Ioannina
Ioannina
Ιωάννινα | |
---|---|
UTC+3 (EEST) | |
Postal code | 45x xx |
Area code(s) | 26510 |
Vehicle registration | ΙΝ |
Website | ioannina |
Ioannina (
The city's foundation has traditionally been ascribed to the
The city is also characterized by various green areas and parks, including Molos (Lake Front), Litharitsia Park, Pirsinella Park (Giannotiko Saloni), Suburban Forest. There are two hospitals, the General Hospital of Ioannina "G. Hatzikosta", and the University Hospital of Ioannina. It is also the seat of the University of Ioannina. The city's emblem consists of the portrait of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian crowned by a stylized depiction of the nearby ancient theater of Dodona.
Name
The city's formal name, Ioannina, is probably a corruption of Agioannina or Agioanneia, 'place of St. John', and is said to be linked to the establishment of a monastery dedicated to
There are two forms of the name in Greek, Ioannina being the formal and historical name, while the colloquial and much more commonly used Υannena or Υannina (Greek: Γιάννενα, Γιάννινα) represents the vernacular tradition of Demotic Greek. The demotic form also corresponds to those in the neighboring languages (e.g., Albanian: Janina or Janinë, Aromanian: Ianina, Enina or Enãna, Macedonian: Јанина, Turkish: Yanya).
History
Antiquity and early Middle Ages
The first indications of human presence in Ioannina basin are dated back to the
The exact time of Ioannina's foundation is unknown, but it is commonly identified with an unnamed new, "well-fortified" city, recorded by the historian
It is not until 879 that the name Ioannina appears for the first time, in the acts of the
Late Middle Ages (1204–1430)
Under Michael I, the city was enlarged and fortified anew.
After Thomas' murder in 1384, the citizens of Ioannina offered their city to
Ottoman period (1430–1913)
Under Ottoman rule, Ioannina remained an administrative centre, as the seat of the Sanjak of Ioannina, and experienced a period of relative stability and prosperity.[7] The first Ottoman tax registers for the city dates to 1564, and records 50 Muslim households and 1,250 Christian ones; another register from 15 years later mentions Jews as well.[7]
In 1611 the city suffered a serious setback as a result of a peasant revolt led by
Center of Greek Enlightenment (17th–18th centuries)
Despite the repression and conversions in the 17th century, and the prominence of the Muslim population in the city's affairs, Ioannina retained its Christian majority throughout Ottoman rule, and the
The city also soon recovered from the financial effects of the revolt. In the late 17th century Ioannina was a thriving city with respect to population and commercial activity. Evliya Çelebi mentions the presence of 1,900 shops and workshops. The great economic prosperity of the city was followed by remarkable cultural activity. During the 17th and 18th centuries, many important schools were established.[34] Its inhabitants continued their commercial and handicraft activities which allowed them to trade with important European commercial centers, such as Venice and Livorno, where merchants from Ioannina established commercial and banking houses. The Ioannite diaspora was also culturally active: Nikolaos Glykys (in 1670), Nikolaos Sarros (in 1687) and Dimitrios Theodosiou (in 1755) established private printing presses in Venice, responsible for over 1,600 editions of books for circulation in the Ottoman-ruled Greek lands, and Ioannina was the centre through which these books were channeled into Greece.[35] These were significant historical, theological as well as scientific works, including an algebra book funded by the Zosimades brothers, books for use in the schools of Ioannina such as the Arithmetica of Balanos Vasilopoulos, as well as medical books. At the same time these merchants and entrepreneurs maintained close economic and intellectual relations with their birthplace and founded charity and education establishments. These merchants were to be major national benefactors.
Thus the Epiphaniou School was founded in 1647 by a Greek merchant of Ioannite origin resident in Venice, Epiphaneios Igoumenos.
