International Jewish conspiracy
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The international Jewish conspiracy or the world Jewish conspiracy has been described as "the most widespread and durable
History
Belief in an international Jewish conspiracy for world domination can be traced back to the thirteenth century, but increased in the second half of the nineteenth century under the influence of writers such as Frederick van Millingen, an Ottoman-born Englishman who wrote The Conquest of the World by the Jews in 1873, and Hermann Goedsche, a Prussian agent provocateur promoting a new ideological antisemitism. The invention of the newspaper invited the new accusation that Jews controlled the press.[4] Goedsche's novel Biarritz was plagiarized in the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion published at the turn of the twentieth century.[5] The Protocols appeared in print in the Russian Empire as early as 1903, published as a series of articles in Znamya, a Black Hundreds newspaper.[6][7] The forgeries were possibly creations of the Okhrana secret police.[8] The Protocols popularized the belief in an international Jewish conspiracy such that this belief became essential to modern antisemitism.[9] According to Armin Pfahl-Traughber, the Protocols are "the most significant document for propagating the myth of a Jewish world conspiracy".[5]
Belief in this conspiracy increased following the
The
Holocaust denial presupposes the existence of a massive Jewish conspiracy that (according to Holocaust deniers) perpetrated the biggest hoax in history in order to scam money out of Germany and found the state of Israel. This conspiracy may be present either implicitly or explicitly in Holocaust denying works.[12][13]
As of the 1970s, the expression Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG) has been used by antisemites to refer to the supposed Jewish control over Western countries.[14][15]
By country
China
Some Chinese people believe that Jews secretly rule the world and are
Germany
In his first recorded political speech in 1919, Adolf Hitler claimed that there was an international Jewish conspiracy plotting to weaken the Aryan race and Germany.[19]
In documenting the appearance of fascism from the end of WWI to end of WWII, the historian Michael Kellogg noted that adherents of the "sinister world-wide Jewish" conspiracy theory included monarchist emigres who formed the Aufbau Vereinigung, a conspiratorial anti-Semitic group that sought to re-establish a Tsar in Russia while perpetrating right-wing terrorism in Germany. The Aufbau cooperated with, and included as members, early German Nazis such as Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter. The group, with its emphasis on claiming a Protocols-like myth, would influence the ideologies of Hitler and Alfred Rosenberg, mainly from 1918 to 1923, when Scheubner-Richter was killed by German police officers during the Beer Hall Putsch.[20][21]
The leaders of
Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 under the pretext of fighting
According to historian Jeffrey Herf, the Nazis used the purported international Jewish conspiracy to answer "such seemingly difficult questions as, Why did Britain fight on in 1940 rather than negotiate? Why was it likely that the Soviet regime would collapse like a house of cards following the German invasion of June 1941? Why did Franklin Roosevelt oppose Hitler? Why did the anti-Hitler coalition remain intact as the Red Army continued to push toward Central Europe after spring 1943?"[25] Nazi belief in a powerful, international Jewish conspiracy pulling the strings of world affairs was not dispelled by the ease with which the German Jewish community was expropriated and forced into exile.[28]
Malaysia
Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad has repeatedly asserted that Jews control the world by proxy.[29]
Turkey
In 2007, the bestselling book in Turkey was
United States
In
See also
References
- ^ a b Konda 2019, p. 67.
- ^ a b Bangerter et al. 2020, p. 206.
- ^ Jay, Martin. "Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe". Salmagundi Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011.
- ^ Rathje 2021, pp. 54–56.
- ^ a b Rathje 2021, p. 56.
- S2CID 238861172.
- ^ a b "Protocols of the Elders of Zion". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "A Hoax of Hate: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ^ Konda 2019, pp. 51, 67.
- ^ Rathje 2021, pp. 46, 64–65.
- ISBN 978-3-11-033827-0.
- .
- doi:10.37974/ALF.96.
- ISBN 0521816734.
- ISBN 9781610694780.
- ^ Davis, Bob (14 May 2014). "Is China Anti-Semitic? One Jew's Reflections". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ McGregor, Richard (25 September 2007). "Chinese buy into conspiracy theory". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ Keating, Joshua. "The World's Most Persistent Conspiracy Theories". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ a b Whitfield, Stephen (2 September 2020). "Why the 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion' is still pushed by anti-Semites more than a century after hoax first circulated". The Conversation. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
- JSTOR 3664431.
- JSTOR 10.1086/ahr.111.5.1618.
- ^ Herf 2006, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Herf 2006, p. 2.
- ^ Herf 2006, p. 7.
- ^ a b Herf 2006, p. 8.
- ^ Herf 2006, p. 10.
- ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.
- ^ Herf 2006, p. 37.
- ^ "Former Asian leader won't stop claiming Jews 'rule the world'". Washington Post. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
- ^ Baer 2013, p. 523.
- ^ Konda 2019, p. 50.
- ^ Ariel 2013, p. 146.
- ^ Ariel 2013, p. 147.
- ^ Ariel 2013, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Ariel 2013, p. 148.
- ^ Ariel 2013, p. 150.
- ^ "Nearly half of QAnon followers believe Jews are plotting to rule the world". Newsweek. 28 June 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
Sources
- Ariel, Yaakov (2013). "Evangelical Christians and Anti-Jewish Conspiracy Theories". An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6293-6.
- S2CID 159483845.
- Bangerter, Adrian; Wagner-Egger, Pascal; Delouvée, Sylvain (2020). "How Conspiracy Theories Spread". Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories. Routledge. S2CID 214062615.
- ISBN 978-0-674038-59-2.
- Konda, Thomas Milan (2019). Conspiracies of Conspiracies: How Delusions Have Overrun America. University of Chicago Press. S2CID 198104368.
- Rathje, Jan (2021). "'Money Rules the World, but Who Rules the Money?' Antisemitism in post-Holocaust Conspiracy Ideologies". Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds. Vol. 5. De Gruyter. pp. 45–68. ISBN 978-3-11-067196-4.
Further reading
- Bronner, Stephen Eric (2020). "Conspiracy Fetishism, Community, and the Antisemitic Imaginary". Antisemitism Studies. 4 (2): 371–387. S2CID 225095696.
- Byford, Jovan (2011). "Conspiracy Theory and Antisemitism". Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 95–119. ISBN 978-0-230-34921-6.
- Lebzelter, Gisela C. (1978). "The Myth of a Jewish World Conspiracy". Political Anti-Semitism in England 1918–1939. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 13–28. ISBN 978-1-349-04000-1.
- Ruotsila, Markku (2000). "Lord Sydenham of Combe's World Jewish Conspiracy". Patterns of Prejudice. 34 (3): 47–64. S2CID 144271307.
- Trawny, Peter (2021). Heidegger and the Myth of a Jewish World Conspiracy. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-30387-1.
- Waddington, Lorna (2007). Hitler's Crusade: Bolshevism and the Myth of the International Jewish Conspiracy. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-84511-556-2.