International Gendarmerie
International Gendarmerie | |
---|---|
Country | Principality of Albania |
Type | Gendarmerie |
Role | Law enforcement agency |
Commanders | |
Colonel | Willem De Veer |
Major | Lodewijk Thomson |
The International Gendarmerie was the first
The first gendarmerie members arrived in
Background
The ambassadors of the six
Leadership
The Netherlands'
De Veer and Thomson prepared a classified 150-page report on the setting up of the gendarmerie. There were discussions of 5,000 gendarmes led by Dutch officers provided by the government of the Netherlands.[8] On February 24, 1914, 13 Dutch officers arrived at Vlorë: Captain Fabius, Major Kroon, Major De Waal, Major Sluys, Captain Doorman, Major Roelfsema, Dr. De Groot, Captain Sar, Major Verhulst, Major Snellen van Vollenhoven, First Lieutenant Mallinckrodt, Captains Reimers and Sonne.
Mission
The International Gendarmerie was only one of numerous armed groups in the principality during Wilhelm's reign.
A plot by the
One of the first tasks of the new gendarmerie was to train Albanian recruits in order to take control of southern Albania after the Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence of February 28, 1914.[19]
When thousands of rebels surrounded
The revolt intensified after Essad's
During the early morning surprise attack, on June 15, 1914, Thomson was shot in the chest (despite the fact that rebels were attacking behind him) and died within a few minutes.[30] It is probable that an Italian sniper was responsible.[31][32]
Captain Fabius established a volunteer
End of the Mission
In autumn 1914 Essad Pasha accepted an invitation from the Senate of Central Albania (established by the rebelling towns in mid and north Albania) to return to Albania to take control.
See also
- International Commission of Control
- Lodewijk Thomson
- Peasant Revolt in Albania
- Wilhelm, Prince of Albania
Notes
- ^ a b Elsie 2011a
Dutch officers ... were gradually replaced by... German and Austrian officers who arrived in Durrës on 4 July
- ^ Elsie 2011b
decision, reached at the fifty-fourth meeting of the conference on 29 July 1913...Albania is constituted as an autonomous, sovereign and hereditary principality by right of primogeniture, guaranteed by the six Powers.
- ^ Elsie 2011a
In July 1913, the newly recognized principality of Albania needed not only a sovereign, but also fixed borders, a government and – what was of no small significance – a military police force to guarantee the prince’s rule and to ensure law and order in the country. The Conference of Ambassadors resolved that public order and security should be assured by an internationally organised gendarmerie.
- ^ Elsie 2011a
Swedish army... was, however, busy with a similar mission in Persia, so the choice then fell upon the Netherlands, in particular because the country was neutral, had no direct interests in Albania, and no doubt because it had a good deal of colonial experience in the Dutch East Indies
- ^ Zaharia, Perikli (24 March 2003). "The post – 1989 constitutional course of south east europe". Athens: Centre for European Constitutional Law. Archived from the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
Treaty of May 30, 1913. As it was decided at the London Conference of Ambassadors,..., an International Control Commission was created.
- ^ Seton-Watson, R.W.; Wilson, J. Dover; Zimmern, Alfred E.; Greenwood, Arthur (10 January 2004) [1915], "III Germany", The War and Democracy (1st ed.), London: MacMillan And Co.,
Prince William of Wied, the first Prince of Albania
- ^ Elsie 2011b
Lodewijk Thomson ... Before his appointment as head of the Dutch mission to Albania could be finalized... the choice was finally made, by a Royal Decree of 20 October 1913, it fell upon Colonel Willem De Veer
- ^ Teunissen 2011b
Thomson and De Veer .. investigate how a gendarmerie could be set up. Their 150-page classified report..approximately 5,000 gendarmes was also discussed. .. Dutch government to provide officers to lead the gendarmerie force.
- ^ Heaton-Armstrong 2005a
Southerners, whose local leaders... irregular bands ..native and Bulgarian “Komitadjis” (an outlaw or brigand)...“Royal” (Essad Pasha’s Own) mounted gendarmes.. Epirotes...troops... peasants...insurgents
- ^ a b Elsie 2011a
volunteers from Kosova under their leader Isa Boletini
- ^ Elsie 2011a
volunteers from Catholic Mirdita and the northern mountains under Simon Doda, nephew of Prenk Bibë Doda
- ^ ISBN 9783658189112.
- ^ ISBN 9783486496017.
- ^ a b Tütüncü 2017, pp. 41-42.
- ^ ISBN 9781349220502.
- ^ Tütüncü 2017, pp. 40, 42.
