IMSA

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(Redirected from
International Motor Sports Association
)

This article is about the International Motor Sports Association. For other uses, see IMSA (disambiguation).
International Motor Sports Association
Daytona Beach, Florida
PresidentJohn Doonan
ChairmanJim France
CEOEd Bennett
Vice president(s)
  • Simon Hodgson
    (Competition)
  • David Pettit
    (Marketing)
Official website
www.imsa.com
United States
Canada

The International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) is a North American

WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, the premier series resulting from the merger of Grand-Am Road Racing and the American Le Mans Series. IMSA is owned by NASCAR, as a division of the company.[2]

History

John Bishop and SCCA

John Bishop, a Sikorsky employee, first became involved in motorsport in the 1950s when he met Dave Allen, a Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) staff member. Allen offered Bishop a management position on the SCCA Contest Board, which Bishop quickly accepted. Bishop moved to Westport, Connecticut shortly thereafter.[3] Bishop's duties consisted of defining technical rules and general administration of SCCA competition, as well as providing artwork for many of the club's magazines and event programmes.[4] He became well known in the motorsport scene and enjoyed a good relationship with the organization's president and Kimberly-Clark heir, James H. Kimberly.[5][6]

In 1958, things changed for Bishop as the SCCA experienced internal changes. A new executive director position was created, to which each regional executive reported. This position was taken by Hugo Rush, who later became instrumental in Allen's departure. Although Bishop's relationship with Rush was not good, Bishop gained a vast amount of experience and began to show his qualities as a manager.[3]

Rush would later depart due to his disagreement with the club as it moved to promote professional motor sports. Bishop took his place as executive director and was now responsible for both amateur and professional programs. To ensure a more serious level of competition, he was tasked with rewriting the technical rules for the newly formed Pro Racing program.[3]

The SCCA had now taken the big step up to professional racing. By 1962, the SCCA was tasked with managing major

CASC Can-Am series.[3]

In 1969, the tension and in-fighting caused Bishop to resign.[3]

Beginnings

Original logo, used from 1969 to 2013

Bill France Sr. was instrumental in the creation of the International Motor Sports Association. France founded NASCAR as a professional oval track series and wanted to do the same for road racing. After discussions with Bishop, IMSA was born and Bishop was given the sole control of the organization (like NASCAR, there was no board of directors). France financed the majority of the organization and owned 75% of the stock; Bishop owned the remaining 25%. The articles of incorporation were filed in Connecticut on June 23, 1969.[7]

The first race to be organized by IMSA was a Formula Vee and Formula Ford event at Pocono Raceway in October 1969. The SCCA threatened the circuit management and asked them to block IMSA from racing there. The event was held, although IMSA had to pay an additional $10,000 in rental fees. The race had an attendance of 328 spectators.[7]

The organization soldiered on despite the small crowds, and another ten races were planned. Bill France, suffering from financial setbacks, brought on new investors to take over part of his stake in the series.

GT era

Further information: IMSA GT Championship
Nissan NPT-91), Raul Boesel (XJR-16) and James Weaver (Porsche 962) in the Nissan Grand Prix of Ohio, at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, 1991[8][9]

At the end of the 1970 season, Bishop helped to establish the foundations of the FIA (

Group 4 cars with equity between competitors.[3]

The

1973, the 12 Hours of Sebring joined the IMSA GT Championship's schedule.[10] Later that year, the organization gained recognition from the ACCUS and the FIA. IMSA was scheduled to sanction the 1974 24 Hours of Daytona, but the race was cancelled because of the oil crisis.[11]

Bishop did not believe that

1977
.

