International Aerial Robotics Competition
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The International Aerial Robotics Competition (IARC) is a university-based robotics competition held on the campus of the
The goal of the competition has been to provide a reason for aerial robotics to move forward.[4] Challenges have been geared towards producing advances. From 1991 through 2009, six missions were proposed. Each involved fully autonomous robotic behavior undemonstrated at the time.[5][6] In October 2013 a seventh mission was proposed. It was the first to involve interaction between aerial robots and multiple ground robots.[7] In 2016, the competition and its creator were recognized during the Georgia legislative session in the form of a senate resolution as the longest running aerial robotics competition in the world.[8]
History
First mission
The initial mission to move a metallic disc from one side of an arena to the other was seen by many as almost impossible. The college teams improved their entries over the next two years when the competition saw its first autonomous takeoff, flight, and landing by a team from the Georgia Institute of Technology. In 1995, a team from Stanford University was able to acquire a single disk and move it from one side of the arena to the other in a fully autonomous flight—half.[9][10]
Second mission
The competition mission was toughened and made less abstract by requiring teams to search for a toxic waste dump, map the location of partially buried randomly oriented toxic waste drums, identify the contents of each drum from the hazard labels on the outside of each drum, and bring a sample back from one of the drums.[11] In 1996, a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University, with backing from Draper Labs, created a small fully autonomous flying robot that repeatedly and correctly mapped the location of all five of the toxic waste drums, and correctly identified the contents of two from the air,[12] completing approximately seventy five percent of the mission. The following year, an aerial robot developed by a team from Carnegie Mellon University completed the entire mission.[10]
Third mission
The third mission began in 1998. It was a search and rescue mission requiring fully autonomous robots to take off, fly to a disaster area and search amid fires, broken water mains, clouds of toxic gas, and rubble.[13] The scenario was recreated at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hazardous Material Management and Emergency Response (HAMMER) training facility. Because of the realism of the scenario, animatrons were used instead of human actors to simulate survivors incapable of extracting themselves from the disaster area.[14] An aerial robot from Germany's Technische Universität Berlin was able to detect and avoid all of the obstacles, identify all the dead on the ground and the survivors (distinguishing between the two based on movement), and relay pictures of the survivors along with their locations back to first responders who would attempt a rescue.[15] This mission was completed in 2000.[16]
Fourth mission
The fourth mission was initiated in 2001. It involved three scenarios requiring the same autonomous behavior: a hostage rescue mission where a submarine 3 kilometers off the coast must send an aerial robot to find a coastal city, identify the embassy where hostages are being held, locate valid openings in the embassy building, enter (or send in a sensor probe/subvehicle) and relay pictures of the hostages 3 km to the submarine prior to mounting an amphibious assault on the embassy to free the hostages;[17] the discovery of an ancient mausoleum where a virus had killed the archaeological team, who had radioed that an important and undocumented tapestry was hanging inside, with 15 minutes to send an autonomous aerial robot to find the mausoleum, enter it (or send in a sensor probe/subvehicle) and relay pictures of the tapestry back prior to the destruction of the mausoleum and its contents;[18] and an explosion at a nuclear reactor facility where scientists must send in an aerial robot to find the operating reactor building, enter the building (or send in a sensor probe/subvehicle) and relay pictures of the control panels to determine if a melt-down is imminent.[19]
All three missions involved the same elements of ingress, locating, identification, entry, and relaying pictures within 15 minutes.
Fifth mission
The fifth mission picked up where the fourth mission left off by demonstrating the fully autonomous aerial robotic behaviors necessary to rapidly negotiate the confined internal spaces of a structure once it has been penetrated by an air vehicle. The nuclear reactor complex explosion scenario of the fourth mission was used as the backdrop for the fifth mission. The fifth mission required a fully autonomous aerial vehicle to penetrate the structure and negotiate the more complex interior space containing hallways, small rooms, obstacles, and dead ends in order to search for a designated target without the aid of global-positioning navigational aids, and relay pictures back to a monitoring station some distance from the structure.[23] The First Symposium on Indoor Flight Issues was held in conjunction with this 2009 IARC event.
