Ionians

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The Ionians (/aɪˈoʊniənz/; Greek: Ἴωνες, Íōnes, singular Ἴων, Íōn) were one of the four major tribes that the Greeks considered themselves to be divided into during the ancient period; the other three being the Dorians, Aeolians, and Achaeans.[2] The Ionian dialect was one of the three major linguistic divisions of the Hellenic world, together with the Dorian and Aeolian dialects.

When referring to populations, "Ionian" defines several groups in

Asia Minor. In a broader sense, it could be used to describe all speakers of the Ionic dialect, which in addition to those in Ionia proper also included the Greek populations of Euboea, the Cyclades, and many cities founded by Ionian colonists. Finally, in the broadest sense it could be used to describe all those who spoke languages of the East Greek group, which included Attic
.

The

Lacedaemonia. The displaced Achaeans moved into Aigialeia (thereafter known as Achaea), in turn expelling the Ionians from Aigialeia.[3] The Ionians moved to Attica and mingled with the local population of Attica, and many years later emigrated to the coast of Asia Minor founding the historical region of Ionia
.

Unlike the austere and militaristic Dorians, the Ionians are renowned for their love of

Ionian school of philosophy, centered on Miletus
, was characterized by a focus on non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena and a search for rational explanations of the universe, thereby laying the foundation for scientific inquiry and rational thought in Western philosophy.

Etymology

The etymology of the word Ἴωνες or Ἰᾱ́ϝoνες is uncertain.[5] Frisk isolates an unknown root, *Ia-, pronounced *ya-.[6] There are, however, some theories:

  • From a Proto-Indo-European onomatopoeic root *wi- or *woi- expressing a shout uttered by persons running to the assistance of others; according to Pokorny, *Iāwones could mean "devotees of Apollo", based on the cry iḕ paiṓn uttered in his worship; the god was also called iḕios himself.[7]
  • From an unknown early name of an eastern Mediterranean island population represented by ḥꜣw-nbwt, an ancient Egyptian name for the people living there.[8]
  • From ancient Egyptian jwn "pillar, tree trunk" extended into jwnt "bow" (of wood?) and jwntjw "bowmen, archers."[9] This derivation is analogous on the one hand to the possible derivation of Dorians and on the other fits the Egyptian concept of "nine bows" with reference to the Sea Peoples.
  • From a
    Proto-Indo-European root *uiH-, meaning "power."[10]

History of the name

Unlike "Aeolians" and "Dorians", "Ionians" appears in the languages of different civilizations around the

Danaans and the Achaeans. The trail of the Ionians begins in the Mycenaean Greek records of Crete
.

Mycenaean

A fragmentary

nominative plural case of *Iāwones, an ethnic name. The Knossos tablets are dated to 1400 or 1200 B.C. and thus pre-date the Dorian dominance in Crete, if the name refers to Cretans
.

The name first appears in Greek literature in Homer as Ἰάονες, iāones,[12] used on a single occasion of some long-robed Greeks attacked by Hector and apparently identified with Athenians, and this Homeric form appears to be identical with the Mycenaean form but without the *-w-. This name also appears in a fragment of the other early poet, Hesiod, in the singular Ἰάων, iāōn.[13]

Biblical

In the

English Bible, Javan is a son of Japheth. Javan is believed nearly universally by Bible scholars to represent the Ionians; that is, Javan is Ion. The Hebrew is Yāwān, plural Yəwānīm.[15]

Additionally, but less surely, Japheth may be related linguistically to the Greek mythological figure

Iapetus.[16]

The locations of Biblical tribal countries have been the subjects of centuries of scholarship and yet remain to various degrees open questions. The Book of Isaiah[17] gives what may be a hint by listing "the nations ... that have not heard my fame" including Javan and immediately after "the isles afar off." These isles may be considered as an apposition to Javan or the last item in the series. If the former, the expression is typically used of the population of the islands in the Aegean Sea [citation needed].

The date of the Book of Isaiah cannot precede the date of the man Isaiah, in the 8th century BC.

Assyrian

Some letters of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BC record attacks by what appear to be Ionians on the cities of Phoenicia:

For example, a raid by the Ionians (ia-u-na-a-a) on the Phoenician coast is reported to Tiglath-Pileser III in a letter from the 730s BC discovered at Nimrud.[18]

The Assyrian word, which is preceded by the country determinative, has been reconstructed as *Iaunaia.

Citium
in Cyprus 'at the base of a mountain ravine ... of Yadnana.'

Iranian

Ionians appear in a number of

nominative plural masculine, singular Yauna;[24] for example, an inscription of Darius on the south wall of the palace at Persepolis includes in the provinces of the empire "Ionians who are of the mainland and (those) who are by the sea, and countries which are across the sea; ...."[25]
At that time the empire probably extended around the Aegean to northern Greece.

