International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination[1] | |
---|---|
Location | New York[2] |
Effective | 4 January 1969[2] |
Condition | 27 ratifications[3] |
Signatories | 88[2] |
Parties | 182[2] |
Depositary | UN Secretary-General[4] |
Languages | Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish[5] |
[1] |
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention. A third-generation human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races.[6] The Convention also requires its parties to criminalize hate speech and criminalize membership in racist organizations.[7]
The Convention also includes an individual complaints mechanism, effectively making it enforceable against its parties. This has led to the development of a limited jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Convention.
The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the United Nations General Assembly on 21 December 1965,[8] and entered into force on 4 January 1969. As of July 2020, it has 88 signatories and 182 parties.[2]
The Convention is monitored by the
Genesis
In December 1960, following incidents of
During the early debate on this resolution, African nations led by the
Article 4, criminalizing incitement to racial discrimination, was also controversial in the drafting stage. In the first debate of the article, there were two drafts, one presented by the United States and one by the
The draft Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1963.[19] The same day the General Assembly called for the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Human Rights to make the drafting of a Convention on the subject an absolute priority.[20] The draft was completed by mid-1964,[21] but delays in the General Assembly meant that it could not be adopted that year.[15] It was finally adopted on 21 December 1965.[8]
Core provisions
Definition of "racial discrimination"
Preamble of the Convention reaffirms dignity and
Article 1 of the Convention defines "racial discrimination" as:
... any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on
ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.[22]
Distinctions made on the basis of
This definition does not distinguish between discrimination based on
6. National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily coincide with racial groups; and the cultural traits of such groups have no demonstrated genetic connection with racial traits.[24]
The clear conclusion in the report is that Race and Ethnicity can be correlated, but must not get mixed up. The inclusion of descent specifically covers discrimination on the basis of caste and other forms of inherited status.[25] Discrimination need not be strictly based on race or ethnicity for the Convention to apply. Rather, whether a particular action or policy discriminates is judged by its effects.[26]
In seeking to determine whether an action has an effect contrary to the Convention, it will look to see whether that action has an unjustifiable disparate impact upon a group distinguished by race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin.[26]
The question of whether an individual belongs to a particular racial group is to be decided, in the absence of justification to the contrary, by self-identification.[27]
Prevention of discrimination
Article 2 of the Convention condemns racial discrimination and obliges parties to "undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms".[6] It also obliges parties to promote understanding among all races.[6] To achieve this, the Convention requires that signatories:
- Not practice racial discrimination in public institutions[28]
- Not "sponsor, defend, or support" racial discrimination[29]
- Review existing policies, and amend or revoke those that cause or perpetuate racial discrimination[30]
- Prohibit "by all appropriate means, including legislation," racial discrimination by individuals and organisations within their jurisdictions[31]
- Encourage groups, movements, and other means that eliminate barriers between races, and discourage racial division[32]
Parties are obliged "when the circumstances so warrant" to use
Article 5 expands upon the general obligation of Article 2 and creates a specific obligation to guarantee the right of everyone to
Article 6 obliges parties to provide "effective protection and remedies" through the courts or other institutions for any act of racial discrimination.[41] This includes a right to a legal remedy and damages for injury suffered due to discrimination.[41]
Condemnation of apartheid
Article 3 condemns
The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination regards this article as also entailing an obligation to eradicate the consequences of past policies of segregation, and to prevent racial segregation arising from the actions of private individuals.[44]
Prohibition of incitement
Article 4 of the Convention condemns propaganda and organizations that attempt to justify discrimination or are based on the idea of racial
The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination regards this article as a mandatory obligation of parties to the Convention,[48] and has repeatedly criticized parties for failing to abide by it.[49] It regards the obligation as consistent with the freedoms of opinion and expression affirmed in the UNDHR and ICCPR[50] and notes that the latter specifically outlaws inciting racial discrimination, hatred and violence.[51] It views the provisions as necessary to prevent organised racial violence and the "political exploitation of ethnic difference."[52]
