Internet service provider

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"ISP" redirects here. For other uses, see ISP (disambiguation).
"Internet service" redirects here. Not to be confused with Web service.
Internet connectivity options from end-user to tier 3/2 ISPs

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides a myriad of services related to accessing, using, managing, or participating in the

privately owned
.

Internet services typically provided by ISPs can include

internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, and colocation
.

Stealth Communications in Manhattan installing fiber for providing Internet access

History

The Internet (originally

ARPAnet) was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. Other companies and organizations joined by direct connection to the backbone, or by arrangements through other connected companies, sometimes using dialup tools such as UUCP. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. Some restrictions were removed by 1991,[1] shortly after the introduction of the World Wide Web.[2]

During the 1980s,

America Online
(AOL) began to offer limited capabilities to access the Internet, such as e-mail interchange, but full access to the Internet was not readily available to the general public.

In 1989, the first Internet service providers, companies offering the public direct access to the Internet for a monthly fee, were established in Australia

dial-up connections, using the public telephone network to provide last-mile connections to their customers. The barriers to entry
for dial-up ISPs were low and many providers emerged.

However, cable television companies and the telephone carriers already had wired connections to their customers and could offer Internet connections at much higher speeds than dial-up using broadband technology such as cable modems and digital subscriber line (DSL). As a result, these companies often became the dominant ISPs in their service areas, and what was once a highly competitive ISP market became effectively a monopoly or duopoly in countries with a commercial telecommunications market, such as the United States.

In 1995,

network access points
were created to allow peering arrangements between commercial ISPs.

Net neutrality

Main article: Net neutrality in the United States

On 23 April 2014, the U.S.

telecommunications[21] and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality.[22][23] The FCC was expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to The New York Times.[24][25]

On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet.[26][27][28] The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."[29] On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules.[30][31][32] On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.[33][34] These rules went into effect on 12 June 2015.[35]

Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017, Ajit Pai proposed an end to net neutrality, awaiting votes from the commission.[36][37] On 21 November 2017, Pai announced that a vote will be held by FCC members on 14 December 2017 on whether to repeal the policy.[38] On 11 June 2018, the repeal of the FCC's network neutrality rules took effect.[39][40]

Provisions for low-income families

Since December 31, 2021, The

Federal Poverty Guidelines or households which meet a number of other criteria an up to $30 per month discount toward internet service, or up to $75 per month on certain tribal lands.[41]

Classifications

Access providers

Access provider ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network.[42] Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), Wi-Fi, and fiber optics.

For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide

basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.[43]

Customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).[44]

core network/backbone network; each subsequent network handles more traffic than the last.[49][50][51][52][53] Mobile service providers also have similar networks.[54]

Mailbox providers

A

end users
or other organizations.

Many mailbox providers are also access providers,

Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.[56]

Hosting ISPs

Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.[57][failed verification]

Transit ISPs

Tiers 1 and 2 ISP interconnections

Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.[58]

In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a

tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP)[59][60] may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence.[58] Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.[61]

Dense wavelength-division multiplexing) for transmitting data over optical fiber.[64][65][66] For transmissions in a metro area such as a city[67] and for large customers such as data centers,[68] special pluggable modules in routers, conforming to standards such as CFP,[69][70] QSFP-DD, OSFP,[71] 400ZR or OpenZR+ may be used alongside DWDM[72] and many vendors have propietary offerings.[73][74][75] Long-haul networks transport data across longer distances than metro networks, such as through submarine cables,[48][76] or connecting several metropolitan networks.[77] Optical line systems and packet optical transport systems[78] can also be used for data transmission.[79][80] Ultra long haul transmission transports data over distances of over 1500 kilometers.[81]

Virtual ISPs

A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context,[82] which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Free ISPs

Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[83]

Wireless ISP

A

LMDS.[84]

ISPs in rural regions

It is hypothesized that the vast divide between broadband connection in rural and urban areas is partially caused by a lack of competition between ISPs in rural areas, where there exists a market typically controlled by just one provider.[85] A lack of competition problematically causes subscription rates to rise disproportionately with the quality of service in rural areas, causing broadband connection to be unaffordable for some, even when the infrastructure supports service in a given area.

In contrast, consumers in urban areas typically benefit from lower rates and higher quality of broadband services, not only due to more advanced infrastructure but also the healthy economic competition caused by having several ISPs in a given area.[86] How the difference in competition levels has potentially negatively affected the innovation and development of infrastructure in specific rural areas remains a question. The exploration and answers developed to the question could provide guidance for possible interventions and solutions meant to remedy the digital divide between rural and urban connectivity.

Satellite internet services

Altnets

Altnets (portmanteau of "alternative network provider") are localized broadband networks, typically formed as an alternative to monopolistic internet service providers within a region.[87]

Peering

ISPs may engage in

peering points or Internet exchange points (IXPs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.[58]

ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers or peer ISPs) are called

Tier 1 ISPs
.

Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[83]

Tier 1 ISPs are also interconnected with a mesh network topology.[88][89] Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are public locations where several networks are connected to each other.[90][91] Public peering is done at IXPs, while private peering can be done with direct links between networks.[92][63]

Law enforcement and intelligence assistance

Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via

DCSNet in the United States, or SORM[95]
in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.

See also

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External links

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