established in 1979, operates the museum.
opened in 2012.
The Intrepid Museum Foundation dedicated the Hall of Honor, the United States' first archive dedicated to
New York City Board of Education, and $60,000 from the city government annually. All of this funding was eliminated in 1992, forcing the museum to fire a quarter of its staff, and two young men formed the Intrepid Museum Society and raised money through various events.
[66] The
Intrepid Museum held numerous fundraisers and received $1.1 million from numerous city and state agencies between 1992 and 1996. Despite this, the museum continued to struggle to remain solvent; the
Village Voice wrote in 1996 that "the continued taxpayer subsidies seem hard to justify".
[20] Although the museum rented Pier 86 from the city for $252,000 annually, it paid no rent between March 1995 and October 1997.
[67]
To raise money,Air Force Museum Foundation, expressed concerns that the museum was incapable of properly maintaining the aircraft.
[74] After the
Guadalcanal plan was canceled in early 1996,
[72] [74] the
Intrepid Museum launched an advertising campaigns to attract patrons; previously, most of its publicity came from
word of mouth and
public service announcements .
[68]
Retired Marine Corps general Donald Ray Gardner replaced Sowinski as the Intrepid Museum Foundation's president in September 1996.[74] Gardner laid off staff, sharply restricted expense spending, deaccessioned some costly artifacts, and reduced the number of planes on exhibit.[74] [75] Gardner also planned to add electronic kiosks to attract children, as well as develop an endowment fund.[75] U.S. President Bill Clinton approved $13 million for a renovation of the Intrepid Museum in late 1997, over his staff's objections to the project;[76] [77] at the time, the museum had 500,000 annual visitors.[67] [78] The next year, Gardner closed the Intrepid Museum for a minor renovation, the first in its history;[79] the museum reopened in February 1998[80] with two new exhibits.[79] [81] The city waived $600,000 in unpaid rent, as well as future rent payments for Pier 86, in late 1998 after Fisher donated to mayor Rudy Giuliani .[67] By then, the museum received hundreds of thousands of dollars annually from the Navy, the state, and the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs .[67]
In mid-1999, retired Marine Corps general
Restaurant Associates took over the museum's food service the same year to accommodate the high number of after-hours parties and events at the
Intrepid Museum.
[83] [84] The
Intrepid Museum constructed a new visitor center at 46th Street and 12th Avenue that year. In addition, the museum planned to improve Pier 86, build a 245-seat theater, and erect a pedestrian overpass on 12th Avenue.
[85]
2000s
As part of a project announced in May 2001,[86] Earth Tech Inc. built a cable-stayed bridge connecting the museum to the east side of 12th Avenue.[87] By then, nearly half of the museum's patrons hailed from foreign countries, and Steele described the Intrepid as the "largest naval museum in the world".[88] After the September 11 attacks , the museum was temporarily closed[89] [90] and served as temporary field headquarters for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) while they investigated the attacks.[91] Additionally, part of the flight deck was cleared to make way for a temporary helipad.[92] The museum reopened after five weeks[93] and hosted an exhibit commemorating attack victims.[94] [95] The footbridge across 12th Avenue was completed in May 2003 for $11 million. Its construction experienced delays because of difficulties in constructing the foundations and because of the need to decontaminate the site.[96]
A Concorde supersonic aircraft was towed to the Intrepid Museum in November 2003,[97] [98] making the museum one of two in the United States with a Concorde.[97] [99] In conjunction with this acquisition, the museum created a new exhibit on transatlantic crossings .[99] Also in late 2003, the Intrepid Museum offered to resell Edson back to the Navy, citing the fact that the adjacent pier needed to be repaired and could not be used for berthing Edson . After Edson was removed from the Intrepid Museum in 2004, the Navy sold the destroyer to the Saginaw Valley Naval Ship Museum .[100] The Michael Tyler Fisher Center for Education opened within the museum in 2004,[101] and the Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation , cofounded by the Fishers, occupied some space during the early 2000s.[102] By the middle of that decade, the museum had 750,000 visitors per year,[103] [104] including over 100,000 students;[105] [106] it had recorded ten million all-time visitors by August 2005.[106] The museum spent $17 million annually just on overhead costs.[107]
Renovation
Aerial view of the museum from the Hudson River, 2011
By June 2006, the Intrepid Museum Foundation executives had notified state and federal governments of their plans to renovate Intrepid , though few details of this renovation were disclosed publicly.[107] [108] The foundation had already asked the United States Army Corps of Engineers to help dredge the mud around the keel so tugboats could tow her to a dry dock.[108] That July, the foundation announced that Intrepid , along with Pier 86, would undergo renovations and repairs.[93] [109] [110] Initially, the project was supposed to cost $58 million and take 18 months.[111] [112] The project was to be funded with $31 million from the federal government, $17 million from the New York City Council , and $5 million from the state;[110] the city later increased its share to $23 million.[105] Intrepid closed on October 1, 2006,[111] [112] in preparation for being towed to a dry dock at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne, New Jersey .[113] [114] Museum officials had decided to tow the carrier away, as they estimated that the project would cost $100 million and take five years if Intrepid were left in place.[93]
