Interleukin 32
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Interleukin 32 (IL32) is proinflammatory cytokine that in humans is encoded by the IL32 gene.[3] Interleukin 32 can be found in higher mammals but not in rodents. It is mainly expressed intracellularly and the protein has nine different isoforms, because the pre-mRNA can be alternatively spliced.[4][5] The most active and studied isoform is IL-32γ. It was first reported in 2005,[6] although the IL-32 gene was first described in 1992.[7] It does not belong to any cytokine family because there is almost no homology with other cytokines.[5]
mRNA of IL-32 is mostly expressed in immune cells but also can be expressed in other tissues such as spleen, thymus, lung, small intestine, colon, prostate, heart, placenta, liver, muscle, kidney, pancreas and brain.[4][5]
Interleukin 32 is connected with several diseases, including cancer.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the
Interleukin 32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory
IL-32 can also support osteoclast differentiation but not osteoclast activation by regulating the MAPK/ERK pathway and the actin cytoskeleton.[8]
Cancer
Cancer is often connected with chronic infection and inflammation – they are cause of cancer in 25% of cases. IL-32 plays role in chronic inflammation process and in cancers connected with chronic inflammation (lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer and colon cancer).[9]
IL-32 can be mainly found in cytoplasm of cancer cells. In various cancer tissues, IL32 is highly expressed and presently, the most common isoform of IL-32 found in cancer cells is IL-32β.[10][11]
Function of IL-32 can be very different, depending on its isoform (different isoforms can interact with each other and influence their activities)[5] and type of cell, where it is expressed.
IL-32 supports the tumor progression by cytokines expressed after activation of transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor-kB) and by metalloproteinase production. In addition, IL-32 stimulates differentiation into immunosuppressive cell types in some cancer types. These effects of IL-32 support tumor growth. On the other hand, in other cancer types it can also induce tumor cell apoptosis and enhance NK a cytotoxic T cell sensitivity which suppress tumor growth.[10]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000008517 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: Interleukin 32".
- ^ S2CID 13666063.
- ^ PMID 27793959.
- ^ PMID 15664165.
- PMID 1729377.
- PMID 19137064.
- S2CID 26436008.
- ^ PMID 30638183.
- PMID 29930712.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.