Intertextuality

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Intertext Publications
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Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text, either through deliberate compositional strategies such as quotation, allusion, calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche or parody,[1][2][3][4][5] or by interconnections between similar or related works perceived by an audience or reader of the text.[6] These references are sometimes made deliberately and depend on a reader's prior knowledge and understanding of the referent, but the effect of intertextuality is not always intentional and is sometimes inadvertent. Often associated with strategies employed by writers working in imaginative registers (fiction, poetry, and drama and even non-written texts like performance art and digital media),[7][8] intertextuality may now be understood as intrinsic to any text.[9]

Intertextuality has been differentiated into referential and typological categories. Referential intertextuality refers to the use of fragments in texts and the typological intertextuality refers to the use of pattern and structure in typical texts.[10] A distinction can also be made between iterability and presupposition. Iterability makes reference to the "repeatability" of certain text that is composed of "traces", pieces of other texts that help constitute its meaning. Presupposition makes a reference to assumptions a text makes about its readers and its context.[11] As philosopher William Irwin wrote, the term "has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful to Julia Kristeva's original vision to those who simply use it as a stylish way of talking about allusion and influence".[12]

History

James Joyce's 1922 novel Ulysses bears an intertextual relationship to Homer's Odyssey.

modernist literary experiment, or as a response to the epic tradition, or as part of some other conversation, or as part of all of these conversations at once. This intertextual view of literature, as shown by Roland Barthes
, supports the concept that the meaning of a text does not reside in the text, but is produced by the reader in relation not only to the text in question, but also the complex network of texts invoked in the reading process.

While the theoretical concept of intertextuality is associated with

The Age Of Fable served as an introduction to such an intertextual network;[citation needed
] according to its author, it was intended "for the reader of English literature, of either sex, who wishes to comprehend the allusions so frequently made by public speakers, lecturers, essayists, and poets...".

Sometimes intertextuality is taken as

Lucía Etxebarria whose poem collection Estación de infierno (2001) was found to contain metaphors and verses from Antonio Colinas. Etxebarria claimed that she admired him and applied intertextuality.[citation needed
]

Post-structuralism

More recent

World-Wide Web has been theorized as a unique realm of reciprocal intertextuality, in which no particular text can claim centrality, yet the Web text eventually produces an image of a community—the group of people who write and read the text using specific discursive strategies.[17]

One can also make distinctions between the notions of "intertext", "hypertext" and "supertext".[

Abrahamic religions
. As a hypertext, it consists of links to different articles within itself and also every individual trajectory of reading it. As a supertext, it combines male and female versions of itself, as well as three mini-dictionaries in each of the versions.

Examples in literature

Some examples of intertextuality in literature include:

Related concepts

Linguist Norman Fairclough states that "intertextuality is a matter of

recontextualization".[20] According to Per Linell, recontextualization can be defined as the "dynamic transfer-and-transformation of something from one discourse/text-in-context ... to another".[21] Recontextualization can be relatively explicit—for example, when one text directly quotes another—or relatively implicit—as when the "same" generic meaning is rearticulated across different texts.[22]
: 132–133 

A number of scholars have observed that recontextualization can have important ideological and political consequences. For instance, Adam Hodges has studied how White House officials recontextualized and altered a military general's comments for political purposes, highlighting favorable aspects of the general's utterances while downplaying the damaging aspects.[23] Rhetorical scholar Jeanne Fahnestock has found that when popular magazines recontextualize scientific research they enhance the uniqueness of the scientific findings and confer greater certainty on the reported facts.[24] Similarly, John Oddo stated that American reporters covering Colin Powell's 2003 U.N. speech transformed Powell's discourse as they recontextualized it, bestowing Powell's allegations with greater certainty and warrantability and even adding new evidence to support Powell's claims.[22]

Oddo has also argued that recontextualization has a future-oriented counterpoint, which he dubs "precontextualization".[25] According to Oddo, precontextualization is a form of anticipatory intertextuality wherein "a text introduces and predicts elements of a symbolic event that is yet to unfold".[22]: 78  For example, Oddo contends, American journalists anticipated and previewed Colin Powell's U.N. address, drawing his future discourse into the normative present.

