Internet in Denmark

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Internet in Denmark
next generation access
73%[1]
Rural next generation access3%[1]
DOCSIS 3 access61%[1]
VDSL access21%[1]
FTTP access43%[1]
4G/LTE access65%[1]
Median speed downstream[Nb 1]20,4 Mbit/s [2]
Median speed upstream1,9 Mbit/s[2]
Investment per household$457[1]
2012 price 12-30 Mbit/s[1]$23.40[1]
Year2012

In an international context

FTTH for private and business end users.[4][5]

In 2012, Denmark was ranked third by OECD in terms of wired broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (see the bar chart below).[6] The same year 99,9 % of all households and companies were able to connect to the internet via a broadband connection of at least 2 Mbit/s.[7] As of 2015, 1.3 million Danish households are connected to the internet via TDC's coax and fiber, all of whom will soon have the opportunity to receive one gigabit per second connection.[8]

In 2012, Denmark performed poorly in terms of next generation access in rural areas compared to several other countries in the EU and the US.[9]

History

In May 1985, The

TCP/IP standard.[12]

Besides the US's NSFnet (which was the immediate forerunner of the Internet), the NORDUnet was also connected to a similar European network such as the European Academic and Research Network (EARN) which again connected to different National research and education networks.[12]

Around the same time as the establishing of NORDUnet, Denmark established its own national research and education network called Danish Network for Research and Education (also known as DeIC), which became operational in 1987, thus connecting the research departments of several Danish universities with one another and the world via NORDUnet.[13]

In 1994, the Danish Internet Exchange Point (DIX) was set up to facilitate easy communication between different Internet service providers (ISPs).[14]

Denmark's first broadband connections for households were offered as Internet over cable television by the country's second-largest cable TV provider Stofa in 1996, to a single town – three years before the first ADSL products were offered (see xDSL section below).[15] In 1998 Stofa started a general roll-out to other cities and towns.[16] At the end of 2000, Denmark's largest cable TV provider TDC launched a similar product.[17]

xDSL

ADSL was introduced commercially to Denmark in 1999 by the then 4-year-old company Cybercity. TDC launched its own ADSL products the following year and quickly became the dominant ADSL company[1][18]

In 2005 a new company Fullrate established itself as a low cost ISP and managed to obtain a market share of 4,1 percent between 2005 and 2009.

ADSL2+ technology.[20] Fullrate was bought by TDC in 2008.[19]

TDC launched its first

VDSL2 products in June 2007[21] but until 2011 the countrywide VDSL2 coverage was nonetheless no greater than 2% only achieving 21% by the year 2012.[22]

As of the end of 2012, TDC controlled 74% of the Danish xDSL market[1] and roughly about half of all internet connections were based on xDSL technology.[23] As of 2013 98% of all house holds and companies were able to access a xDSL connection of at least 2 Mbit/s downstream.[24]

Mobile broadband

A Danish chimney with 3G and 4G (LTE) antennas attached to it

In stark contrast to the infrastructure of cable based internet connections the Danish

TDC) and divided into 3 independent networks (Telia and Telenor share a joint mobile network) each with countrywide 2G coverage and close to countrywide 3G coverage.[25][26][27][28] Competition is fierce and best described as an all out price war which commentators (such as ComputerWorld.dk) and the industry itself alike has characterized as unsustainable in the long run.[28]

public spectrum auctionings of 4G licenses more than 99% of the Danish population must be covered by at least a 10 Mbit/s 4G service by 2015.[29]

FTTP

OECD countries fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by technology, December 2013. Notice Denmark's third place and the mix of different technologies

The traditional telephone companies have historically shown little to no interest in implementing

fiber to the premises (FTTP).[3][30] In 2005 this led 14 local and regional power companies to invest around 1 billion pounds between 2005 and 2013 in building a FTTP infrastructure from scratch. The power companies usually roll out fiber optic cables when they need to dig in an area due to works on subterranean power cables.[31][32]

Sale of DONG Energy's FTTH network

The biggest of these power companies – the state-owned

FTTH with works on subterranean power cables. Since the purchase of DONG Energy's fiber optic network, the roll-out of FTTH in the Copenhagen area has practically been ignored by TDC and left to a few small companies focusing on a small number of clients. Even though the fiber optic cables were in the ground TDC emphasized the marketing of fiber optic products to the extent of not mentioning it as a product on its own webpage.[34] Furthermore, fiber optic connections were downgraded to asymmetric speeds resembling that of VDSL2.[34] In 2012 TDC responded to the criticism by stating that "the Danes don't care about fiber optics". TDC also emphasized that the company did use the fiber optics network it had purchased from DONG Energy, but usually as a backbone for its VDSL2 products.[35]