In the same year, Bishop invited a pair of

1981, with separate rules similar to Group C (Bishop was unhappy with the fuel consumption formula of the latter).[12]

In

1984, Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA), the organizers of the World Endurance Championship (WEC), attempted to unite the two organizations by scrapping the existing formula and adopting IMSA rules. This did not please Porsche, which was spending vast sums of money on engine development at the time. Porsche responded by boycotting the 24 Hours of Le Mans of that year. FISA responded by abandoning the rule change for the time being.[12]

In

1987, FISA president Jean-Marie Balestre almost made a successful attempt to settle the dispute by announcing that turbochargers and fuel restrictions would be phased out by 1989 (excepting naturally aspirated engines below 3.5 liters). This attempt failed, as did another in 1991, in which with chassis ballast penalties for turbocharged cars rendered them uncompetitive, except at Le Mans.[12]

IMSA continued to have success with its own Camel GT series.[12]

New ownership

In 1987, John Bishop had to undergo a

heart bypass surgery, forcing him to rethink his priorities. He began to realise that the Camel GT series was in danger of becoming oriented toward the factory-backed teams and less to the privateers as Bishop originally intended. Rules were modified to accommodate the factory teams, which wanted to get into the series, despite Bishop's belief that such changes would be unfavorable to the series in the long run, especially if they failed to meet their objectives.[4]

In January 1989, the Bishops sold the company to Mike Cone and Jeff Parker, owners of the

IMSA Grand Prix of St. Petersburg.[4] Bishop shortly stepped down as the organisation's president in favor of Mark Raffauf, his deputy president and the organisation's representative on the ACCUS (Automobile Competition Committee for the United States), an FIA recognised sporting body.[12] Cone and Parker in turn sold the organization to businessman Charles Slater by the early 1990s.[13]

In 1996 Slater sold the organization with previously accumulated debt to Roberto Muller (ex-CEO of Reebok) and Wall Street based portfolio manager for Bill Gates, Andy Evans, who also was an IndyCar owner and owner/driver of the Scandia World Sports Car team. These changes would lead to the departure of many of the executive board members.[13] Evans was responsible for the name change to Professional Sports Car Racing (PSCR).[14]

In 1998 the United States Road Racing Championship was revived as an alternative to Professional Sports Car Racing, involving the Sports Car Club of America and headed by a group of competitors and ex-IMSA personnel, including John Bishop, Bill France Jr., Rob Dyson, Roger Penske, Skip Barber, and Ralph Sanchez. They wanted to keep rules within the United States. When this initially failed, as a result Don Panoz and Barber departed to affiliate themselves with PSCR.[14]

American Le Mans Series era

Further information: American Le Mans Series
American Le Mans Series at Road America, 2007

In the spring of 1998, Don Panoz created a partnership with the

Automobile Club de L'Ouest (ACO), the organizers of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, to begin a 10-hour race in the spirit of Le Mans, dubbed the Petit Le Mans to be held at Panoz's Road Atlanta facility. After the success of the inaugural Petit Le Mans as a part of the 1998 Professional SportsCar Racing Championship season, Panoz announced a new full season championship for 1999, to be known as the American Le Mans Series
(ALMS) which adopted the ACO's rulebook under PSCR sanction. The new series replaced the Professional Sports Car Racing championship as PSCR's headline series.

Under tremendous pressure from team owners and management, Evans sold Professional Sports Car Racing to

Star Mazda series, GT3 Cup Challenge and the Panoz GT Pro series. IMSA became part of Panoz Motorsports Group, which included the ALMS, Elan Motorsports Technology and Mosport, Sebring and Road Atlanta race tracks. Scott Atherton was appointed President of Panoz Motorsports Group and he appointed Tim Mayer
to manage IMSA. IMSA's main series, the [ALMS] focused on manufacturer entries along with top privateers with the worldwide prestige of championship greatly increasing.

After the

IRL
, this split was seen by many as being detrimental to the sport as a whole.

Purchase by NASCAR and reunification

Further information: IMSA SportsCar Championship
2014 24 Hours of Daytona, first race of reunified IMSA SportsCar Championship

In 2012, Don Panoz sold the Braselton, Georgia-based ALMS to Grand-Am Road Racing, in turn owned directly by NASCAR and helped organize a merger between the ALMS and the Rolex Sports Car Series. In 2013 the unified series was announced as the Tudor United SportsCar Championship (now IMSA SportsCar Championship). The announcement also confirmed that IMSA will manage and sanction the new series, operating as a wholly owned subsidiary of NASCAR.