Allusion

While intertextuality is a complex and multileveled literary term, it is often confused with the more casual term 'allusion'. Allusion is a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication.[26] This means it is most closely linked to both obligatory and accidental intertextuality, as the 'allusion' made relies on the listener or viewer knowing about the original source. It is also seen as accidental, however, as the allusion is normally a phrase so frequently or casually used that the true significance is not fully appreciated. Allusion is most often used in conversation, dialogue or metaphor. For example, "I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio's." This makes a reference to The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi when the little wooden puppet lies.[27] If this was obligatory intertextuality in a text, multiple references to this (or other novels of the same theme) would be used throughout the hypertext.

Plagiarism

Intertextuality in art: "Nur eine Waffe taugt" (Richard Wagner, Parsifal, act III), by Arnaldo dell'Ira, ca. 1930

Sociologist Perry Share describes intertextuality as "an area of considerable ethical complexity".[28] Intertextuality does not necessarily involve citations or referencing punctuation (such as quotation marks) and can be mistaken for plagiarism.[29]: 86  While the two concepts are related, the intentions behind using another's work is critical in distinguishing the two. When making use of intertextuality, usually a small excerpt of a hypotext assists in the understanding of the new hypertext's original themes, characters, or contexts.[29][page needed] Aspects of existing texts are reused, often resulting in new meaning when placed in a different context.[30] Intertextuality hinges on the creation of new ideas, while plagiarism attempts to pass off existing work as one's own.

Students learning to write often rely on imitation or emulation and have not yet learned how to reformulate sources and cite them according to expected standards, and thus engage in forms of "patchwriting," which may be inappropriately penalized as intentional plagiarism.[31] Because the interests of writing studies differ from the interests of literary theory, the concept has been elaborated differently with an emphasis on writers using intertextuality to position their statement in relation to other statements and prior knowledge.[32] Students often find it difficult to learn how to combine referencing and relying on others' words with marking their novel perspective and contribution.[33]

Non-literary uses

In addition, the concept of intertextuality has been used analytically outside the sphere of literature and art. For example, Devitt (1991) examined how the various genres of letters composed by tax accountants refer to the tax codes in genre-specific ways.[34] In another example, Christensen (2016)[35] introduces the concept of intertextuality to the analysis of work practice at a hospital. The study shows that the ensemble of documents used and produced at a hospital department can be said to form a corpus of written texts. On the basis of the corpus, or subsections thereof, the actors in cooperative work create intertext between relevant (complementary) texts in a particular situation, for a particular purpose. The intertext of a particular situation can be constituted by several kinds of intertextuality, including the complementary type, the intratextual type and the mediated type. In this manner the concept of intertext has had an impact beyond literature and art studies.

In scientific and other scholarly writing intertextuality is core to the collaborative nature of knowledge building and thus citation practices are important to the social organization of fields, the codification of knowledge, and the reward system for professional contribution.[36] Scientists can be skillfully intentional in the use of references to prior work in order to position the contribution of their work.[37][38] Modern practices of scientific citation, however, have only developed since the late eighteenth century[39] and vary across fields, in part influenced by disciplines’ epistemologies.[40]