In the meantime the remaining 13 local and regional power companies have managed to build up a customer base of more than 250.000 house holds and as of 2013 43% of all Danish households had access to FTTH.[1] The biggest FTTP player is FIBIA.[36]

DOCSIS

As of 2013,

subsidiary company YouSee while the second-largest market share of around 10% is controlled by Stofa, which was purchased in 2014 by the biggest FTTH company S.E (abbreviation for Southern Energy).[1][38] S.E has referred to the purchase of Stofa as a direct attempt to challenge TDC's dominant position in the cable TV and DOCSIS market.[39]

Due to TDC's very dominant position, The Danish Business Authority has ordered TDC to open its coaxial network to other competitors since 2009. This has however not brought any new competitors to compete with TDC on DOCSIS 3 connections; this is because TDC has set up its system in such a way that any customer has to buy regular cable TV from TDC before the customer can purchase any DOCSIS 3 connection from a competitor. In 2014, The Danish Business Authority started taking steps towards new regulation demanding that TDC should open its coaxial network in terms of both cable TV and DOCSIS 3 to arbitrage competitors.[40]

WiMAX

Until 2009, Clearwire operated a somewhat countrywide WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) network with about 10,000 customers.[41] After the bankruptcy of Clearewire's Danish subsidiary its customers were taken over by the WiMAX ISP Skyline which already had its own customer base of around 10.000 - mostly situated in Jutland and Funen.[41] From 2009-2012 Skyline's customer base grew to about 40,000 subscribers, however Skyline filed for bankruptcy on 10 May 2012 saying that the development of 4G services along with falling market prices had made it unsustainable for the company to continue its enterprise.[42] As of 2014, the small 10-man company AirNet operated a scattered but growing WiMAX network focusing on rural areas with poor or no broadband access and offering speeds of up to 20/2 Mbit/s down- and upstream, respectively.[43]

Internet censorship

Main article: Censorship in Denmark

According to the

ISPs to block the sites The Pirate Bay and AllOfMP3 in a 2008 civil lawsuit on the grounds of copyrights infringements.[45]

List of Internet Service Providers

Major providers:

Other notable providers:

