Internet in India

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Internet in India began in 1986 and was initially available only to the educational and research community. General public access to the internet in India began on 15 August 1995. American multinational digital communications technology conglomerate Cisco estimated that India will have more than 900 million Internet users by 2023.[1]

It is reported that in 2022 an average mobile Internet consumption in India was 19.5 GB per month and the mobile data usage per month rose from 4.5 exabytes in 2018 to 14.4 exabytes in 2022.[2][3]

As of February 2024, the Internet is delivered to India mainly by 17 different undersea fibres, including SEA-ME-WE 3, Bay of Bengal Gateway and Europe India Gateway, arriving at 5 different landing points.[4] In 2022, it was reported that India is also a potential market of Starlink.[5] And apart from having one overland internet connection at the city of Agartala near the border with Bangladesh, India has also established a 2,300-kilometre undersea cable to its Andaman and Nicobar archipelago in 2020 and a 1,868 kilometre undersea cable to Lakshadweep islands to increase internet connectivity.[6][7]

The Indian Government has embarked on projects such as

to further expedite the growth of internet-based ecosystems.

Reliance has started the project of underlying submarine cable connecting continents of Europe and Asia and keeping India its centre India-Europe-Xpress (IEX) and India-Asia-Xpress (IAX) - the world's largest submarine cable system, are said to be ready between 2023 and 2024.[8]

There are now over 850 million Internet users in India, according to the latest data from the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI).

History

While early computer networks were operated since the late 1970s by the

UUNet in Virginia, United States. NICNet was established in 1995 for communications between government institutions. The network was operated by the National Informatics Centre.[12]

The first publicly available internet service in India was launched by state-owned

Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) on 15 August 1995.[14][15] At the time, VSNL had a monopoly over international communications in the country and private enterprise was not permitted in the sector. The internet service, known as the Gateway Internet Access Service (GIAS), provided a speed of 9.6 kbit/s speed and was priced at ₹5,200 for 250 hours for individuals, ₹16,200 for institutional dial-up SLIP/PPP accounts, and higher for leased line services.[16]

However, for the next 10 years, the Internet experience in the country remained less attractive, with narrow-band connections having speeds less than 56 kbit/s (dial-up).[17][18]

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) access was introduced in 1997.[18]

In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy, which defined

broadband as "an always-on Internet connection with a download speed of 256 kbit/s or above."[17] From 2005 onward, the growth of the broadband sector in the country accelerated but remained below the growth estimates of the government and related agencies due to resource issues in last-mile access, which were predominantly wired-line technologies. This bottleneck was removed in 2010 when the government auctioned the 3G spectrum, followed by an equally high-profile auction of 4G spectrum, that set the scene for a competitive and invigorated wireless broadband market. 5G drives India's internet speed, ranking up 72 places, ahead of many G20 countries.[19] After the launch of Reliance Jio in 2016, Internet data rates dropped considerably, and telecom companies expanded their fiber optic networks in competition. Today, internet access in India is provided by both public and private companies using a variety of technologies and media, including dial-up (PSTN), xDSL, coaxial cable, Ethernet, FTTH, ISDN, HSDPA (3G), Wi-Fi, WiMAX, etc., at a wide range of speeds and costs.[20]

Technologies

Overview

Wired Internet access technologies by usage share as of 30 September 2023.

  
Dial up
(0.01%)

Wireless Internet access technologies by usage share as of 30 September 2023.

  
VSAT
(0.09%)

Wireless Internet

The following frequencies are used to provide wireless Internet services in India:[21]

Wired Internet

Fixed-line or wired Internet technologies used in India include digital subscriber line, (DSL), Dial-up Internet access, Ethernet and local area network (LAN), Cable modem, fibre to the home, and leased line.[23]

Internet speed

In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy which defined broadband as "an always-on Internet connection with download speed of 256 kbit/s or above."[17] The definition was amended in July 2013 defining broadband as a "data connection that supports interactive services, including internet access, capable of a minimum download speed of 256 kbps to an individual subscriber."[24][25] The minimum download speed was officially raised from 256 kbit/s to 512 kbit/s in August 2014.[26]

On September 1, 2021, TRAI increased the minimum broadband speed to 2 Mbit/s.[27] The regulator announced that broadband would now be defined as "an always-on data connection, provided over fixed or wireless infrastructure, that is able to support multiple information and interactive services such as Internet access and on-demand video and offers a minimum downlink and uplink speed of 2 Mbps to an individual subscriber from the point of presence (POP) of the service provider intending to provide the broadband service.".[28]

The worldwide broadband speed league ranked India 74th out of 221 countries with a mean download speed of 47.99 Mbit/s as of 30 June 2023.