Ali Pasha's rule (1788–1822)
In 1788 the city became the center of the
When the French scholar François Pouqueville visited the city during the early years of the 19th century, he counted 3,200 homes (2,000 Christian, 1,000 Muslim, 200 Jewish).[7] The efforts of Ali Pasha to break away from the Sublime Porte alarmed the Ottoman government, and in 1820 (the year before the Greek War of Independence began) he was declared guilty of treason and Ioannina was besieged by Turkish troops. Ali Pasha was assassinated in 1822 in the monastery of St Panteleimon on the island of the lake, where he took refuge while waiting to be pardoned by Sultan Mahmud II.[40]
Last Ottoman century (1822–1913)
The Zosimaia was the first significant educational foundation established after the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence (1828). It was financed by a benefaction from the Zosimas brothers and began operating in 1828 and fully probably from 1833.[41] It was a School of Liberal Arts (Greek, Philosophy and Foreign Languages). The mansion of Angeliki Papazoglou became the Papazogleios school for girls as an endowment following her death; it operated until 1905.
In 1869, a great part of Ioannina was destroyed by fire. The marketplace was soon reconstructed according to the plans of the German architect Holz, thanks to the personal interest of Ahmet Rashim Pasha, the local governor. Communities of people from Ioannina living abroad were active in financing the construction of most of the city's churches, schools and other elegant buildings of charitable establishments. The first bank of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Bank, opened its first branch in Greece[clarification needed] in Ioannina, which shows the power of the city in world trade in the 19th century. As the 19th century came to a close, signs of national agitation emerged among some parts of the city' s population. In 1877 for example, Albanian leaders sent a memorandum to the Ottoman government demanding, among other things, the establishment of Albanian language schools and various Muslim Albanians of the Vilayet formed in Ioannina a committee which aimed at defending Albanian rights, but it was inactive in general.[42][43][44][45] The Greek population of the region authorized a committee to present to European governments their wish for union with Greece; as a result Dimitrios Chasiotis published a memorandum in Paris in 1879.[46]
According to the Ottoman censuses of 1881–1893, the city and its environs (the central kaza of the Sanjak of Ioannina), had a population comprising 4,759 Muslims, 77,258 Greek Orthodox (including both Greek and Albanian speakers), 3,334 Jews and 207 of foreign nationality.[7] While a number of Turkish-language schools were established at the time, Greek-language education retained its prominent position. Even the city's prominent Muslim families preferred to send their children to well-established Greek institutions, notably the Zosimaia. As a result, the dominance of the Greek language in the city continued: the minutes of the city council were kept in Greek, and the official newspaper, Vilayet, established in 1868, was bilingual in Turkish and Greek.[7]
During the Ottoman period (turcokracy) the religious-linguistic minority of "Turco-yanniotes" (Τουρκογιαννιώτες) existed in Ioannina and neighbouring areas. These were islamized "Yaniotes" (= people from Ioannina), who spoke Greek. There is a limited number of texts written with Greek alphabet in their idiom.[47]
Modern period (since 1913)
Ioannina was incorporated into the Greek state on 21 February 1913 after the Battle of Bizani in the First Balkan War. The day the city came under the control of the Greek forces, aviator Christos Adamidis, a native of the city, landed his Maurice Farman MF.7 biplane in the Town Hall square, to the adulation of an enthusiastic crowd.[48]
Following the
In 1940 during World War II the capture of the city became one of the major objectives of the Italian Army. Nevertheless, the Greek defense in Kalpaki pushed back the invading Italians.[50] In April 1941 Ioannina was intensively bombed by the German forces even during the negotiations that led to the capitulation of the Greek army.[51] During the subsequent Axis occupation of Greece, the city's Jewish community was rounded up by the Germans in 1944 and mostly perished in the concentration camps.[7] On 3 October 1943, the German army murdered in reprisal nearly 100 people in the village of Lingiades, 13 kilometres distant from Ioaninna, in what is known as the Lingiades massacre.
The University of Ioannina was founded in 1970; until then, higher education faculties in the city had been part of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.[52]
Jewish community
According to the local Greek scholar
There was a
According to
As of 2008, the remaining community has shrunk to about 50 mostly elderly people.