Sixth mission
The sixth mission began in 2010 as an extension of the fifth mission theme of autonomous indoor flight behavior, however it demanded more advanced behaviors than were ossible by any aerial robot extant in 2010. This espionage mission involved covertly stealing a flash drive from a particular room in a building and depositing an identical drive to avoid detection of the theft. The 2010 Symposium on Indoor Flight Issues was held concurrently at the
Seventh mission
The seventh mission began in 2014 demanding more advanced behaviors than were possible by any aerial robot extant in 2014. A single autonomous aerial robot had to herd up to 10 autonomous ground robot targets across one designated end of a 20m x 20m (65.62 feet x 65.62 feet) arena in under 10 minutes. The arena had neither walls for
Eighth mission
In 2018, the 8th mission was announced. Mission 8 focused on non-electronic human-machine interaction for the first time, with four aerial robots assisting humans to complete tasks that one person could not independently accomplish. The gist of mission 8 involved a swarm of autonomous aerial robots working with a human to achieve a task in the presence of hostile "Sentry aerial robots" which were trying to impede the human.[30]
In 2018, the inaugural year of mission 8, the American Venue was held on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Asia/Pacific Venue was conducted at Beihang University in Beijing China. The following year, Mission 8 was successfully completed in Kunming China at the Yunnan Innovation Institute of Beihang University in under 8 minutes by three teams. Of those, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA) was able to complete the mission in the fastest completion time. Completing the mission within 10 seconds of NUAA was Sun Yat Sen University. Harbin Institute also completed the mission, with 12 seconds remaining on the clock. NUAA won the grand prize of $10,000.[31]
Ninth mission
In 2023, the 9th mission was concluded.[32] Mission 9 focused on fully autonomous flight using only onboard computing while avoiding obstacles and other aerial robots over a 3 km route, to replace a 2 kg (4.4 pound), approximately 1m (39 inch) long communications module on the mast of a moving platform (a boat in Sea State 3) and return home in under 9 minutes.[33] Twelve registered teams from four different nations attempted to conduct the mission at their home universities, necessitated by COVID travel restrictions. The team putting forth the best performance was from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). This team demonstrated all of the required behaviors called out in the mission 9 official rules on several authenticated runs, but on its final scoring run, suffered a failure of equipment that had been demonstrated successfully on prior runs. In the end, however, the aggregate performance was judged to qualify the team as the overall winner.[34][35]
Participants
Collegiate teams participating in the IARC have come primarily from the United States and the People's Republic of China, but also from Germany, England, Switzerland, Norway, Spain, Canada, Chile, Qatar, Iran, and India. Teams range in size from several students, up to twenty or more. Both undergraduate and graduate students populate the teams, but some teams have been composed entirely of undergraduates or postgraduates. Industry is not permitted to enter, but it may assist the student teams with funding and equipment.[36][37]
Aerial robots
The aerial robots vary in design from fixed wing airplanes, to conventional helicopters,[38] to ducted fans, to airships, [39] and beyond to bizarre hybrid creations.[40] Because the competition focuses on fully autonomous behavior, the air vehicle itself is of less importance.
Aerial robots must be unmanned and autonomous, and must compete based on their ability to sense the semi-structured environment of the competition arena. They may be intelligent or preprogrammed, but for most of the missions, they could not be controlled by a remote human operator. Size or weight constraints are normally placed on the aerial robots, which must be equipped with a method of manually activated remote override of the primary propulsion system.[41] Mission 8 was an exception in that it allowed a human operator to control four autonomous aerial vehicles by means of hand gestures or spoken commands.[42]
Prizes
IARC prizes have traditionally been "winner take all", although during the competition's early years monetary progress awards were given to further development of the best performers. The third mission took three years to complete with
Spin offs
The competition creator,
References
- ^ Christian Bruyere & Peter von Puttkamer, Producers; Mystique Films (2003-11-17). "Artificial Intelligence - Episode 1008". "Beyond Invention". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29.