Promotion of tolerance
Article 7 obliges parties to adopt "immediate and effective measures", particularly in education, to combat racial prejudice and encourage understanding and tolerance between different racial, ethnic and national groups.[53]
Dispute resolution mechanism
Articles 11 through 13 of the Convention establish a dispute resolution mechanism between parties. A party that believes another party is not implementing the Convention may complain to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.[54] The Committee will pass on the complaint, and if it is not resolved between the two parties, may establish an ad hoc Conciliation Commission to investigate and make recommendations on the matter.[55] This procedure has been first invoked in 2018, by Qatar against Saudi Arabia and UAE[56] and by Palestine against Israel.[57]
Article 22 further allows any dispute over the interpretation or application of the Convention to be referred to the International Court of Justice.[58] This clause has been invoked three times, by Georgia against Russia,[59] by Ukraine against Russia,[60] by Qatar against UAE.[61]
Individual complaints mechanism
Article 14 of the Convention establishes an individual complaints mechanism similar to that of the
The individual complaints mechanism came into operation in 1982, after it had been accepted by ten states-parties.[65] As of 2010, 58 states had recognised the competence of the Committee,[2] and 54 cases have been dealt with by the Committee.[66]
Reservations
A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the Convention. The Convention text forbids reservations "incompatible with the object and purpose of this Convention" or that would inhibit the operation of any body established by it.[67] A reservation is considered incompatible or inhibitive if two-thirds of parties object to it.[67]
- Article 22
Afghanistan, Bahrain, China, Cuba, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, and Yemen do not consider themselves bound by Article 22. Some interpret this article as allowing disputes to be referred to the International Court of Justice only with the consent of all involved parties.[2]
- Obligations beyond existing constitution
- Hate speech
The United States of America "does not accept any obligation under this Convention, in particular under articles 4 and 7, to restrict those [extensive protections of individual freedom of speech, expression and association contained in the Constitution and laws of the United States], through the adoption of legislation or any other measures, to the extent that they are protected by the Constitution and laws of the United States."[2]
- Immigration
Monaco and Switzerland reserve the right to apply their own legal principles on the entry of foreigners into their labour markets.[2] The United Kingdom does not regard the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 and Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 as constituting any form of racial discrimination.[2]
- Indigenous people
Jurisprudence
At the CERD
The individual complaints mechanism has led to a limited jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Convention. As at September 2011, 48 complaints have been registered with the Committee; 17 of these have been deemed inadmissible, 16 have led to a finding of no violation, and in 11 cases a party has been found to have violated the Convention. Three cases were still pending.[68]
Several cases have dealt with the treatment of Romani people in Eastern Europe. In Koptova v. Slovakia the Committee found that resolutions by several villages in Slovakia forbidding the residence of Roma were discriminatory and restricted freedom of movement and residence, and recommended the Slovak government take steps to end such practices.[69] In L.R. v. Slovakia the Committee found that the Slovak government had failed to provide an effective remedy for discrimination suffered by Roma after the cancellation of a housing project on ethnic grounds.[70] In Durmic v. Serbia and Montenegro the Committee found a systemic failure by the Serbian government to investigate and prosecute discrimination against Roma in access to public places.[71]
In several cases, notably L.K. v. Netherlands and Gelle v. Denmark, the Committee has criticized parties for their failure to adequately prosecute acts of racial discrimination or incitement. In both cases, the Committee refused to accept "any claim that the enactment of law making racial discrimination a criminal act in itself represents full compliance with the obligations of States parties under the Convention".[72] Such laws "must also be effectively implemented by the competent national tribunals and other State institutions".[73] While the Committee accepts the discretion of prosecutors on whether or not to lay charges, this discretion "should be applied in each case of alleged racial discrimination in the light of the guarantees laid down in the Convention"[74]
In The Jewish community of Oslo et al. v. Norway, the Committee found that the prohibition of hate speech was compatible with freedom of speech, and that the acquittal of a neo-Nazi leader by the Supreme Court of Norway on freedom of speech grounds was a violation of the Convention.[75]
In Hagan v. Australia, the Committee ruled that, while not originally intended to demean anyone, the name of the "E. S. 'Nigger' Brown Stand" (named in honour of 1920s
At the ICJ
Impact