In the municipal election of 2019, independent candidate Moses Elisaf, a 65-year-old doctor, was elected mayor of the city, the first Jewish elected mayor in Greece. Elisaf won 50.3 percent of the vote. Elisaf received 17,789 votes, 235 more than his runoff opponent.[62][63][64]
Geography
Ioannina lies at an elevation of approximately 500 metres (1,640 feet)
The municipality Ioannina has an area of 403.322 km2, the municipal unit Ioannina has an area of 47.440 km2, and the community Ioannina (the city proper) has an area of 17.335 km2.[65]
Districts
The present municipality Ioannina was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 6 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets):[66]
- Ioannina (Ioannina, Exochi, Marmara, Neochoropoulo, Stavraki)
- Anatoli (Anatoli, Bafra, Neokaisareia)
- Bizani (Ampeleia, Bizani, Asvestochori, Kontsika, Kosmira, Manoliasa, Pedini)
- Ioannina Island (Greek: Nisos Ioanninon)
- Pamvotida (Katsikas, Anatoliki, Vasiliki, Dafnoula, Drosochori, Iliokali, Kastritsa, Koutselio, Krapsi, Longades, Mouzakaioi, Platania, Platanas, Charokopi)
- Perama (Perama, Amfithea, Kranoula, Krya, Kryovrysi, Ligkiades, Mazia, Perivleptos, Spothoi)
Climate
Ioannina has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) or a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) in the Köppen climate classification, with somewhat wetter summers than nearby coastal areas, tempered by its inland location and elevation. Summers are typically hot and moderately dry, while winters are wet and colder than on the coast with frequent frosts and occasional snowfall. Ioannina is the wettest city in mainland Greece with over 50,000 inhabitants.[67] The absolute maximum temperature ever recorded was 42.4 °C (108 °F), while the absolute minimum ever recorded was −13 °C (9 °F).[68]
Climate data for Ioannina (475 m; 1956–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.0 (48.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.0 (87.8) |
26.1 (79.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
21.9 (71.4) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
3.2 (37.8) |
6.1 (43.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
4.8 (40.6) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 122.5 (4.82) |
112.5 (4.43) |
94.9 (3.74) |
76.5 (3.01) |
66.9 (2.63) |
44.1 (1.74) |
31.7 (1.25) |
30.2 (1.19) |
62.4 (2.46) |
107.5 (4.23) |
168.8 (6.65) |
171.3 (6.74) |
1,089.3 (42.89) |
Average precipitation days | 13.3 | 12.4 | 12.8 | 12.6 | 11.0 | 6.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 9.7 | 13.7 | 15.2 | 123.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
76.9 | 73.7 | 69.5 | 67.9 | 65.9 | 59.1 | 52.4 | 54.4 | 63.6 | 70.8 | 79.8 | 81.5 | 68.0 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 95.3 | 107.9 | 143.4 | 165.2 | 225.2 | 296.0 | 320.7 | 296.0 | 208.2 | 160.4 | 98.1 | 75.2 | 2,191.6 |
Source: Greek National Weather Service[69] |
Demography
According to the 2021 census the resident population fell by 4.2%. Men constitute 48.9% and women 51.1% of the total population.[70]
Year | Town | Municipal unit | Municipality | Men | Women |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1913[71] | 16,804 | – | – | ||
1920[72] | 20,765 | – | – | ||
1928[73] | 20,485 | – | – | ||
1940[74] | 21,887 | – | – | ||
1951[75] | 32,315 | – | – | ||
1961[76] | 34,997 | – | – | ||
1971[77] | 40,130 | – | – | ||
1981[78] | 44,829 | – | – | ||
1991[79] | 56,699 | – | – | ||
2001[80] | 67,384 | – | 75,550 | ||
2011 | 65,574 | 80,371 | 112,486[70] | 53,975 | 58,511 |
2021 | 64,896 | 81,627 | 113,978[70] | 54,951 | 59,027 |
Landmarks and sights
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2017) |
Isle of Lake Pamvotis
One of the most notable attractions of Ioannina is the inhabited island of
Ioannina Castle
At the south-eastern edge of the town on a rocky peninsula of
The city