- ^ a b Tütüncü 2017, p. 41.
- ^ Tütüncü 2017, p. 43.
- ^ Teunissen 2011a
Wied’s first order of business was to restore order in South Albania. The Dutch officers were faced with an almost impossible task. ... they had to train Albanian gendarmes and non-commissioned officers
- ^ Heaton-Armstrong 2005a
Essad Pasha, as Minister for War, was opposed to any compromise with the insurgents and assured the Mbret that the rebellion could easily be put down by force of arms; .
- ^ Heaton-Armstrong 2005a
The Government had purchased several thousand modern military rifles in Italy, machine and mountain guns in Austria and now thought itself strong enough to conquer the greater part of the world. The Mahommedan population of central Albania was to be armed and with this imposing new army behind him, Essad Pasha hoped to sweep all before him; at least he said that he would. .
- ISBN 0-521-27459-1, retrieved 2011-01-25,
peasants..willing listeners to Ottoman propaganda... attached the new regime as a tool of the beys and Christian powers
- ^ Elsie 2011a
It was obvious to Wied and the Dutch officers that Essad Pasha had his hand in the unrest.
- ^ Heaton-Armstrong 2005a
Essad would be sent into exile, without a trial.
- ^ Elsie 2011a
to exile Essad Pasha to Italy
- ^ Vickers 1999, p. 85
- ^ Teunissen 2011a
The Malisors, paid volunteers from the mountain tribes of North Albania, grew to include 1,000 men
- ^ Elsie 2011a
general besa (cease-fire) had been agreed on the occasion of Wied’s accession to the throne...
- ^ Elsie 2011a
Panic broke out in Durrës, and the royal family sought refuge on an Italian vessel ....
- ^ Teunissen 2011c
Early in the morning of 15 June,... Thomson ...was hit in the chest, although the attack was taking place behind him.
- ^ Elsie 2011a
..rumoured, an Italian sniper was behind his death ...
- ^ Heaton-Armstrong 2005b
According to the most detailed analysis of the circumstances ... he was probably killed by an unidentified Italian sniper, not Moslem rebels. (Goslinga, Gorrit T A. The Dutch in Albania. Rome, 1972, pp. 42–45)
- ^ Teunissen 2011a
Fabius formed an artillery unit of volunteers
- ^ Vickers 1999, p. 85
As the angry crowd neared the capital Austrian officers bombarded them. According to the Austrian government, those Austrian officers were volunteers recruited by "Albanian Committee" in Vienna.
- ^ Elsie 2011a
De Veer...formal resignation and that of his men...officially on 27 July 1914
- ^ Elsie 2011a
situation was not much better for the Dutch officers in the other parts of the country. ...Berat fell to the rebels on 12 July and Vlora was occupied without a struggle on 21 August.
- ^ Elsie 2011a
Verhulst and Reimers were released in Shijak on 19 September and departed for Holland the next day.
- ^ Bataković 1992
The senate of free towns in central Albania invited Essad to take over power.
- ^ Bataković 1992
Essad Pasha signed a secret alliance treaty with Pasic on September 17.
- ^ Bataković 1992
Essad Pasha mustered around 5,000 Albanian volunteers, crossed over to Albania and entered Durazzo at the beginning of October without strife.
References
- ISBN 86-447-0006-5, archivedfrom the original on 2010-09-06, retrieved 2011-01-19
- Elsie, Robert (25 January 2011a). "Albania under Prince Wied". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
- Elsie, Robert (11 February 2011b). "The Conference of London". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
- Heaton-Armstrong, Duncan (2005a). "An Uprising in the Six-Month Kingdom". Gervase Belfield and Bejtullah Destani (I.B. Tauris, in association with the Centre for Albanian Studies). Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Heaton-Armstrong, Duncan (2005b). The six month kingdom: Albania 1914. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 94. ISBN 1-85043-761-0. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
- Teunissen, Harrie (2011a). "The fight in South Albania". siger.org. Archived from the original on 2011-03-12. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- Teunissen, Harrie (2011b). "The creation of the Albania mission]". siger.org. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- Teunissen, Harrie (2011c). "The battle of Durrës". siger.org. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- Tütüncü, Mehmet (2017). "Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey Albay Thomson'a Karşi 1914 Avlonya Olayı [Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey against Colonel Thomson: The Case of Vlorë 1914]". Düşünce Ve Tarih. 3 (31).
- Vickers, Miranda (1999). The Albanians: a modern history. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-541-9.
External links
- Colonel Thomson and Albania, Harrie Teunissen