The impact of an international treaty can be measured in two ways: by its acceptance, and by its implementation.[77][78] On the first measure, the Convention has gained near-universal acceptance by the international community, with fewer than twenty (mostly small) states yet to become parties.[2] Most major states have also accepted the Convention's individual complaints mechanism, signaling a strong desire to be bound by the Convention's provisions.[2] The Convention has faced persistent problems with reporting since its inception, with parties frequently failing to report fully,[79] or even at all.[80] As of 2008, twenty parties had failed to report for more than ten years, and thirty parties had failed to report for more than five.[81] One party, Sierra Leone, had failed to report since 1976, while two more – Liberia and Saint Lucia had never met their reporting requirements under the Convention.[82] The Committee has responded to this persistent failure to report by reviewing the late parties anyway – a strategy that has produced some success in gaining compliance with reporting requirements.[83] This lack of reporting is seen by some as a significant failure of the Convention.[84] However the reporting system has also been praised as providing "a permanent stimulus inducing individual States to enact anti-racist legislation or amend the existing one when necessary."[85]
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination is a body of human rights experts tasked with monitoring the implementation of the Convention. It consists of 18 independent human rights experts, elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years. Members are elected by secret ballot of the parties, with each party allowed to nominate one of its nationals to the Committee.[86]
All parties are required to submit regular reports to the Committee outlining the legislative, judicial, policy and other measures they have taken to give effect to the Convention. The first report is due within a year of the Convention entering into effect for that state; thereafter reports are due every two years or whenever the Committee requests.[87] The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the state party in the form of "concluding observations".
On 10 August 2018, United Nations human rights experts expressed alarm over many credible reports that China had detained a million or more ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang.[88] Gay McDougall, a member of the Committee, said that "In the name of combating religious extremism, China had turned Xinjiang into something resembling a massive internment camp, shrouded in secrecy, a sort of no-rights zone."[89]
On 13 August 2019, the Committee considered the first report submitted by the Palestinian Authority. A number of experts questioned the delegation regarding antisemitism, particularly in textbooks.[90] Silvio José Albuquerque e Silva (Brazil) also raised evidence of discrimination against Roma and other minorities, the status of women, and oppression of the LGBT community.[91] The Committee's report[92] of 30 August 2019 reflected these concerns.[93] On 23 April 2018 Palestine filed an inter-state complaint against Israel for breaches of its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD).[94][95]
On 4 and 5 December 2019, the Committee considered the report submitted by Israel and in its conclusions of 12 December[96] noted that it is worried about "existing discriminatory legislation, the segregation of Israeli society into Jewish and non-Jewish sectors" and other complaints." The Committee also decided that it has jurisdiction regarding the inter-State communication submitted by the State of Palestine on 23 April 2018 against the State of Israel.[97] Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded by alleging bias by the committee members, noting that their "blatant anti-Israel posture, and reckless disregard for the welfare of Israelis, is a shocking neglect of the duties of the CERD Committee to act with impartiality and objectivity."[94]
The Committee typically meets every March and August in Geneva.[98] The current (as of February 2024[update]) membership of the Committee is:[99]
Name of Member | Nationality | Term expires |
---|---|---|
Mr. Noureddin Amir | Algeria | 2026 |
Mr. Michal Balcerzak (Vice-chairperson) | Poland | 2026 |
Mr. Michael Boker-Wilson | Liberia | 2028 |
Ms. Chinsung Chung (Vice-chairperson) | South Korea | 2026 |
Mr. Bakari Sidiki Diaby | Côte d’Ivoire | 2026 |
Ms. Régine Esseneme | Cameroon | 2026 |
Mr. Jian Guan | China | 2028 |
Mr. Ibrahima Guisse (Rapporteur) | Senegal | 2028 |
Mr. Chrispine Gwalawala Sibande | Malawi | 2028 |
Mr. Gün Kut | Turkey | 2026 |
Ms. Gay McDougall | United States of America | 2026 |
Mr. Vadili Rayess | Mauritania | 2028 |
Ms. Verene Albertha Shepherd (Chairperson)
|
Jamaica | 2028 |
Ms. Stamatia Stavrinaki (Vice-chairperson) | Greece | 2028 |
Ms. Mazalo Tebie | Togo | 2026 |
Ms. Faith Dikeledi Pansy Tlakula | South Africa | 2028 |
Mr. Abderrahman Tlemcani | Morocco | 2028 |
Mr. Yeung Kam John Yeung Sik Yuen
|
Mauritius | 2026 |
Opposition
In Malaysia
On 8 December 2018, two of Malaysia's major
See also
- Anti-ICERD Rally in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Anti-racism
- Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
- Discrimination based on nationality
- Environmental racism
- Environmental racism in Europe
- Racial Equality Proposal, 1919
- World Conference against Racism
References
- ^ "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)". Office of The High Commissioner for Human Rights. UN. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination". United Nations Treaty Collection.
