Intellectualism

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The Life of the Mind: the philosophic pioneer, Socrates (ca.469–399 B.C.)

Intellectualism is the mental perspective that emphasizes the use, development, and exercise of the intellect, and is identified with the life of the mind of the intellectual.[1] In the field of philosophy, the term intellectualism indicates one of two ways of critically thinking about the character of the world: (i) rationalism, which is knowledge derived solely from reason; and (ii) empiricism, which is knowledge derived solely from sense experience. Each intellectual approach attempts to eliminate fallacies that ignore, mistake, or distort evidence about "what ought to be" instead of "what is" the character of the world.[2]

In the field of sociology, the term intellectualism also has a socially negative connotation about intellectual people giving "too much attention to thinking" (single-mindedness of purpose) and thus show an "absence of affection and feeling" (emotional coldness).

I.Q. test.[4]

Ancient moral intellectualism

Main article: Moral intellectualism

The Greek philosopher

weakness of will
", because a person either knowingly does evil or knowingly seeks to do evil (moral wrong); that anyone who does commit evil or seeks to commit evil does so involuntarily; and that virtue is knowledge, that there are few virtues, but that all virtues are one.

The conceptions of Truth and of Knowledge of contemporary philosophy are unlike Socrates's conceptions of Truth and Knowledge and of ethical conduct, and cannot be equated with modern,

Classical Antiquity
(800 BC – AD 1000), "knowing the truth" was akin to "spiritual knowledge", which is integral to the principle of "caring for the self".

In effort to become a

ascetic exercises meant to ensure that knowledge of truth was learned and integrated to the Self. Therefore, to understand truth meant possessing "intellectual knowledge" that integrated the self to the (universal) truth and to living an authentic life. Achieving that ethical state required continual care for the self, but also meant being someone who embodies truth, and so can readily practice the Classical-era rhetorical device of parrhesia: "to speak candidly, and to ask forgiveness for so speaking"; and, by extension, to practice the moral obligation to speak truth for the common good, even at personal risk.[7]

Medieval theological intellectualism

Medieval theological intellectualism is a doctrine of divine action, wherein the faculty of

Averroës (1126–1198) in the 12th century, the English theologian Roger Bacon,[9] the Italian Christian theologian Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), and the German Christian theologian Meister Eckhart (1260–1327) in the 13th century, are recognised intellectualists.[8][10]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Merriam-Webster". (Definition)
  2. ^ Some Problems of Philosophy, William James. Longman's, Green and Co.: New York, 1916, p. 221.
  3. ^ "Encarta". Archived from the original on 2003-05-19. (Definition)
  4. ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  5. ^ "FOLDOC". Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. (Definition and note on Socrates)
  6. ^ Heda Segvic. "No one Errs Willingly: The Meaning of Socratic Intellectualism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-30.
  7. ^ Gros, Frederic (ed.)(2005) Michel Foucault: The Hermeneutics of the Subject, Lectures at the College de France 1981–1982. Picador: New York. p. 000.
  8. ^ a b "Voluntarism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  9. ^ The Heritage of the English-speaking Peoples and Their Responsibility: Addresses at the Conference : September 1947, Kenyon College. The College. 1948. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
  10. ^ Jeremiah Hackett, A Companion to Meister Eckhart, BRILL, 2012, p. 410.
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