Just before the renovation was scheduled to begin, Newsday reported that corrupt activities may have been involved in the renovation contract for Pier 86, prompting concerns that Intrepid and the Intrepid Museum Foundation were being investigated.[115] Furthermore, after the dry dock in Bayonne was found to be deteriorated, museum officials decided to move Intrepid to another pier in that city until the dry dock was repaired.[114] The scheduled move on November 6, 2006,[116] was delayed when Intrepid 's propellers stuck in the Hudson River mud, preventing tugboats from moving the ship out of her berth.[117] [118] The Navy and USACE spent $3 million to extricate the carrier,[105] [119] removing 39,000 cubic yards (30,000 m3 ) of sediment and mud from the propellers and pier.,[120] Tugboats made a successful second attempt on December 5, 2006.[121] By the end of the year, Growler was also towed to Bayonne for renovation,[122] while the Concorde on Pier 86 was floated to Floyd Bennett Field so the pier could be repaired.[123] [124] The Intrepid Museum Foundation also sold $7.08 million in bonds to fund its continuing operations.[125]
Pier 86 was demolished and rebuilt to accommodate plumbing and cables, which had not been present in the original pier.fo'c'sle was restored, the starboard side and flight deck were deoxidized,
[110] [133] a new aircraft elevator was installed, and new wiring was installed.
[106] The firm of
Perkins + Will was hired to redesign several exhibits and create other exhibits within space that had been closed to the public.
[133] The exterior renovations were budgeted at $4.8 million, while the interior cost another $6 million to $8 million.
[130]
The renovation, including the cost of Pier 86, ultimately cost $115 million[133] [134] or $120 million.[106] [135] The cost overruns almost bankrupted the museum, which asked donors and politicians to contribute an additional $10 million each to the project.[136] [137] The carrier was towed back to Pier 86 at the beginning of October 2008,[135] [138] and the Concorde was moved back to Pier 86.[139] The museum reopened to the public on November 8.[140] [141] [142] Four aircraft were added to the museum's collection when the museum reopened.[135] At the time, the Intrepid Museum planned to attract one million annual visitors, with ten percent of this figure being students.[134] Museum officials hired advertising firm Austin & Williams to promote the museum.[143]
2010s to present
Enterprise being lowered onto Intrepid in 2012
The museum's president Bill White , who had overseen the 2000s renovation, resigned in 2010[144] [145] and was succeeded the next year by Susan Marenoff-Zausner, who had been the executive director.[146] Before resigning, White had tried to obtain a Space Shuttle for the museum's collection.[147] The Intrepid Museum announced in May 2011 that it would acquire the Space Shuttle Enterprise .[148] [149] It initially planned to exhibit the Space Shuttle on Pier 86, but then announced plans to display the spacecraft in a parking lot across 12th Avenue,[150] prompting U.S. senator Sherrod Brown to ask that NASA award the shuttle to another museum.[151] The museum took title to the spacecraft that December,[152] [153] after engineers determined that it was safe to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft once again.[154] Enterprise was flown to the nearby JFK Airport in April 2012[155] [156] and then moved by barge to the Intrepid Museum that June.[157] [158] To make room for the Enterprise display, three aircraft were transferred to the Empire State Aerosciences Museum near Schenectady, New York .[150] The Enterprise went on public display July 19, 2012, at the Intrepid Museum's new Space Shuttle Pavilion,[159] [160] charging an additional fee for admission.[161]
The museum was closed in October 2012 due to Hurricane Sandy , which damaged Enterprise .[162] Although the museum reopened that December,[163] [164] the Space Shuttle Pavilion did not reopen until July 2013.[165] [166] Museum officials contemplated erecting a permanent pavilion for Enterprise on Pier 86 or on a parking lot across 12th Avenue.[166] At the time, the museum had 915,000 annual visitors.[167]
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City , the museum was closed between March and September 2020,[168] [169] though it continued to host online events during its closure.[170] The museum's Concorde aircraft, which had been displayed on Pier 86, was removed for restoration in 2023[171] [172] and towed back to the Intrepid Museum in March 2024.[173] [174] As part of the project, the museum added 4,000 square feet (370 m2 ) of park space to Pier 86.[172] The Intrepid Museum dropped "Sea, Air & Space" from its official name in October 2023 as part of a rebranding.[175]
Description
The Intrepid Museum is located along
12th Avenue, within the
Hell's Kitchen neighborhood on the
West Side of
Midtown Manhattan in New York City.