Several religious and secular monuments survive from the Ottoman period. In addition to the two mosques surviving within the walls of the castle, two further mosques are preserved outside the walls. The Mosque and Madrassa of Veli Pasha are in the centre of the city,[86] and Kaloutsiani Mosque can be found in the area of the city with the same name.[87] The now derelict "House of the Archbishop", near the football stadium, is the only old mansion that survived the fire of 1820.[88] Some of the notable landmarks in the city centre also date from the late Ottoman period. The municipal clock tower of Ioannina, designed by local architect Periklis Meliritos, was erected in 1905 to celebrate the Jubilee of sultan Abdul Hamid II. The adjacent building houses the VIII Division headquarters. It dates from the late 19th century.[89][90] Some neoclassical buildings such the post office, the old Zosimaia School, the Papazogleios Weaving School, and the former Commercial School date from the late Ottoman period as do a few arcades in the old commercial centre of the city like Stoa Louli and Stoa Liampei.[91] The churches of the Assumption of the Virgin at Perivleptos, Saint Nicholas of Kopanon and Saint Marina were rebuilt in the 1850s by funds from Nikolaos Zosimas and his brothers on the foundations of previous churches that perished in the great fire of 1820. The Cathedral of St Athanasius was completed in 1933. It was built on the foundations of the previous Orthodox cathedral which was destroyed in the fires of 1820. It is a three-aisled basilica.
Culture
Museums and galleries
Some of the most important museums of the city are within the walls of the castle. The Municipal Ethnographic Museum is hosted in Aslan Pasha Mosque in the north-east citadel. It is divided into three departments, each one representing one of the main communities that inhabited the city: Greek, Ottoman Muslim, and Jewish.[92] The Byzantine Museum is in the south-eastern citadel of the castle. The museum opened in 1995 in order to preserve and present artefacts of the wider region of Epirus covering the period from the 4th to the 19th century.[93] The newest addition to the city's museum, the silversmithing museum, is also in the south-eastern citadel. It is housed in the western bastion of the citadel and outlines the history of the art of silversmithing in Epirus.[94] Outside the walls of the castle, close to the town centre, one will find the Archaeological Museum of Ioannina. It is in the Litharitsia fortress area. It includes archaeological exhibits documenting the human habitation of Epirus from prehistoric times through the late Roman Period, with special emphasis placed on finds from the Dodona sanctuary.[95] The Municipal Art Gallery of Ioannina (Dimotiki Pinakothiki) is housed in the Pyrsinella neoclassical building dating from around 1890. The gallery's collection displays major modern works of painters and sculptors, collected through purchases and donations from various collectors and artists. This includes about 500 works, paintings, drawings, prints, pictures and sculptures.[96] The Pavlos Vrellis Greek History Museum is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the city. It is a wax museum which covers events and personalities from Greek history as well as the history of the region and is the result of the personal work of Pavlos Vrellis.[97]
Exhibitions
A digital art exhibition, Plásmata II, was organised by the Onassis Cultural Center in the lakeside of Pamvotis, in the summer of 2023.[98] More than 100,000 people visited the exhibition.[99] It is a new entry for the city and future actions in every area with the help of Onassis Cultural Center.[100]
Education
The University of Ioannina (Greek: Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων, Panepistimio Ioanninon) is a university five kilometres southwest of Ioannina. The university was founded in 1964, as a charter of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and became an independent university in 1970. Today, the university is one of the leading academic institutions in Greece.[101][102][103][104][105]
As of 2017, there was a student population of 25,000 enrolled at the university (21,900 at the
Local products
- Ioannina is known throughout Greece for its silverwork, with a number of shops selling silver jewelry, bronzeware, and decorative items (serving trays, recreations of shields and swords.)