- ^ ICERD, Article 19
- ^ ICERD, Article 18
- ^ ICERD, Article 25
- ^ a b c ICERD, Article 2.1
- ^ a b c ICERD, Article 4
- ^ a b United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2106 (XX), 21 December 1965.
- ^ Lérner 1980, p. 1
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1510 (XV), 12 December 1960.
- ^ a b United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1779 (XVII), 7 December 1962.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1684 (XVI), 18 December 1961.
- ^ Lérner 1980, p. 2
- .
- ^ a b Schwelb, p. 999.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1780 (XVII), 7 December 1962.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1781 (XVII), 7 December 1962.
- ^ Mchangama, Jacob (1 December 2011). "The Sordid Origin of Hate-Speech Laws". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1904 (XVIII), 20 November 1963.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1906 (XVIII), 20 November 1963.
- ^ Lérner 1980, p. 5
- ^ ICERD, Article 1.1
- ^ ICERD, Articles 1.2 and 1.4
- ISSN 1548-1433.
- ^ "CERD General Recommendation No. 29: Art.1, par.1 of the Convention (Descent)". UN OHCHR. 1 November 2002. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
- ^ a b "CERD General Recommendation No. 14: Definition of discrimination (Art.1, par.1)". UN OHCHR. 22 March 1993. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
- ^ "CERD General Recommendation No. 08: Identification with a particular racial or ethnic group". UN OHCHR. 22 August 1990. Archived from the original on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
- ^ ICERD, Article 2.1(a)
- ^ ICERD, Article 2.1(b)
- ^ ICERD, Article 2.1(c)
- ^ ICERD, Article 2.1(d)
- ^ ICERD, Article 2.1(e)
- ^ a b ICERD, Article 2.2
- ^ ICERD, Article 5
- ^ ICERD, Article 5(a)
- ^ ICERD, Article 5(b)
- ^ ICERD, Articles 5(c) and (d)
- ^ ICERD, Article 5(e)
- ^ ICERD, Article 5(f)
- ^ "CERD General Recommendation No. 20: Non-discriminatory implementation of rights and freedoms". UN OHCHR. 15 March 1996. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ a b ICERD, Article 6
- ^ ICERD, Article 3
- ^ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 7.1(j).
- ^ "CERD General Recommendation No. 19: Racial segregation and apartheid". UN OHCHR. 18 August 1995. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ ICERD, Article 4(a)
- ^ ICERD, Article 4(b)
- ^ See "Reservations" below for more details.
- ^ "CERD General Recommendation No. 07: Legislation to eradicate racial discrimination". UN OHCHR. 23 August 1985. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ "CERD General Recommendation No. 01: States parties' obligations Art. 4". UN OHCHR. 25 February 1972. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ "CERD General Recommendation No. 15: Organized violence based on ethnic origin". UN OHCHR. 23 March 1993. pp. paragraph 4. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ ICCPR, Article 20.2.
- ^ CERD General Recommendation No. 15, Paragraph 1.
