1977), pp. 91–122
- Rafael María Sanz de Diego, Integrismo, [in:] Charles E. O’Neill, Joaqúin M. Domínguez (eds.), Diccionario histórico de la Compañía de Jesús, vol. 3, Madrid 2001, ISBN 8484680398, 9788484680390, pp. 2056–2059
- John N. Schumacher, Integrism. A Study in XIXth Century Spanish politico-religious Thought, [in:] Catholic Historical Review, 48/3 (1962), pp. 343–64
- Ramiro Trullen Floría, El Vaticano y los movimientos monárquicos integristas durante la II República: una aproximacion, [in:] Alcores. Revista de Historia Contemporánea 8 (2009), pp. 287–207
- Begoña Urigüen, Nocedal, [in:] Diccionario de Historia Eclesiástica de España, Madrid 1972–1987, vol. 3, ISBN 9788400038861, pp. 1775–1780
- Begoña Urigüen, Orígenes y evolución de la derecha española: el neo-catolicismo, Madrid 1986, ISBN 8400061578, 9788400061579
External links
- El Siglo Futuro at Hemeroteca Digital
- El Siglo Futuro by Spanish Ministry of Education
- Nocedal at Cortes website
- Integrism on Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
- Manifestación de Burgos text
- La Constancia digital archive Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
- El Liberalismo es Pecado full digital version
- they come, in numbers and weapons far greater than our own - ultimate day of reckoning in the crypto-Catholic Narnia version on YouTube
- Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda on YouTube