- Hookahs (nargiles, ναργιλές) are sold to tourists as novelty items and vary in size from small (three inches in height) to quite large (4–5 ft (1–2 m) tall).
Cuisine
- The area is famous for its spring water from Zagori, sold throughout Greece.
- The region of Ioannina is well known for the production of feta cheese.
- Ioannina is also famous for its baklava.[108]
- eel, especially famous on Ioannina Island.[109]
Media
- Epirus TV1
- Ipirotikos Agon, a locally published newspaper
- Proinos Logos, a locally published newspaper
Technology hub development
Beginning in the early 2020s, Ioannina has started to evolve into a significant technology hub. The city has attracted technology companies, which have helped to bolster Ioannina's technological capacity and contributed to a new economic trajectory for the city, driving development in this sector.[110]
Additionally, the prefecture has been actively fostering partnerships between Greek and German companies in a bid to further strengthen the local economy and tech ecosystem. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed with the Greek-German Chamber, outlining the recovery plan for the region, a move that has been seen as a significant step in boosting technological development in Ioannina.[111]
Consulates
The city hosts
- Albania
- Belgium
- Netherlands
Ioannina compromise
An informal meeting of the foreign ministers of the states of the European Union took place in Ioannina on 27 March 1994, resulting in the Ioannina compromise.
Notable people from Ioannina
- Michael Apsaras, 14th century, Greek noble.
- Simon Strategopoulos 15th-century, noble and governor of Ioannina.[112]
- Epifanios Igoumenos (1568–1648), scholar.[113]
- Nikolaos Glykys (1619–1693), merchant and book publisher.[114]
- Nikolaos Sarros (1617–1697), book publisher, owner of one of the first Greek printing-houses in Venice[115]
- Bessarion Makris (1635–1699), scholar.
- Georgios Sougdouris (1645/7–1725), scholar.
- Methodios Anthrakites (1660–1736), scholar.
- Balanos Vasilopoulos (1694–1760), scholar.
- Dimitrios Theodosiou (-1782), book publisher.[116]
- Zosimades brothers, benefactors, founders of the Zosimaia School.
- Maroutsis family, traders and benefactors.[36]
- Kyra Frosini (1772–1800), socialite and heroine.
- Lambros Photiadis (1752–1805), scholar.
- Zois Kaplanis (1736-1806), merchant, founder of the Kaplaneios School
- Kosmas Balanos (1731–1808), scholar.
- Grigorios Paliouritis (1778–1816), scholar.[117]
- Ioannis Vilaras (1771–1823), poet and scholar.
- Athanasios Psalidas (1767–1829), scholar, of the main contributors of the Modern Greek Enlightenment.
- Georgios Hadjikonstas (1753–1845), benefactor.[118]
- Vasileios Goudas (1779–1845), fighter of the Greek War of Independence.
- Athanasios Tsakalov (1790–1851), one of the three founders of Filiki Eteria.
- Michael Christaris (1773–1851), scholar.[119]
- Elisabeth Kastrisogia (1800–1863), benefactor.[120]
- Georgios Stavros (1787–1869), benefactor, founder of the National Bank of Greece.
- Leonidas Palaskas (1819–1880), Hellenic navy officer.
- Reshid Akif Pasha (1863-1920), Ottoman statesman.
- Georgios Hatzis (Pelleren) (1881–1930), author and journalist.
- Josef Elijia (1901–1931), Jewish Greek poet.[121]
- Patriarch Nicholas V of Alexandria (1876–1939)[122]
- Wehib Pasha (1877–1940), Ottoman general.
- Christos Adamidis (1885–1949), pioneer aviator and Hellenic Army General.
- Mid'hat Frashëri (1880–1949), politician and writer.
- Mehmet Esat Bülkat (1862–1952), Ottoman general.
- İzzettin Çalışlar (1882–1951), officer of the Ottoman Army.