[176] Most of the collection is on board
Intrepid ,
[177] [178] the third
Essex -class carrier built
[2] : 2 and one of four preserved
Essex -class carriers, besides
Yorktown ,
Lexington , and
Hornet .
[179] When
Intrepid was converted into a museum ship, only one-quarter of her area was accessible to the public. Additionally, many of the carrier's equipment, including the large airplane elevators, were disabled.
[52] One of the carrier's former elevators, which transported planes between the flight and hangar decks, was converted into a theater.
[21] Due to regulations that require "easy passage", and to prevent theft, much of
Intrepid 's equipment has been removed or relocated.
[8]
Flight, hangar, and gallery decks
Flight deck of Intrepid The Intrepid Museum spans three of the carrier's decks; due to fire-safety regulations, Intrepid 's other decks remain closed to the public.[180] The carrier's topmost deck, the flight deck , showcases many of the museum's craft (see Intrepid Museum § Exhibits and collection ).[49] [64] The Space Shuttle Enterprise is housed within a pavilion on the flight deck,[181] [182] originally within an inflatable tent placed on the stern of Intrepid .[183] The superstructure 's command bridges are accessible to the public.[52] There is a three-inch weapon mount on the carrier's island on the starboard side, as well as an anti-aircraft mount in a gun tub on the starboard bow.[8] Also on the flight deck is a plaque marking the spot where a 1944 kamikaze attack killed or injured 22 soldiers.[53]
The museum's main entrance has been through the carrier's
aft; the back of the carrier contains a cafeteria, bathrooms, and a terrace on the
stern .
[185] The hangar deck also contains a space dedicated to Medal of Honor winners, as well as some aviation artifacts
[64] and plaques detailing the carrier's history and exhibits.
[184] Also on the hangar deck is the Exploreum, an interactive hall with exhibits such as a full-size
Bell 47 helicopter.
[186] [187] The hangar deck also has a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m
2 ) event space called Michael Anthony Fisher Hall,
[188] as well as the 245-seat Lutnick Theater,
[188] which shows a 16-minute film on the carrier's history.