See also

References

  1. Gerard Genette (1997) Paratexts p.18
  2. ISSN 2312-9212
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  3. ^ Hallo, William W. (2010) The World's Oldest Literature: Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres p.608
  4. ^ Cancogni, Annapaola (1985) The Mirage in the Mirror: Nabokov's Ada and Its French Pre-Texts pp.203-213
  5. ISBN 978-0313265174
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  6. ^ "Definition of Intertextuality", "Dictionary.com", Retrieved on 15 March 2018.
  7. ISBN 9780299130343
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  8. ^ Gadavanij, Savitri. "Intertextuality as Discourse Strategy", School of Language and Communication, Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  9. ISBN 978-0-87421-989-0
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  10. S2CID 62219490
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  11. S2CID 170955347
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  12. ^ a b Irwin,2, October 2004, pp. 227–242, 228.
  13. ^ analysis of Jehan de Saintré, (in the collective volume Théorie d'ensemble, Paris, Seuil, 1968).
  14. OCLC 6016349
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  15. ^ Gerard Genette, Palimpsests: literature in the second degree, Channa Newman and Claude Doubinsky (trans.), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln NE and London.
  16. ^ Kristeva, 66.
  17. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1999.tb00330.x
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  18. ISBN 9780812993004
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  19. ^ intertextual.bible/text/matthew-2.20-exodus-4.19
  20. ^ Fairclough, Norman. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 51.
  21. ^ Linell, Per. "Discourse across boundaries: On recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse," Text, 18, 1998, p. 154.
  22. ^ a b c Oddo, John. Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014.
  23. ^ Hodges, Adam. "The Politics of Recontextualization: Discursive Competition over Claims of Iranian Involvement in Iraq, " Discourse & Society, 19(4), 2008, 483-505.
  24. ^ Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical life of Scientific Facts," Written Communication, 3(3), 1986, 275-296.
  25. ^ Oddo, John. "Precontextualization and the Rhetoric of Futurity: Foretelling Colin Powell's U.N. Address on NBC News," Discourse & Communication, 7(1), 2013, 25-53.
  26. ^ "the definition of plagiarism". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  27. ^ "Allusion dictionary definition | allusion defined". www.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  28. ^ Share, Perry (January 2005). "Managing intertextuality–meaning, plagiarism and power". ResearchGate.
  29. ^ a b Ivanić, Roz (1998). Writing and identity: The discoursal construction of identity in academic writing. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
  30. ^ Jabri, Muayyad (December 2003). "Change as shifting identities: a dialogic perspective" (PDF). Journal of Organizational Change Management. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
  31. ^ Howard, Rebecca Moore. (1995). Plagiarisms, authorships, and the academic death penalty. College English 57.7, 788-806.
  32. ^ C. Bazerman (2004). Intertextualities: Volosinov, Bakhtin, literary theory, and literacy studies. In A. Ball & S. W. Freedman (Eds.), Bakhtinian perspectives on languages, literacy, and learning (pp. 53-65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  33. ^ Berkenkotter, C., Huckin, T., & Ackerman, J. (1991). Social Context and Socially Constructed Texts: The Initiation of a Graduate Student into a Writing Research Community. In Textual dynamics of the professions (pp. 191-215). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  34. ^ Devitt, A. (1991). Intertextuality in tax accounting. In Textual Dynamics of the Professions: Historical and Contemporary Studies of Writing in Professional Communities. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Pages 336-357.
  35. ^ Christensen, L.R. (2016). On Intertext in Chemotherapy: an Ethnography of Text in Medical Practice. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW): The Journal of Collaborative Computing and Work Practices. Volume 25, Issue 1, pp 1-38
  36. ^ Merton, R. K. (1957). Priorities in scientific discovery. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 635-659.
  37. ^ Swales, J. (1981). Aspects of article introductions. Language Studies Unit, University of Aston in Birmingham.
  38. ^ Bazerman, C. (1993). Intertextual self-fashioning: Gould and Lewontin's representations of the literature. In R. Selzer (Ed.), Understanding scientific prose (pp. 20-41). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  39. ^ Bazerman, C. (1991). How natural philosophers can cooperate: The rhetorical technology of coordinated research in Joseph Priestley's History and Present State of Electricity. In C. Bazerman & J. Paradis (Eds.), Textual dynamics of the professions (pp. 13-44). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  40. ^ C. Bazerman (1987). Codifying the social scientific style: The APA Publication Manual as a behaviorist rhetoric. In J. Nelson, A. Megill, & D. McCloskey (Eds.). The rhetoric of the human sciences (pp. 125-144). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Additional citations

  • De Lange, Attie; Comhrink, Annette. 'The matrix and the echo': Intertextual re-modelling in Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. in Literator, vol. 123, 1991, pp. 69-74..
  • Griffig, Thomas. Intertextualität in linguistischen Fachaufsätzen des Englischen und Deutschen (Intertextuality in English and German Linguistic Research Articles). Frankfurt a.M.: Lang, 2006.
  • Kliese, M. (2013). Little Lamb analysis. CQUniversity e-courses, LITR19049 - Romantic and Contemporary Poetry.
  • Oropeza, B.J. "Intertextuality." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation. Steven L. McKenzie, editor-in-chief. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 1, 453–63
  • B. J. Oropeza and Steve Moyise, eds. Exploring Intertextuality: Diverse Strategies for New Testament Interpretation of Texts (Eugene, Ore.: Cascade Books, 2016).
  • Pasco, Allan H. Allusion: A Literary Graft. 1994. Charlottesville: Rookwood Press, 2002.
  • Porter, Stanley E. "The Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament: A Brief Comment on Method and Terminology." In Early Christian Interpretation of the Scriptures of Israel: Investigations and Proposals (eds. C. A. Evans and J. A. Sanders; JSNTSup 14; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997), 79–96.

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