- ^ ICERD, Article 7
- ^ ICERD, Article 11
- ^ ICERD, Articles 12 & 13
- ^ CERD information note on inter-state communications
- ^ "ICERD and Palestine's Inter-State Complaint". EJIL: Talk!. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
- ^ ICERD, Article 22
- ^ "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation)". International Court of Justice. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ "Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation)". Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^ "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates)". Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^ ICERD, Article 14 (1)
- ^ ICERD, Article 14 (2)–(5)
- ^ a b ICERD, Articles 14 (6) & (7)
- ^ ICERD, Article 14
- ^ "Status of communications dealt with by CERD under Art. 14 Procedure". UN CERD. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
- ^ a b ICERD, Article 20.2
- ^ "SELECTED DECISIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION" (PDF). UN CERD. 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2018. page 2
- ^ "Communication No 13/1998 : Koptova v. Slovakia. 01/11/2000". UN CERD. 1 November 2000. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
- ^ "Communication No. 31/2003 : L.R. v. Slovakia. 10/03/2005". UN CERD. 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
- ^ "Durmic v. Serbia and Montenegro" (PDF). UN CERD. 6 March 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
- ^ "Communication No 4/1991 : L.K. v. Netherlands. 16/03/93". UN CERD. 16 March 1993. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
- ^ "Communication No. 34/2004 : Gelle v. Denmark. 15/03/2006". UN CERD. 15 March 2006. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
- ^ L.K. v. Netherlands, para. 6.5
- ^ "The Jewish community of Oslo et al. v. Norway, Communication No. 30/2003, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/67/D/30/2003 (2005)". UN CERD. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
- ^ "Hagan v. Australia". UN CERD. 20 March 2003. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
- ^ Lérner 1980, p. 165
- S2CID 144831485.
- ^ "CERD General Recommendation No. 04: Demographic composition of the population". UN OHCHR. 25 August 1973. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
- ^ "CERD General Recommendation No. 06: Overdue reports". UN OHCHR. 19 March 1982. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
- ^ "Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Seventy-second session (18 February-7 March 2008) and Seventy-third session (28 July-15 August 2008) (A/63/18)" (PDF). UN General Assembly. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
- ^ Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, p. 103.
- ^ Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, pp. 104–105.
- S2CID 144709783.
- ISBN 90-411-1982-5.
- ^ ICERD, Article 8
- ^ ICERD, Article 9
- ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (10 August 2018). "U.N. Panel Confronts China Over Reports That It Holds a Million Uighurs in Camps". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Credible reports China holds 1 million Uighurs in 'massive internment camp' – UN". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ Kaplan, Talia (14 August 2019). "UN anti-racism panel challenges Palestinians on alleged 'schoolbook hate'". Fox News. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^ "Palestinians revive charge Zionism is racism at U.N. hearing – Arab-Israeli Conflict – Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com. 15 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^ Report on the Palestinian Authority by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Archived 22 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ staff, T. O. I. "In first, UN panel calls on Palestinians to halt hate speech against Israelis". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ a b "Israel reacts to the CERD Committee's statement". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (15 August 2019). "Palestinians revive charge Zionism is racism at U.N. hearing". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ "Concluding observations on the combined seventeenth to nineteenth reports of Israel" (PDF). CERD. 12 December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ^ "UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination publishes findings on Cambodia, Colombia, Ireland, Israel and Uzbekistan". UN OHCHR. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ^ "Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination – Sessions". UN OHCHR. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ^ "Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination – Membership". UN OHCHR.
- ^ "ICERD-Memperkenalkan Siapa Dirinya". PAS Parti Islam Se Malaysia. PAS. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "UMNO Himpunan ICERD". UMNO – United Malays National Organization. UMNO. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
Further reading
- Lérner, Natán (1980). The U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: A Commentary. Sijthoff & Noordhoff International. ISBN 90-286-0160-0.
- Procedural history and related documents on the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Broecker, Christen; O’Flaherty, Michael (2014). The Outcome of the General Assembly's Treaty Body Strengthening Process: An Important Milestone on a Longer Journey (Policy Brief). Universal Rights Group. ISBN 978-2-9700961-1-5.
- Sicilianos, Linos-Alexander. "The Application of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: Challenges Ahead". Audiovisual Library of International Law. United Nations.
External links
- UN General Assembly (21 December 1965). "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination". United Nations, Treaty Series. 660: 195.
- List of parties
- Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
- Decisions of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Archived 30 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- CERD jurisprudence