- ^ ""No Pilots, No Problem: Students Build Autonomous Aircraft", IEEE, The Institute Online". 2006-08-07. Archived from the original on 2011-06-03. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
- ^ Nesmith, Robert (2016-08-24). "Georgia Tech Family Members at the Forefront of Aerial Vehicle Technology" (PDF). GTRI Home Page (archived). Retrieved 2016-09-10.
- ^ Michelson, Robert (October 2000). The International Aerial Robotics Competition - a Decade of Excellence. Unmanned Vehicles (UV) for Aerial, Ground and Naval Military Operations. Vol. Proceedings 52. Ankara, Turkey: NATO Research and Technology Organization, Applied Vehicle Technology Panel (AVT). pp. SC3–1 to SC–24.
- ^ Rex Humbard, Prod., Advanced Media LLC.; Brian Natwick, Exec. Prod., Discovery Communications (see http://www.hirsh.tv/experience.asp) (2001-02-18). "Airbots". "Discovery Science Channel".
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Though work is currently underway to develop fully autonomous MAVs capable of indoor operations early in the 21st century using seek/avoid navigation strategies, the smallest most intelligent fully autonomous robots are currently those found in the International Aerial Robotics Competition.
- ^ "Official IARC Mission 7 Rules". Retrieved 2014-01-25.
- ^ "Senate Resolution 1255". Retrieved 2016-07-25.
- ^ "Flying High - Season 6, Episode 3". "Scientific American Frontiers with Alan Alda". 1996-02-07.
- ^ a b Michelson, Robert (30 March – 1 April 1998). International Aerial Robotics Competition- The world's smallest intelligent flying machines. 13th Bristol International RPV/UAV Systems Conference Proceedings. Bristol England. pp. 31.1–30.10.
- OSTI 382992.
- ^ "Aerial Robotics". Research Horizons magazine online, author: Joey Goddard. 1996-11-27. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "Mission 3 Location". TU Berlin/IARC. 1992-10-20. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "Animatrons". TU Berlin/IARC. 1992-10-20. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "Multi-purpose Aerial Robot Vehicles with Intelligent Navigation". Technische Universität Berlin. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "TU Belin Wins Mission 3 in 2000". TU Berlin/IARC. 1992-10-20. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "Fourth Mission description". IARC. 2001-11-11. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "Fourth Mission description". IARC. 2001-11-11. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "Fourth Mission description". IARC. 2001-11-11. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "Georgia Tech Wins the 4th Mission of the International Aerial Robotics Competition". GoRobotics.net. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "Fourth Mission description". GoRobotics.net. 2008-08-19. Archived from the original on 2010-07-17. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "Fourth Mission description". IARC. 2001-11-11. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "International Aerial Robotics Competition 5th Mission". Space Prizes Blog. 2008-09-09. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "International Aerial Robotics Competition 6th Mission". R.C. Michelson, Organizer. 2010-09-01. Archived from the original on 2014-10-10. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
- ^ "IARC Mission 7 Official Rules" (PDF). IARC. 2014-11-30. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "IARC Mission 7 Official Rules" (PDF). IARC. 2014-11-30. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "IARC 7th Mission outcome". IARC. 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
- ^ "2018 "Dream Angel Cup" International Aerial Robotics Competition Held". Beihang University (archived). 2018-09-04. Archived from the original on 2018-09-09. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "IARC Mission 7 Official Rules". IARC. 2014-11-30. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "Official Rules for the International Aerial Robotics Competition Mission 8" (PDF). IARC. 2018-09-22. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "IARC 8th Mission outcome". R.C. Michelson, Organizer. 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- ^ "International Aerial Robotics Competition 9th mission". R.C. Michelson, Organizer. 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
