Internet in Russia
Parts of this article (those related to recent blocks need to be discussed) need to be updated.(April 2022) |
Internet in Russia, or Russian Internet (
As of 2020[update], 122,488,468 Russians (85% of the country's total population) were Internet users.
Russians are strong users of
is widespread.History
Early years
Retrospectively, networking of data in the Russian language can be traced to the spread of
Computing systems
From the early 1980s the
Also, in 1983 the San Francisco Moscow Teleport (SFMT) was started by VNIIPAS and an American team which included Joel Schatz, Michael Kleeman and Chet Watson with initial financial support from Henry Dakin. SFMT provided email service using the PeaceNet platform and multi-language support. It also undertook several slowscan video[11] links between the two countries, including supporting physicians such as UCLA's Bob Gale in treating patients exposed in the Chernobyl accident. It later founded a for profit phone and data provider SovAm (Soviet-American) Teleport in the later 80s. Meanwhile, on April 1, 1984 a Fool's Day hoax about "Kremlin computer" Kremvax was made in the English-speaking Usenet. There are reports of spontaneous Internet (UUCP and telnet) connections "from home" through X.25 in the USSR in as early as 1988. In 1990 a GlasNet non-profit initiative by the US-based Association for Progressive Communications sponsored Internet usage in several educational projects in the USSR (through Sovam).
Mass usage
In 1990–1991 Relcom's network was rapidly expanding (on Relcom,
Meanwhile, the first Russian
In March 1991, the National Science Foundation began to allow Eastern Bloc countries to connect to the global TCP/IP network (the "Internet proper").[14]
By the mid-1990s, computer networks (where
In October 2007, then-Deputy Prime Minister
Since 2009, the website "Gosuslugi" ("state services") is developing that became an online standard for providing electronic state services for Russian citizens. A Russian Federation passport is required to register. Over 100 million users are registered in 2019 (~70% of Russian population).
According to statistics of the
Russia has achieved notable progress in achieving
However, Russia still faces challenges in the
Population
The prominent Public Opinion Foundation FOM (ФОМ) in March 2007 issued a report that found 28 million people of 18 years and older in Russia (25%) had used the Internet within the last six months (monthly users 23.9/21%; daily 10.1/9%).[19] In November 2006 TNS Gallup Media in a report called by some sources "first quality Internet audience research in Russia" put a monthly Russian audience at more than 15 million.[20] The Rukv.ru monitoring project found 1,001,806 WWW-addresses within .ru and .su responding in March 2008.[21] The national domain registration service RU-Center announced creation of millionth .ru domain on September 17, 2007 (about 200 thousand of domains are thought to be 'parked' by squatters).
On April 3, 2008, the
In October 2008 President Medvedev started his own
In June 2009 FOM issued results of its new survey that found the "half-year audience" of people 18 years old and over was 33%, or 37.5 million.[24]
By March 2011 the total number of broadband subscribers reached 16.5 million with penetration at almost 30%. These numbers increased within two years by 180% against 9 million in 2009. The highest penetration rate above 70% is in
In September 2011, Russia overtook Germany as the European market with the highest number of unique visitors online.[27]
In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second most used language on the web.
Debate in the West
Since 2013, the state has employed Internet users in order to spread propaganda and disinformation advocating activities of the Russian government and discrediting opposition and Western countries according to the
Backbone
The development of Internet infrastructure in Russia began with development of
Back in the 1990s, Rostelecom was created on the post-Soviet telecom basis and later built international fiber optic cable systems — "Zapadny" (Denmark-Russia), "Yuzhny" (Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia) and "Vostochny" (Russia-Japan-Korea) — as well as "Moscow-Khabarovsk" Trans-Russian Fiber Optic Line. The situation favored Russia's entry to the international telecommunication transit market. However, low transmission capacity (560 megabits per second) of all the three systems designed mainly for voice communication became the principal obstacle that hindered international expansion.
In 2005 the Chelyabinsk-Khabarovsk Fiber-Optic Communication Line was laid-down which extends for 10 thousand kilometers. The minimum transmission rate is 120 Gigabits per second.[33]
Plenty of local commercial
In October 2010, mobile operator
In 2011 Rostelecom started implementation of WDM-based equipment on the backbone network for data transmission in the Republic of Dagestan. Due to WDM introduction the fiber-optic communication lines bandwidth increased to 2.5 Gbit/s. Rostelecom invested about 48 million rubles in the project.[36]
Until 2011 the backbone network in Russia was based on DWDM technology with a capacity of 10 and 40 Gbit/s. The operator started projects to expand the capacity of the Transit Europe – Asia transit line at two independent branches. Communication lines are under construction within a second phase of the TEA backbone "High Speed Backbone Transit Europe-Asia". The construction of the first branch completed in 2011 (Khabarovsk – Stockholm). The second branch (Khabarovsk – Frankfurt) was completed in 2013. In addition, the expanded backbones are in the route of Khabarovsk – Nakhodka – Tokyo and Khabarovsk – Hong Kong, where equipment of 100G WDM is also applied.[37]
Presently, MasterTel, based in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, is an ISP that provides high speed fiber-optic lines of up to 10Gbit/s per second to consumers and businesses.[38]
In 2012, the Russian Federation announced an ambitious target of providing 90% of households with "ultrafast" connection speeds of at least 100 megabits per second by 2018.[39]
See also
- Telecommunications in Russia
- Internet Exchange Points in Russia
- Internet censorship in Russia
- List of sovereign states in Europe by number of Internet users
- Russian Wikipedia
- List of Russian IT developers
- Academset
References
- ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2018-01-03.