Akamai Q1 2017 State of the Internet Report, the average internet connection speed in India is 6.5 Mbit/s and the average peak connection speed is 41.4 Mbit/s. Globally, India was ranked 89th out of 149 countries/regions by average internet connection speed and 97th by average peak connection speed. 42% of internet users in India have an average internet connection speed of above 4 Mbit/s, 19% have a speed of over 10 Mbit/s, and 10% enjoy speeds over 15 Mbit/s. The average internet connection speed on mobile networks in India was 4.9 Mbit/s.[30][31]

According to the November 2023 Speedtest Global Index, published by Speedtest.net, India was ranked 18th out of 145 countries by median mobile Internet speed and 87th out of 181 countries by median fixed broadband speed. The median fixed broadband download speed in India is 58.62 Mbit/s, and the median fixed broadband upload speed is 50.42 Mbit/s. Speedtest recorded the median download speed on mobile connections in India as 94.62 Mbit/s and the median upload speed as 9.02 Mbit/s.[32]

Internet user base

India has the second highest number of Internet users in the world.[33] The following table provides an overview of Internet subscriber statistics in India as on 30 September 2023.[23]

Statistic Figures
Total subscribers 918.19 million
Narrowband subscribers 33.19 million
Broadband subscribers 885 million
Wired subscribers 37.11 million
Wireless subscribers 881.08 million
Urban subscribers 542.53 million
Rural subscribers 375.66 million
Overall net penetration 65.89%
Urban net penetration 110.03%
Rural net penetration 41.72%

The World Economic Forum (WEF) estimated that about 60% of Indian internet users viewed vernacular content and only about a quarter of internet users were over the age of 35 years in 2019. The WEF also estimated that 1.1 billion Indians would have access to the Internet by 2030, with 80% of the subscriber base primarily accessing the Internet on mobile devices. The profile of India's internet user base was predicted to diversify by 2030 with 80% of users accessing vernacular content and with users over 25 years making up 45% of the total subscriber base.[34] There is also a digital gender gap with far more male Internet users in the country compared to female users. The gap is more pronounced in rural hinterlands compared to urban metros.[35]

Access to the Internet can be divided into dial-up and broadband access. Around the start of the 21st century, most residential access was by dial-up, while access from businesses was usually by higher speed connections. In subsequent years dial-up declined in favour of broadband access. Both types of access generally use a modem, which converts digital data to analog for transmission over a particular analog network (ex. the telephone or cable networks).[36]

56k modem.[36]

Broadband access includes a wide range of speeds and technologies, all of which provide much faster access to the Internet than dial-up. The term "

DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines), Fibre to the x (Optical fibre network), Cable Internet access, Satellite Internet access, mobile broadband via cell phones and other mobile devices among many others.[37]

Internet service providers

There were 1151

BSNL (3.06%) and Atria Convergence Technologies (0.24%) were the five largest ISPs by subscribers in India as on 30 September 2023.[23]

As on 30 September 2023, the five largest wired broadband providers in India are Jio (26.28%), Airtel (18.93%), BSNL (10.08%), Atria Convergence Technologies (5.92%), Hathway (3.01%). Other wired ISPs account for the remaining 35.78% of subscribers. The five largest wireless broadband providers are Jio (50.98%), Airtel (30.63%), Vodafone Idea (15.57%), BSNL (2.77%) and Intech Online Pvt. Ltd (0.03%).[23]

The

telecom circles of Maharashtra (78.36 million), Uttar Pradesh (73.59 million), Bihar (69.89 million), Andhra Pradesh (68.38 million), and Madhya Pradesh (62.85 million) have the most internet subscribers as on 30 September 2023.[23]

The total international Internet bandwidth owned by Indian ISPs was 42,133 Gbit/s as on 30 September 2023.[23] International bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transmission from a single country to the rest of the world.[38]

Broadband subscribers

Market share of broadband (wired + wireless) services in India as of 31 December 2023 according to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)[39]

  Jio (51.98%)
  Airtel (29.27%)
  Vi (14.07%)
  BSNL (2.78%)
  ACT (0.25%)
  Others (1.65%)

The following table shows the top 5 broadband (Wired and Wireless) service providers in India by total subscriber base as of 31 December 2023.

Operator Subscribers
million
)
Ownership
Jio 470.19 Jio Platforms
Airtel 264.76 Bharti Airtel
Vi 127.29
Vodafone Idea Limited
BSNL 25.12 Government of India
ACT 2.23 Atria Convergence

The following table shows the top 5 Wired broadband service providers in India by total subscriber base as of 31 December 2023.

Provider Subscribers
million
)
Ownership
Jio 10.38 Jio Platforms
Airtel 7.39 Bharti Airtel
BSNL 3.83 Government of India
ACT 2.23 Atria Convergence
OneOTT Intertainment 1.21 Hinduja Group

The following table shows the top 5 Wireless broadband service providers in India by total subscriber base as of 31 December 2023.