On September 19, 2019, Scott Atherton announced retirement from his position as the President of the International Motor Sports Association at the end of 2019. He had held that role since the merger of IMSA's American Le Mans Series with the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series in 2014.[15] One month following that announcement, then-director of Mazda's motorsports program in North America, John Doonan, was confirmed to be Atherton's replacement.[16] Ed Bennett, longtime NASCAR executive, was also President and CEO of Grand-Am Road Racing from August 2011 to December 2013 during the merger period and has continued as CEO of the modern era IMSA since January 2014. [17]

At the 2021 Daytona 24 Hours, IMSA and the ACO announced the historic alignment of the technical regulations for sportscar racing, which was further detailed in June of that year, which brought about the convergence of all sportscar regulations between the FIA, IMSA and the ACO. [18]

In January 2022, IMSA bought

Rolex Monterey Motorsports Reunion.[17]

Circuits

Main article: List of IMSA SportsCar Championship circuits

Current sanctioned series

These are the series that are currently sanctioned and managed by the IMSA organization.

IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship

Main article: IMSA SportsCar Championship
Cars during the 2020 TireRack.com Grand Prix at Road Atlanta

The

LMP2, and GT3
cars.

IMSA Michelin Pilot Challenge

Main article: Michelin Pilot Challenge

The IMSA Michelin Pilot Challenge is a

Continental Tire having been title sponsor since the 2010 season until 2018. In 2019 Michelin replaced Continental Tire as supplier and title sponsor. This series uses TCR Touring Cars and GT4
cars.

IMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge

Main article: IMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge

The IMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge is a development series featuring

GT4 cars. The series was introduced in 2023 as a replacement for the IMSA Prototype Challenge series.[19] Races in this series are usually run in support of events for the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. Events consist of two 45-minute sprint races with no pit stops or driver changes. Unlike its predecessor series, the VP Racing SportsCar Challenge features multi-class racing with prototypes and GTs on track at the same time. As the series is a development series for higher tier series among IMSA's championships, drivers are required to hold either a Silver or Bronze categorization from the FIA.[20]

Porsche Carrera Cup North America

Main article: IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge

The Porsche GT3 Cup Challenge USA by Yokohama is a one-make series dedicated to the

2009, in the GTC Class. The series became the Porsche Carrera Cup North America
beginning in the 2021 season.

Ferrari Challenge

Main article: Ferrari Challenge

The Ferrari Challenge is a one-make series dedicated currently to the Ferrari 488, which was previously sanctioned by Grand-Am prior to the merger.

Lamborghini Super Trofeo

Main article: Lamborghini Super Trofeo

The Lamborghini Super Trofeo is a one-make series dedicated currently to multi-class racing, showcasing both the new Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo and the Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo that was the exclusive car for the first two seasons of the North America championship in 2013 and 2014. The series debuted in North America under IMSA sanction in 2013.

Mazda MX-5 Cup

Main article:
Mazda MX-5 Cup

The Mazda MX-5 Cup presented by BFGoodrich Tires is the signature spec series for the Mazda Road to 24.

The MX-5 Cup race cars start as complete MX-5 road cars from the Mazda Hiroshima, Japan factory before being transported to engineering development partner Flis Performance in Daytona Beach, Florida, where they are transformed into a race car.

The series entered a sanctioning agreement with IMSA beginning with the 2021 season.

Ford Mustang Challenge

Main article: IMSA Ford Mustang Challenge

In July 27th, 2023, Ford and IMSA announced that the 7th Generation Mustang would have its own spec-racing series called Mustang Challenge, IMSA will sanction the championship with the organizaton of Ford themselves via the Ford Performance Racing School.[21][22]

IMSA HSR Prototype Challenge

On October 24th, 2023, it was announced that HSR (owned by IMSA since January 2022) and IMSA were forming a new prototype-only series for both LMP3 Gen 1 and Gen 2 cars called the IMSA HSR Prototype Challenge. A minimum 20-car grid was announced as the requirement for standalone races to be held, if not incorporated into races with other prototypes. The six-event calendar will follow HSR's usual events, including the Classic 24 Hour at Daytona and the Classic 12 Hour at Sebring.[23]

Defunct series

These are the series that were formerly run by the IMSA organization.