[184]
The gallery deck houses the Combat Information Center and Men of the Intrepid exhibits.[189] At the front of the carrier, artifacts from the officers' quarters are displayed in the fo'c'sle,[134] [184] which was opened to the public in 2008.[133] The junior officers' and general berthing quarters are publicly accessible,[133] and the crew's quarters are open to the public as well.[52] [184] There are replicas of two rooms that were created when the mess was subdivided in the 1970s.[129] The middle of the carrier contains a hole that allows visitors to see through seven decks.[184]
The museum originally displayed newsreels of pre–World War II events, dioramas of World War II battles, and models of ships.[52] By the 1990s, the museum also featured an undersea-exploration hall, a children's ride,[53] a flight simulator ,[95] as well as a bathysphere that was closed to the public.[180] Following the 2008 renovation, the museum has contained three flight simulators,[186] a 4D theater ,[134] and interactive exhibits for children.[133] [184] There is also a space dedicated to Zachary Fisher and his wife Elizabeth M. Fisher.[134] The Michael Tyler Fisher Center for Education[188] occupies a three-story 18,000-square-foot (1,700 m2 ) space in the museum, with a meeting space, breakout rooms, and classrooms.[101]
Other structures
There was originally two gift shops: one at the entrance to Pier 86 and one on the hangar deck.[185] The current 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2 ) visitor center at 46th Street and 12th Avenue, completed in 1999, replaces the original 3,000-square-foot (280 m2 ) visitor center. The new edifice had a metal and glass facade, and it incorporated about one-fourth of the old visitor center.[85] A bridge measuring 277 feet (84 m) long connects the museum to a ramp on the eastern side of 12th Avenue. This bridge contains a central 59-foot-tall (18 m) tower, as well as sail-shaped fabric canopies.[86]
Exhibits and collection
Aircraft
All of the aircraft on Intrepid 's flight deck are retired craft that are no longer capable of flying, either due to mechanical problems or because they had flown more than their maximum flight hours . Many of the aircraft lack engines, and some were disassembled before arriving at the museum. According to The New York Times , the vast majority of aircraft were transported to the museum by airplane, helicopter, or barge. One aircraft, a Bell AH-1J Sea Cobra gunship, flew to the museum under its own power before its engine was removed.[190] Visitors cannot ordinarily go inside the aircraft.[180]
British Airways Concorde G-BOAD seen next to Intrepid
E-1 Tracer exhibit
Bell UH-1 Iroquois exhibit
AV-8C Harrier exhibit
Bombers/attack
Fighters
Multirole
Helicopters
Reconnaissance and surveillance
Trainers
Concorde
In 2003,[97] [98] the museum received a Concorde , labeled G-BOAD, that had been used by British Airways . This airplane set a world speed record for passenger airliners on February 7, 1996,[106] [177] when it flew between London and New York in 2 hours, 52 minutes and 59 seconds.[97] [220] This airplane logged the most flying hours (23,397) of the 20 Concordes built;[221] it typically occupies an exhibit space on Pier 86.[171]
Ships
The vast majority of the museum's collection is displayed on the Essex -class aircraft carrier Intrepid .[177] [178] Like other "long-hull" Essex -class carriers, Intrepid has a displacement of 27,100 tonnes (26,700 long tons; 29,900 short tons). She has an overall length of 872 feet (266 m), a beam of 147 feet 6 inches (44.96 m), and a draft of 28 feet 7 inches (8.71 m).[2] : 2 [222] [a] Most of the museum's aircraft and spacecraft are on Intrepid 's flight deck (see Intrepid Museum § Flight, hangar, and gallery decks ).[49] [64]
fire codes, disabled visitors and individuals under forty inches tall cannot enter
Growler .
[185]
Spacecraft
The museum has two pieces of spacecraft from
Other exhibits
The museum has some individual objects in its collection. These include a
Curtiss Pusher on the hangar deck.
[64] The below-decks spaces contain several thousand artifacts, such as a helmet that belonged to an aviation machinist fighting in the Vietnam War.
The New York Times estimated in 2016 that former
Intrepid crew members and their families donated 10 objects to the museum every month.
[228] Artifacts donated by
Intrepid crew members have included a
Royal Navy uniform, gauge, dinner bell, and parachute-packing tool.
[229]
Temporary and former exhibits
The museum has hosted some attractions on a temporary basis; for example, the lightship
MiG-15 were transferred to the Empire State Aerosciences Museum.
[150] Growler was also displayed next to
Intrepid until 2004.