- ^ "Speedtest Global Index – Monthly comparisons of internet speeds from around the world". Speedtest Global Index. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
- ^ "The Crisis of Social Media". Freedom House. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
- ^ "comScore Releases Overview of European Internet Usage in September 2011". comScore. 14 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Russian is now the second most used language on the web", Matthias Gelbmann, Web Technology Surveys, W3Techs, 19 March 2013.
- ^ Alexander Semenov, Alexander Mantzaris, Alexander Nikolaev, Alexander Veremyev, Jari Veijalainen, Eduardo L. Pasiliao, Vladimir Boginski Exploring Social Media Network Landscape of Post-Soviet Space. in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 411-426, 2019
- ^ Natalya Krasnoboka, Russia Archived 2018-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010
- Archive.org).
- ^ Бурцев, Всеволод (2002). Московская научная школа академика С.А.Лебедева в развитии вычислительной техники. (журнал) (in Russian). М.: Информационные технологии и вычислительные системы. 2002-Вып.3. pp. 42–43. 3.
- Ogonyokmagazine №45, 2001.
- ^ "Slow Scan to Moscow", Adam Hochschild, Mother Jones, 1 June 1986.
- ^ "A Computer Network for Democracy and Development — an August, 1991 report by Larry Press, a computer science professor at California State University". ibiblio.org.
- ^ Russian Telecommunications: Crisis Creation of Infrastructure in 1992 Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine—1992 study by Gordon Cook, a telecom analyst
- ^ Farber, Dave. "Interesting People: re: A Ridiculous Failure of Critical Infrastructure". seclists.org.
- ^ (in Russian) Школьный Linux будут внедрять все ведущие Linux-компании России Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine — LinuxCenter.Ru, 03/12/2007
- ^ (in Russian) Заявление "Альт Линукс" о внедрении СПО в школах России — ALT Linux, 15/06/2009
- ^ "Николай Никифоров: российская революция в ИКТ состоится за счет покрытия услугами ШПД городов и поселков с населением от 500 человек". broadcasting.ru. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
- ^ "Russia's Ambitious Broadband Goal: Is the Progress Sustainable?". World Bank. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
- ^ Project "The Internet in Russia/Russia on the Internet". 18th Release. Winter 2006-2007 Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine — FOM 23.03.2007, Population Poll
- Gallupreport summary, 24.11.2006
- ^ (in Russian) Рунет в марте 2008 года: домены, хостинг, география сайтов — Rukv.ru, March, 2008
- ^ Russia's New Leader: Fan of the Internet — The Lede at The New York Times, April 14, 2008
- ^ (in Russian) Medvedev's video blog blog.kremlin.ru, its exported and separately moderated version for LiveJournal is blog_medvedev Archived 2009-05-03 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ (in Russian) «Интернет в России». Специальный выпуск. Март 2009 — FOM, 22.06.2009
- ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Residential Broadband Statistics". AC&M-Consulting. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "comScore Releases Overview of European Internet Usage in September 2011". comScore. 14 November 2011.
- ^ # ixzz2m97PR5wz "Интернет-провайдеры хотят входить без стука". ComNews. 30 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
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value (help) - ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (28 August 2016). "A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- Radio Liberty. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ^ Global Voices Online. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
- ^ Chen, Adrian (3 June 2015). "The Agency". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
- ^ Fiber-Optic Ridge of Russia, RusBusiness News. 20.05.2010
- ^ What is Golden WiFi? Archived 2017-11-04 at the Wayback Machine — Golden Telecom reference
- ^ Russia's MegaFon opens data center, plans IP/MPLS backbone network, October 6, 2010
- ^ Broadband Russia Newslatter
- ^ Similar Broadband & Satellite Russia Newsletter - ComNews[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Leasing of Dark Fiber" Archived 2018-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, Mastertel. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
- ^ "Russia eyes 90% broadband coverage in 2018". www.telecompaper.com. Retrieved 2017-10-03.