IMSA GT Championship

Main article: IMSA GT Championship

American Le Mans Series

Main article: American Le Mans Series

IMSA IS

The International Sedan Series was short-lived and the genesis of the Radial Sedan Series. It is unclear if the 1969 inaugural IMSA Sedan race held at the Talladega Superspeedway Road Course was designated International Sedan Series or not[citation needed]. That being the only race held in 1969 details are sketchy[citation needed], but over the winter of 1969–70 rules were officially promulgated for this Series. It was initially to be known as the International 100 Series as it was intended for sedans up to 100 c.i or 1600 cc., however was revised prior to the start of the 1970 season to include larger engines and presumably the name change to International Sedan Series.

The next year, 1971, the Series was revamped and became the Radial Sedan Series with the revolutionary innovation of requiring DOT radial tires. New rules allowed for cars over 1.6 L divided between two classes. Class A was for Sedans under 2 L., except for overhead cam engines which were limited to 1.6 L. Class B was for larger engines up to whatever IMSA decided appropriate for the Class which was the AMC Gremlin's 232 c.i. for the duration of the 'original' RS Series.

As an aside, the "Baby Grand" moniker frequently applied to these IMSA Series was just that, a nickname. Around this same time a series that was officially designated Baby Grand (better and later known as the

Goody's Dash Series) was sanctioned by NASCAR and consisted of 4-cylinder cars purpose-built to run NASCAR ovals. A few RS regulars are known to have run both Series with the same car making minimal changes to accommodate the difference in rules. Carson Baird, driving a Dodge Colt, was one of these 'crossover' competitors.[citation needed
]

IMSA RS

The IMSA RS Series (for radial sedan) began as the Baby Grand Series, in 1971. Originally sponsored by B.F. Goodrich (therefore known as Goodrich Radial Challenge) until they dropped sponsorship midway through 1975 (or 1976) and then by Goodyear (becoming the Goodyear Radial Challenge), and later as Champion Spark Plug Challenge.[citation needed]

The initial race held was in 1969 at

Montgomery Speedway, Alabama, Red Farmer won in a specially prepared Datsun 510. Feezell didn't fare too well having to drive against the local four-cylinder "beater class" cars brought in to fill out the field, with their protruding wheels rubbing Racey's "immaculate" Alfa Romeo. Infuriated, Feezell quit and never ran another IMSA RS race after that.[citation needed
]

The idea was to attract racers who did not have the budgets that were required in the GT category as well as an emphasis on compact sedans such as the

Trans-Am's Two-Five Challenge rules.[28][29]

The series became dominated mostly by

SCCA
sanctions events for mostly-stock and all-stock cars.

American Challenge

The American Challenge (in full, Kelly American Challenge), otherwise abbreviated as AAC was a category for US-built cars and throughout the series, it was always run as a support race to the premier GT series. Starting in 1977, the series ran until 1989.

Clay Young, Lyn St. James and Paul Gentilozzi.[32]

IMSA Renault Cup

The

Renault Encore. The West Coast Series started after the first successful year on the East Coast, but ran the Renault Alliance which had just been introduced.[33][34]

The genesis of the series was an association of drivers, Associated Road Racers (ARR), founded by Steve Coleman of Raleigh, North Carolina. The association's objective was to start an inexpensive but competitive series with large car counts. The main prerequisite requirement was a series that would allow drivers who had regular jobs and a life to compete with at least a chance to win the championship without having to travel coast to coast, as was the case with other similar series such as the VW Bilstein Cup. The preference was to have a roughly ten-race schedule, with each driver's best six finishes counting toward the Championship.

ARR's members were mostly

Nissan
, and Renault. All except Renault either rejected the proposal or did not respond.

Renault not only responded, it jumped at the chance, since it was quite familiar with the concept of a one-make series. ARR and Renault negotiated to finalize a format competing with the Le Car R5. Due to classic concerns of track owners and sanctioning bodies, Renault was reluctant to agree to the drivers' points system. Their counterproposal was to run an East Coast series in lieu of nationwide. Since most of the interested drivers were from the East Coast, and the amount of travel required was somewhat limited, this was accepted by the drivers.