[100]
Pier 86 formerly contained a graffitied portion of the Berlin Wall ,[64] [235] which was displayed temporarily during the 1990s and early 2000s. This segment of the Berlin Wall weighed 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg; 3.1 long tons) and was painted by German artist Kiddy Citny , who gave it to artist Peter Max .[236] Felix de Weldon 's 1954 sculpture Iwo Jima Monument (a smaller version of the Marine Corps War Memorial in Virginia), was installed outside the Intrepid Museum in 1995.[12] [237] [238] The monument was removed after the Intrepid Museum closed for renovation in 2006,[238] [239] as the Intrepid Museum Foundation could not afford to buy the monument.[234] A fiberglass model of the Statue of Liberty was given to the then-planned National September 11 Memorial & Museum when the Intrepid was renovated.[240]
Governance
The Intrepid Museum Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization established in 1979, operates the museum.[241] [242] As of 2023[update] , Susan Marenoff is listed as the principal officer of the foundation.[241] For the fiscal year that ended in December 2021, the organization recorded $23,304,017 in revenue and $23,432,181 in expenses.[242] In addition to operating the museum, the Intrepid Museum Foundation is associated with programs such as the Intrepid Family Support Fund and the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund ,[106] [243] and it distributes funds to families of US armed service members killed in action .[244] The museum also employs some youth through internship programs.[245] As part of the Free Fridays program, admission to the museum is typically waived on selected Fridays during the summer.[246]
Programming and events
Recurring events
The museum serves as an event space for community and national events. For example, it started hosting annual Fleet Week activities in 1988.[13] It continues to host Fleet Week activities every year as of 2023[update] .[247] During past Fleet Weeks, Intrepid has hosted activities including tug-of-war, cooking, and arm wrestling contests,[248] as well as a "Flight Deck Olympics" and exhibitions of ships.[249] In addition, the Intrepid Museum has presented Kids' Week, a series of activities geared toward children.[250] It held the New York Tugboat Race annually in the 1990s and early 2000s, with events such as line-throwing, nose-to-nose pushing, and spinach-eating contests.[88] The museum has hosted sleepovers since 2009 as part of an event called Operation Slumber,[251] and it also hosts Kids' Week events during late February.[252]
The Intrepid Museum Foundation issues several awards each year. These include the Intrepid Freedom Award, for political leaders; the Intrepid Salute Award, for philanthropists and businesspeople; the Intrepid Salute Award for the Performing Arts, for performing-arts organizations; the Zachary & Elizabeth Fisher Award for Patriotism; the Intrepid Leadership Award, for community leaders; the Hometown Heroes Award, for residents of the New York metropolitan area who have contributed to the community; and the Intrepid Lifetime Achievement Award, for people who have helped others throughout their lifetime.[253] Recipients of the awards have included U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush ;[254] [255] foreign heads of state; members of U.S. presidential cabinets; U.S. Congress members; and mayors of New York City,[255]
Other events
The Intrepid' s superstructure and hull with lights at night
In the museum's first year, the Intrepid Museum Foundation hosted a party to celebrate the Intrepid 's 40th anniversary.[256] Starting in 1982, the Intrepid also hosted an annual benefit called Night to Remember,[257] described by Naval History magazine as "a black-tie affair with thousands of couples dining and dancing to a swing band's music on the flight deck and disco tempos on the hangar deck".[8] The Intrepid Museum Foundation, in conjunction with Radio City Music Hall Productions, also hosted concerts and other events on the nearby Pier 84 during the late 1980s.[258] Other craft such as the battleship USS Iowa , also berthed outside Intrepid for special events in the 1980s.[13] After the Gulf War started, the museum held events such as a tribute for the first New Yorker who died in the war,[259] as well as a commemoration of the war's first anniversary.[260] During the 1990s, the museum continued to host other events such as memorials,[261] benefits,[262] ceremonies, parties, and weddings.[20] The museum's flight deck was temporarily converted to a 3,300-seat stadium during the 1998 Goodwill Games , when it hosted boxing and wrestling bouts.[81]
A series of professional boxing matches commenced at the museum in 2001,[263] [264] and the museum's flight deck was used as a filming location for the 2004 movie National Treasure and the 2007 film I Am Legend .[106] When the museum reopened in 2008, the New York Daily News estimated that the carrier hosted 150 events annually, ranging "from black-tie galas to bar mitzvahs, photos shoots and runway shows".[106] It held concerts during the 2013 MLB All-Star Weekend [265] and during Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.[266] In addition, the museum continued to host other events such as political fundraisers,[267] film screenings,[268] and social events like Astronomy Night.[269] The museum's operators have also rented out the flight deck and halls for weddings.[270]
See also
References
Notes
^ These are the official measurements given by the U.S. Navy. Various news sources have given different measurements.[185] [106]
Citations
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