Footnotes

  1. xDSL
    these have a tendency to be overstated compared to achievable speeds for the end user.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o John H. Chestnut (June 2014). "U.S. vs. European Broadband Deployment: What Do the Data Say?". University of Pennsylvania Law School. p. 36. Archived from the original on 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  2. ^
    ISSN 1903-3761. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
  3. ^ a b Povl D. Rasmussen (23 April 2010). "Telia og Telenor: Vi er uden alternativer til TDC's net" (in Danish). ComputerWorld.dk. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  4. ^ Kirstine Kloster Andersen (25 October 2012). "SE: Stofa-køb er et frontalangreb på TDC" (in Danish). ComputerWorld.dk. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  5. ^ a b "Ejerkreds" (in Danish). NiaNet.dk. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  6. ^ "Bredbåndskortlægning 2012". OECD. Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  7. ISSN 1903-3761. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  8. ^ Elkær, Mads (2015-08-27). "Sådan vil TDC levere 1 gigabit-internet til danskerne" [This is how TDC will deliver a 1 gigabit-internet to the Danes]. Computerworld (in Danish). Computerworld. Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
  9. ^ John H. Chestnut (June 2014). "U.S. vs. European Broadband Deployment: What Do the Data Say?". University of Pennsylvania. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  10. ^ Rolf Nordhagen. "NORDUNET: THE ROOTS OF NORDIC NETWORKING" (PDF). p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  11. ^ Rolf Nordhagen. "NORDUNET: THE ROOTS OF NORDIC NETWORKING" (PDF). p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  12. ^ a b Rolf Nordhagen. "NORDUNET: THE ROOTS OF NORDIC NETWORKING" (PDF). p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  13. ^ "Danish e-Infrastructure Cooperation Forskningsnettet" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  14. ^ "The Danish Internet Exchange Point". Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  15. ^ Asbjørn Jørgensen (April 6, 1998). "100.000 Stofa-kunder kan få Internet" (in Danish). Jyllands-Postenk. Archived from the original on 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  16. ^ Asbjørn Jørgensen (April 6, 1998). "Hård dyst om kabel-bredbånd mellem Stofa og TDC" (in Danish). Jyllands-Postenk. Archived from the original on 2014-12-06. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  17. ^ Henning Mølsted (22 January 2004). "Tele Danmark klar med Internet over kabel-tv i Århus" (in Danish). Ingeniøren. Archived from the original on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  18. ^ "Cybercitys historie" (in Danish). Telenor. Archived from the original on 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  19. ^ a b Povl D. Rasmussen & Mads Bang (13 March 2009). "TDC dæmper pres på ADSL-priser med Fullrate-køb" (in Danish). ComputerWorld.dk. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
  20. ^ Kapser Villum Jensen (30 January 2007). "Fullrate indtager Århus og Aalborg" (in Danish). ComputerWorld.dk. Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
  21. ^ "Superhurtigt bredbånd fra TDC" (in Danish). TDC. 13 March 2009. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
  22. ^ John H. Chestnut (June 2014). "U.S. vs. European Broadband Deployment: What Do the Data Say?". University of Pennsylvania Law School. p. 35. Archived from the original on 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  23. ISSN 1903-3761. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
  24. ISSN 1903-3761. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
  25. ^ "2G-3G Denmark". sensorly.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-29. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  26. ^ "Netværk" (in Danish). 3.dk. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  27. ^ "Nyt Mobilnetværk" (in Danish). TDC. Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  28. ^ a b Kim Stensdal (19 August 2014). "TDC, Telia, Telenor og 3: Nu er de fire - men snart kun tre" (in Danish). ComputerWorld.dk. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-09-21. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  29. ^ John H. Chestnut (June 2014). "U.S. vs. European Broadband Deployment: What Do the Data Say?". University of Pennsylvania Law School. p. 38. Archived from the original on 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  30. ^ Jesper Kildebogaard (7 December 2012). "TDC: Danskerne er ligeglade med fiber". Version 2. Archived from the original on 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  31. ^ Dansk Energi (25 February 2013). "Om energiselskabernes fibernet". University of Pennsylvania Law School. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  32. ^ Dansk Energi. "ENERGISELSKABERNES FIBERNET". p. 1. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  33. ^ Kim Stensdal (17 November 2009). "TDC køber DONG fibernet for trecifret millionbeløb" (in Danish). ComputerWorld.dk. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  34. ^ a b Jesper Kildebogaard (14 December 2011). "TDC gemmer fiberforbindelser for kunderne: Vil hellere bruge kobberet" (in Danish). Version2. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  35. ^ Jesper Kildebogaard (7 December 2012). "TDC: Danskerne er ligeglade med fiber" (in Danish). Version2. Archived from the original on 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
  36. ^ "Om FIBIA" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  37. ISSN 1903-3761. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
  38. ^ Henrik Rasch (27 August 2014). "Stofa-fusion er startskud for frontalt angreb på TDC" (in Danish). ComputerWorld.dk. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-09-06. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
  39. ^ Kirstine Kloster Andersen (25 October 2012). "SE: Stofa-køb er et frontalangreb på TDC" (in Danish). ComputerWorld.dk. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-15.
  40. ^ Jesper Kildebogaard. "Mere konkurrence på Yousees kabel-tv er på vej" (in Danish). version2.dk. Archived from the original on 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
  41. ^ a b Thomas Breinstrup (21 October 2009). "Danske Telecom under konkurs" (in Danish). Berlingske. Archived from the original on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-09-30.
  42. ^ Theis Holtz Hansen (10 May 2012). "4G tvinger Skyline til konkurs" (in Danish). Version2. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-09-30.
  43. ^ Andreas Lolk (2012-07-13). "AirNet – en mulig arvtager efter Skyline?" (in Danish). Bredbaandsluppen. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-09-30.
  44. ^ "Global Internet Filtering Map". OpenNet Initiative. Archived from the original on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
  45. ^ Rune Pedersen (26 November 2008). "Østre Landsret stadfæster spærring af Pirate Bay" (in Danish). ComputerWorld. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
  46. ^ "Hvem er 3?" (in Danish). 3.dk. Archived from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  47. ^ "Dansk Bredbånd solgt til Waoo!" (in Danish). telemarkedet.dk. 2010-08-05. Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
  48. ^ "Gigabit Danmarks hurtigste internet" [Gigabit Denmark's fastest internet]. Gigabit.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
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