- Abdülhalik Renda (1881-1957), Chairman of the Turkish National Assembly.
- Markos Avgeris (1884–1973), poet.
- Amalia Bakas (1897–1979), singer.[123]
- Dimitrios Hatzis (1913–1981), novelist.[124]
- Dimosthenis Kokkinos (1926–1991), Poet and author.
- Fatma Hikmet İşmen (1918-2006), engineer.
- Pavlos Vrellis(1922–2010), sculptor.
- Dinos Constantinides (1929–2021), classical music composer.
- Takis Mousafiris (1936–2021), Greek composer and songwriter[125]
- Matsas family, Romaniote Jewish family; most known Minos Matsas
- Hierotheos (Vlachos), theologian.
- Moses Elisaf (1954–2023), mayor from 2019 to 2023.
- Vana Barba, actress.
- SPAL.
- PAS Giannina and became the Director of the club.[126]
- Stefanos Ntouskos (b 1997), gold medal in the Men's single sculls, at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
- Eurovision 2022
Sports
Sport clubs
Ioannina is home to a major sports team called
Club | Founded | Sports | Achievements |
---|---|---|---|
NO Ioanninon | 1954 | Rowing | Long-time champions in Greece |
Spartakos AO | 1984 | Olympic weightlifting, Judo, Track and field, Basketball | Long-time champions in Greece in weightlifting |
PAS Giannina | 1966 | Football | Long-time presence in A Ethniki |
AGS Giannena | 1963 | Basketball, Volleyball, Track and field | Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki volleyball |
AE Giannena F.C. | 2004 | Football | Earlier presence in Gamma Ethniki |
Giannena AS | 2014 | Volleyball | Presence in A2 Ethniki volleyball |
Ioannina B.C. | 2015 | Basketball | Presence in B Ethniki |
VIKOS FALCONS | 2021 | Basketball | Presence in B Ethniki |
Sport complex
Club | Founded | Sports | Clubs: |
---|---|---|---|
Zosimades Stadium | 1952 | Football | PAS Giannina |
Panepirotan | 2002 | Basketball, Volleyball, Track and field | PAS Giannina, AO Velissarios FC[127]AE Giannena |
Transport
- Ioannina is served by Ioannina National Airport.
- The Egnatia Odos highway, part of the E90, passes by Ioannina. It links the west coast port of Igoumenitsa with the borders.
- Air Sea Lines flew from Lake Pamvotis to Corfu with seaplanes. Air Sea Lines has suspended flights from Corfu to Ioannina since 2007.
- Long-distance buses (KTEL) travel daily to Athens (6–6.5 hours) and Thessaloniki (3 hours).
In popular culture
- "Yanina" figures prominently in Alexandre Dumas' novel The Count of Monte Cristo.
- Villagers of Ioannina City is a folk rock band from Ioannina, formed in 2007.
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Ioannina is
- Požarevac, Serbia[128]
- Ayia Napa, Cyprus[129]
- Limassol, Cyprus[130]
- Himara, Albania
- Kiryat Ono, Israel[131]
- Nizhyn, Ukraine[132][133]
- Schwerte, Germany[134]
See also
- Epirus
- Maroutsaia School
- Uprising in Yanina
- Zagori, region and municipality near Ioannina
- List of mayors of Ioannina
Citations
- ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ISBN 978-960-213-371-2p. 268
- ISBN 978-0-691-00194-4. p. 63-66
- ^ The Era of Enlightenment (late 7th century – 1821) Archived 26 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Εθνικό Kέντρο Bιβλίου, p. 13
- ^ Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών, Αποκέντρωσης και Ηλεκρονικής Διακυβέρνησης Περιφέρεια Ηπείρου Archived 29 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine: "Στη δεκαετία του 1790 ο νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός έφθασε στο κορύφωμά του. ΦορέαA_1του πνεύματος στα Ιωάννινα είναι ο Αθανάσιος ΨαλίδαA_."
- ISBN 978-88-8492-558-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Anastassiadou 2002, pp. 282–283.