Once Renault was on board, John Bishop, President of IMSA, was approached to sanction the series. He was very skeptical at first. A meeting was held on April 4, 1981 at Road Atlanta between Bishop, B Clar, the US Competition Director of Renault, and Coleman representing the drivers. Renault offered a major support program and ARR would guarantee a minimum of twenty-five entrants for the first race. Bishop, still skeptical, agreed to sanction the series. Coleman even suggested there might be as many as fifty, if Renault and IMSA didn't revise the proposed series rules to a point the majority of drivers would pull out before then. Still skeptical he agreed, convinced by Renault's commitment and the driver's assurances of a full field for the inaugural race. Exactly one year to the date on April 4, 1982, the inaugural race was held at Road Atlanta. 51 Le Cars started the race.[citation needed]

One notable driver to come from the series was Parker Johnstone; he took runner-up spot on his debut season in 1984 and would virtually dominate the series following that.[35][36]

IMSA Showroom Stock

In 1985, IMSA would undergo a major rules reformat while still retaining its sponsor, therefore it was still known by its sponsor's moniker. This time, the series was more restricted to current models, that is to say models then currently available for retail sale in dealerships throughout the US. Other than that, the series had rules and race formats that were similar to the RS series, being an endurance series.

At the end of the 1987 season, Champion stepped down as sponsor and was replaced by

Bosch and Kendall Oil
were also associate sponsors.

Most of the drivers that competed in the series were amateurs or semi-professional, whilst a few made their living out of competing in the series.

Speedvision
Cup, named for the former motosports-oriented television network.

During the sportscar racing "split" from 1998 until 2013, a rival series from Canada, the

Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge
.

There are three classes, sorted in order from the highest

IMSA Bridgestone Supercar Championship

IMSA also hosted the Bridgestone Supercar Championship, sponsored by the sister brand of Firestone,

Elliot Forbes-Robinson, Andy Pilgrim and Paul Newman.[38] with a total prize fund of $555,555 for the 1992 season. All cars had to run on road-going Bridgestone Potenza RE71 tires which were trimmed to semi-racing depth and during a wet race, cars raced on full depth.[37]

The series was not without controversy, mainly for the all-composite Consulier GTP, as it was bordering on a departure from the showroom stock ethos, as well as being criticised for having little common with cars that the general public ever saw on a public road.[37] The GTP debuted with just four silver Consulier Series II GTP at

Callaway Twin Turbo Corvette
, and Jim Minnaker in a factory ZR1 Corvette. It was subsequently announced by IMSA that they felt that it was not in the best interests of the series to allow the Consulier to continue with such a massive weight advantage, so as a result they added a 300 lb (140 kg) weight penalty to the GTP, before its being barred from the series altogether at the end of the season, despite taking a runner up spot.

Formula BMW USA

Main article: Formula BMW

The Formula BMW USA series is the North American version of the open-wheel series supported by BMW. All running identical chassis powered by BMW motorcycle engines, the series serves as stepping stone for formula car drivers moving into higher international series. A world championship of all Formula BMW series is run at the end of the year, taking the top drivers from Formula BMW USA and the other similar series elsewhere in the world.

Atlantic Championship

Main article:
Atlantic Championship

In June 2008, IMSA began sanction of the Atlantic Championship for two seasons. The series later came under SCCA Pro Racing sanction in 2012.

Panoz Racing Series

Originally began as Women's Global GT Series, formed by Lyn St. James in 1999, the series began as a support race to ALMS for women racers, using the race modified version of the Panoz Esperante series of cars.[39] The series was an invitational affair with forty one drivers are selected out of four hundred applicants to participate in the Women's Global GT Series.[40] The grid would usually consists of experienced racers such as former Formula One drivers, Giovanna Amati and Divina Galica, NASCAR's Shawna Robinson, and Italian Audi factory team touring car driver Tamara Vidali against talented amateur drivers from varying degrees of professions, such as radio personality, police officer, law student, and racing simulations art designer for Microsoft.[39]

Ultra 94 Porsche Cup Challenge Canada by Yokohama

Main article: IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge Canada

In 2011, IMSA created the Ultra 94 Porsche Cup Challenge Canada by Yokohama, which races in support of major Canadian motorsports events including, the

Grand Prix de Trois-Rivières
. The series was replaced by the Porsche Carrera Cup North America in 2021.