- ^ "IARC Mission 9: 2020-2023". IARC. 2023-10-22. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "International Aerial Robotics Competition Mission 9 Results". IARC. 2023-10-22. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "Mission Impossible Completed". Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace. 2023-11-26. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ "International Aerial Robotics Competition Official Rules" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "IARC 32 Year History". IARC. 2023-10-22. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "VIDEO of the California State University-Northridge entry in the 2008 the International Aerial Robotics Competition". Ledger-Enguirer Newspaper, Author: Mike Haskey. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "TU Berlin Mission 1 Airship". IARC. 1992-10-20. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "Mission 2, 1996 - 1997". IARC. 1996-10-05. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ {{cite news|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902174406/http://iarc.angel-strike.com/oldauvs/5th_mission/IARC_5th_Mission_Rules.pdf%7Ctitle=Official Rules for the International Aerial Robotics Competition (Mission 5)|year=2009|access-date=2009-02-17
- ^ "Official Rules for the International Aerial Robotics Competition Mission 8" (PDF). IARC. 2018-09-22. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
- ^ "Mission 3 Winning Prize". IARC. 2000-08-22. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ Taylor, Phillip (September 2008). AUVSI Student Competition Roundup. Vol. 26. Association for Unmanned Systems International. pp. 30–31.
- ^ "Mission 5 Winning Prize". IARC. 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "Mission 6 Winning Prize". IARC. 2013-08-05. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "Mission 7 Winning Prize". IARC. 2018-08-25. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "Mission 8 Winning Prize". IARC. 2019-09-10. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ^ "Mission 9 Winning Prize". IARC. 2023-11-12. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- OSTI 382992.
- ISSN 0290-9693.
- ^ "Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition". Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ "Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Competition". Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ "RoboNation consortium support". RoboNation. 2024-01-01. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
Selected IARC reports and publications
- Michelson, R.C., “Autonomous Aerial Robots,” Unmanned Systems, Volume 29 - No. 10, October 2011, Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International, Washington, D.C., pp 38–42
- Howe, J., Vogl, M., Banik, J., et al., "Design and Development of South Dakota School of Mines and Technology’s Aerial Robotic Reconnaissance System", 1994 Proceedings of the AUVSI.
- Chapuis, J., Eck, C., Geering, H.P., Mudra, R., "The Swiss Entry into the 1996 International Aerial Robotics Competition," 1996 Proceedings of the AUVSI, July 1996, Orlando, FL, pp. 947–953
- Padgett, W.T.,"Teaching design through design competition," Frontiers in Education Conference- Teaching and Learning in an Era of Chang, 27th Annual Conference Proceedings, 5–8 November 1997, Vol.3, pp. 1477–1480
- Koo, T.J., Shim, D.H., Shakernia, O., Sinopoli, B., Ma, Y., Hoffman, F., Sastry, S., "Hierarchical Hybrid System Design on Berkeley Unmanned Autonomous Aerial Vehicle," 1998 Proceedings of the AUVSI, July 1998
- Greer, D., McKerrow, P., Abrantes, J., "Robots in Urban Search and Rescue Operations," Proceedings of the 2002 Australasian Conference on Automation, Auckland, Australian Robotics and Automation Association, 27–29 November 2002, pp. 25–30
- Proctor, A.A., Kannan, S.K., Raabe, C., Christophersen, H.B., and Johnson, E.N., “Development of an Autonomous Aerial Reconnaissance System at Georgia Tech,” Proceedings of the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International Unmanned Systems Symposium & Exhibition, 2003.
External links
- Official IARC web site - The official web site for the International Aerial Robotics Competition. (Retrieved 26 February 2018)
- Official Rules for the current Mission - Rules for the current Mission and entry information (Retrieved 26 February 2018)
- Information about past missions - Information about past mission (Retrieved 26 February 2018)