- ^ "Το όνομα των Ιωαννίνων Χ. Χαρίσης Τόμος Πρακτικών 3ου Πανηπειρωτικού Συνεδρίου. Εταιρεία Ηπειρωτικών Μελετών και Ίδρυμα Μελετών Ιονίου και Αδριατικού Χώρου. Ιωάννινα. 2019. (Υπό έκδοση)". Τόμος Πρακτικών 3Ου Πανηπειρωτικού Συνεδρίου. Εταιρεία Ηπειρωτικών Μελετών Και Ίδρυμα Μελετών Ιονίου Και Αδριατικού Χώρου. Ιωάννινα. 2019. (Υπό Έκδοση). Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
- ^ "Πώς και από ποιον προήλθε το όνομα των Ιωαννίνων". Ελευθερία. January 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- S2CID 128085232.
- ^ Pliakou, G. (2013). "The Basin of Ioannina after the Roman Conquest. The Evidence of the Excavation Coins". In Liampi, K.; Papaevangelou-Genakos, C.; Zachos, K.; Dousougli, A.; Iakovidou, A. (eds.). Numismatic History and Economy in Epirus During Antiquity (in Greek). Athens: Proceedings of the 1st International conference: Numismatic History and Economy in Epirus During Antiquity (University of Ioannina, 3–7 October 2007). pp. 449–462.
- ^ Gregory 1991, p. 1006.
- ^ a b c Soustal & Koder 1981, p. 165.
- ^ Greek Ministry of Culture. Archivedfrom the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ Papadopoulou 2014, p. 4.
- ^ Soustal & Koder 1981, pp. 165–166.
- ^ a b c d e f g Soustal & Koder 1981, p. 166.
- ^ Osswald, Brendan (2007). "The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus". In Ellis, Steven; Klusáková, Lud'a (eds.). Imagining Frontiers: Contesting Identities. Pisa: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press. p. 132.
- ^ Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1976). "Refugees, Mixed Population and Local Patriotism in Epiros and Western Macedonia after the Fourth Crusade". XVe Congrès international d'études byzantines (Athènes, 1976), Rapports et corapports I. Athens. pp. 20–21.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Fine 1994, p. 163.
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δεν μπορούμε να μιλάμε για οργανωμένη Επιτροπή, αλλά, ενδεχομένως, για Τόσκηδες, προσηλωμένους στην αλβανική εθνική ιδέα, που είχαν παρόμοιες σκέψεις και ιδέες για το μέλλον των Αλβανών και όχι μια συγκεκριμένη πολιτική οργάνωση' δεν μπορεί να θεωρηθεί τυχαίο ότι η Επιτροπή δεν εξέδωσε κανένα έγγραφο ή σφραγίδα ή πολιτική απόφαση.
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{{cite web}}
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Ένας άλλος Γιαννιώτης , ο Επιφάνειος Ηγούμενος , το 1647 κληροδοτεί ποσά για την ίδρυση δύο " νεωτεριστικών " Σχολών στα Ιωάννινα και την Αθήνα αντίστοιχα .
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The press owned by Nikolaos Glykys developed into the most productive centre of the Greek diaspora, and was also the longest-lived Greek press. Its founder was born in Ioannina in 1619 and moved to Venice in 1647,
{{cite book}}
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... the third most important Greek press in Venice, owned by Demetrios and Panos Theodosiou from Ioannina. It operated from 1755 till 1824
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Dort wurde Christaris... und starb in 1851
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General sources
- Anastassiadou, Meropi (2002). "Yanya". In ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.
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- Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2.
- Soustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia (in German). Vienna: ISBN 978-3-7001-0399-8.
External links
Official
- Municipality of Ioannina (in Greek)
Travel
- Ioannina – The Greek National Tourism Organization
- Ioannina travel guide
Historical
- "Here Their Stories Will Be Told..." The Valley of the Communities at Yad Vashem, Ioannina, at Yad Vashem website