IMSA Prototype Challenge

Main articles:
Mazda Prototype Lites and IMSA Prototype Challenge

The

GT4
in their respective classes with shorter race distances.

References

  1. ^ "IMSA". IMSA. Archived from the original on 2017-07-04. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  2. ^ @bobpockrass (October 20, 2019). "@DrewPalmquist IMSA Holdings is a division of NASCAR" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "IMSAblog: A tribute to John Bishop". 23 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
  4. ^
    ISBN 1-893618-01-3
    .
  5. ^ By (2 February 1994). "James Kimberly, Kleenex heir, dies". Archived from the original on 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  6. ^ "IMSAblog: Do you want to know about GT racing in the 70s". January 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
  7. ^ a b "IMSA At 50: Part One, Overview & The 1970s – dailysportscar.com". www.dailysportscar.com. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
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  9. ^ "Racing Sports Cars". Racing Sports Cars. 1991-02-06. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
  10. ^ How Sebring Was Saved From Oblivion in 1973 - International Motor Racing Research Center / IMSA 1969-1989
  11. ^ 1975 – The First 24 Hours of Daytona Sanctioned by IMSA - International Motor Racing Research Center
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    .
  13. ^ a b "IMSA wheels some of its people to NY, Indy dmyauthor=". Tampa Bay Business Journal. January 20, 1997. Archived from the original on 2010-12-09. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
  14. ^ a b c Smotherman, Mark (24 June 2007). "Selected Sports Car Racing History:1997 shakeup in US". Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
  15. ^ Pruett, Marshall (September 19, 2019). "Atherton to leave IMSA after 2019 season". racer.com. Racer Media & Marketing, Inc. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  16. ^ Pruett, Marshall (October 15, 2019). "Doonan named new IMSA president". racer.com. Racer Media & Marketing Inc. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  17. ^ a b "IMSA Acquires Historic Sportscar Racing | IMSA".
  18. ^ "IMSA Senior Leadership Team Organizational Structure Finalized". 18 June 2013.
  19. ^ "IMSA to Replace Prototype Challenge with New Sprint Racing Class in 2023". autoweek.com. Hearst Autos, Inc. July 1, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  20. ^ "IMSA Confirms VP Racing SportsCar Challenge for 2023". sportscar365.com. John Dagys Media, LLC. July 1, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  21. ^ Gauthier, Michael (2023-07-27). "Whoa, Nellie! Ford Mustang Dark Horse R Introduced For One-Make Racing Series". Carscoops. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  22. ^ "IMSA-Sanctioned Mustang Challenge Ready to Launch in 2024". IMSA Official Website. 2023-07-27. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  23. ^ "HSR Prototype Challenge by IMSA Set to Launch in 2024". sportscar365.com. John Dagys Media. October 24, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  24. ^ "1969 IMSA - round 1". Archived from the original on 2014-12-28. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
  25. ^ "IMSA International Sedan race". www.ultimateracinghistory.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  26. ^ "1970 IMSA - round 2". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
  27. ^ "Autodelta Ti Super - Alfa Romeo Bulletin Board & Forums". www.alfabb.com. Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  28. ^ "The history of the Trans-AM 2.5 Challenge". www.bsedan.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014.
  29. ^ "Grassroots Motorsports » Potent Pintos: These Drivers Have No Worries About Being Hit from Behind". Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  30. ^ "Mazda Motorsports – Mazda Motorsports Development". MazdaUSA.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  31. ^ "AIM". members.aol.com. Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  32. ^ http://www.wspr-racing.com/wspr/results/imsa/nf_imsa_home.html WSPR-Racing.com
  33. ^ My Renault Racing History
  34. ^ "Page D-1". 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-09-12. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  35. ^ "Parker Johnstone - A Sponsors Dream Driver". Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  36. ^ "INDYLIGHTS: Parker Johnstone Teams With Dorricott Racing". www.theautochannel.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
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  38. ^ "International Motor Sport Association". Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  39. ^ a b "Giovanna Amati - Biography". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  40. ^ "A Sporting Life page 2". Archived from the original on 2007-08-13. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  41. ^ "Prototype Lites: 2011 Season Preview". eSportsRacer.com. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2011.

External links

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