Provider Subscribers[39] (million) Ownership
Jio 459.81 Jio Platforms
Airtel 257.37 Bharti Airtel
Vi[a][40][41] 127.28[a] Vodafone Idea Limited
BSNL[b][42] 21.28[c][42] Government of India
Intech Online 0.24

Net neutrality

During August 2015, there were no laws governing net neutrality in India, which would require that all Internet users be treated equally, without discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication.[43] There had already been a few violations of net neutrality principles by some Indian service providers.[44] The government had once again called in for comments and suggestions regarding net neutrality on 14 August, and had given the people one day to post their views on the MyGov forum. After this, the final decision regarding the debate was to be made.

The debate on network neutrality in India gathered public attention after

VoIP) from its network using apps like WhatsApp, Skype, etc.[45]

On 27 March 2015, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) released a formal consultation paper on Regulatory Framework for Over-the-top (OTT) services, seeking comments from the public.[46] The consultation paper was criticised for being one sided and having confusing statements. It received condemnation from various politicians and Indian Internet users.[47][48][49] The last date for submission of comment was 24 April 2015 and TRAI received over a million emails.[50]

On 8 February 2016, TRAI took a revolutionary decision, prohibiting telecom service providers from levying discriminatory rates for data,

Tim Berners Lee.[53]

Censorship

Internet censorship in India is selectively practised by both federal and state governments. DNS filtering and educating service users on better usage is an active strategy and government policy to regulate and block access to Internet content on a large scale. Measures to remove content at the request of content creators through court orders have become more common in recent years.

Freedom House's Freedom on the Net 2016 report gives India a Freedom on the Net status of "Partly Free" with a rating of 41 (0-100 scale, lower is better). Its Obstacles to Access was rated 12 (0-25 scale), Limits on Content was rated 9 (0-35 scale) and Violations of User Rights was rated 20 (0-40 scale).[54] India was ranked 29th out of the 65 countries included in the report.[55]

In the 2022 report], the rating was increased from 41 to 51 (lower is better). Its Obstacles to Access were rated 13 (0-25 scale), Limits on Content was 21 (0-32 scale) and Violations of User Rights was 17 (0-40 scale). India was ranked 37th out of 70 countries rated in the report.[56]

Challenges

One of the major issues facing the Internet segment in India is the lower average bandwidth of broadband connections compared to that of developed countries. According to 2007 statistics, the average download speed in India hovered at about 40 KB per second (256

kbit/s), the minimum speed set by TRAI, whereas the international average was 5.6 Mbit/s during the same period. In order to attend this infrastructure issue the government declared 2007 as "the year of broadband".[57][58] To compete with international standards of defining broadband speed the Indian Government has taken the aggressive step of proposing a ₹690 billion national broadband network to connect all cities, towns and villages with a population of more than 500 in two phases targeted for completion by 2012 and 2013. Google and Tata have launched the Internet Saathi project to help increase digital literacy amongst women in rural areas. The network was supposed to provide speeds up to 10 Mbit/s in 63 metropolitan areas and 4 Mbit/s in an additional 352 cities.The Internet penetration rate in India is medium and accounts for 42% of the population compared to the rate in OECD counties, where the average is over 50%.[59][60][61]

Another issue is the

Universal service obligation scheme of the Indian government.[citation needed
]

E-commerce industry

Data centers

  • BSNL Internet Data Centers, in collaboration with Dimension Data[63]
  • Trimax IT Infrastructure & Services Limited – Tier III data centers in Mumbai and Bengaluru[64]
  • Airlive Broadband
  • aerloop Broadband
  • Web Werks Data Centers
  • Sify Technologies Limited
  • CtrlS Datacenters Ltd
  • Tata Communications Limited
  • Netmagic Solutions
  • Reliance Datacenter
  • Web Werks IDC
  • Net4 Datacenter
  • RackBank Datacenter
  • GPX Global Systems Inc.
  • CTRLS Data Center
  • MegaHostZone
  • Digital Ocean
  • HostFe - HFE INTERNET & DATACENTERS
  • HostRain
  • Amazon Web Services[65]
  • Google Cloud[66]

Impact of COVID-19 on the Internet in India

  • According to the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), internet traffic in India increased by 30% during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • A study by the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) found that the number of Indians using the internet for education increased by 50% during the pandemic.
  • A study by the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIM Ahmedabad) found that the number of Indians using the internet for healthcare increased by 60% during the pandemic.
  • A study by the World Economic Forum found that India was one of the countries where the internet played the biggest role in helping people cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Internet Exchanges

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    Vi
    .
  2. MTNL merger approved by Government of India
    .
  3. ^ After adding subscribers of MTNL to BSNL, because MTNL will merge with BSNL.

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