Indic

Main articles:
Yavana Kingdom
Hellenistic neighbours, in the Edicts of Ashoka (circa 250 BCE).[26]
Major Rock Edict No.2, here at Girnar. Brahmi script.[27]

Inspired by Achaemenid Iranians, Ionians appear in Indic literature and documents as Yavana and Yona. In documents, these names refer to the Indo-Greek Kingdoms: the states formed by the Macedonian Alexander the Great and his successors on the Indian subcontinent. The earliest such documentation is the Edicts of Ashoka. The Thirteenth Edict is dated to 260–258 BC and directly refers to the "Yonas".[26]

Other languages

Most modern Western Asian languages use the terms "Ionia" and "Ionian" to refer to Greece and Greeks. That is true of Hebrew (Yavan 'Greece' / Yevani fem. Yevania 'a Greek'),[28] Armenian (Hunastan 'Greece'[29] / Huyn 'a Greek'[citation needed]), and the Classical Arabic words (al-Yūnān 'Greece' / Yūnānī fem. Yūnāniyya pl. Yūnān 'a Greek',[30] probably from Aramaic Yawnānā[31]) are used in most modern Arabic dialects including Egyptian[citation needed] and Palestinian[32] as well as being used in modern Persian (Yūnānestān 'Greece' / Yūnānī pl. Yūnānīhā/Yūnānīyān 'Greeks')[33] and Turkish too via Persian (Yunanistan 'Greece' / Yunan 'a Greek person' pl. Yunanlar 'Greek people').[34]

Ionic language

Main articles:
Ionic dialect

Ionic Greek was a subdialect of the Attic–Ionic or Eastern dialect group of Ancient Greek.

Pre-Ionic Ionians

The literary evidence of the Ionians leads back to mainland Greece in Mycenaean times before there was an Ionia. The classical sources seem determined that they were to be called Ionians along with other names even then. This cannot be documented with inscriptional evidence, and yet the literary evidence, which is manifestly at least partially legendary, seems to reflect a general verbal tradition.

Herodotus

Herodotus of Halicarnassus asserts:[35]

all are Ionians who are of Athenian descent and keep the feast Apaturia.

He further explains:[36]

The whole Hellenic stock was then small, and the last of all its branches and the least regarded was the Ionian; for it had no considerable city except Athens.

The Ionians spread from Athens to other places in the

Peloponnesus, dwelt in what is now called Achaea, and before Danaus and Xuthus came to the Peloponnesus, as the Greeks say, they were called Aegialian Pelasgians. They were named Ionians after Ion the son of Xuthus
.

Achaea was divided into 12 communities originally Ionian:

Bura, Helice, Aegion, Rhype, Patrae, Phareae, Olenus, Dyme and Tritaeae. The most aboriginal Ionians were of Cynuria:[43]

The Cynurians

are aboriginal and seem to be the only Ionians, but they have been Dorianized by time and by Argive rule.

Strabo

In

Codridae they set forth for Anatolia and founded 12 cities in Caria and Lydia following the model of the 12 cities of Achaea, formerly Ionian.[44]

Ionian School of philosophy

Main article: Ionian School (philosophy)

During the 6th century BC, Ionian coastal towns, such as

his successors—were called physiologoi, those who discoursed on Nature. They were skeptical of religious explanations for natural phenomena and instead sought purely mechanical and physical explanations. They are credited as being of critical importance to the development of the 'scientific attitude' towards the study of Nature. According to physicist Carlo Rovelli, the work of the Ionian school produced the "first great scientific revolution" and the earliest example of critical thinking, which would come to define Greek, and subsequently modern, thought.[45]

Notes

  1. ^ Darius I, DNa inscription, Line 28
  2. ^ Apollodorus I, 7.3
  3. ^ Pausanias VII, 1.7
  4. ^ Kōnstantinos D. Paparrēgopulos, Historikai Pragmateiai – Volume 1, 1858
  5. ^ Robert S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 608 f.
  6. ^ "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary". Leiden University, the IEEE Project. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. To find the full presentation in H. J. Frisk's Griechisches Wörterbuch search on page 1,748, being sure to include the comma. For a similar presentation in Beekes' A Greek Etymological Dictionary search on Ionian in Etymology. Both linguists state a full panoply of "Ionian" words with sources.
  7. ^ "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary". Leiden University, the IEEE Project. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. In Pokorny's Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959), p. 1176.
  8. ISBN 0-517-41425-2
    .
  9. ISBN 0-8135-1277-8
    .
  10. ^ Nikolaev, Alexander S. (2006), "Ἰάoνες", Acta Linguistica Petropolitana, 2(1), pp. 100–115.
  11. ISBN 0-521-08558-6
    .
  12. ^ Homer. Iliad, Book XIII, Line 685.
  13. ^ Hes. fr. 10a.23 M-W: see Glare, P. G. W. (1996). Greek-English Leicon: Revised Supplement. Oxford University Press. p. 155.
  14. ^ Book of Genesis, 10.2.
  15. ISBN 0-8028-3782-4
    .
  16. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Iapetus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 215.
  17. ^ Book of Isaiah 66.19.
  18. ISBN 0-520-21185-5
    .
  19. ISBN 1-4051-0524-0
    .
  20. ^ Muss-Arnolt, William (1905). A Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language: Volume I: A-MUQQU: Iamānu. Berlin; London; New York: Reuther & Reichard; Williams & Morgate; Lemcke & Büchner. p. 360.
  21. ISBN 90-04-10230-2
    . See pages 120-121.
  22. ISBN 0-521-23447-6
    . See page 17 for the quote.
  23. ISBN 978-1-107-00960-8
    .
  24. ISBN 0-940490-33-1
    .
  25. ^ Kent, p. 136.
  26. ^
    ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0
    .
  27. ^ Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch (in Sanskrit). 1925. p. 3.
  28. ISBN 9651701722
    .
  29. ^ Bedrossian, Matthias (1985). New Dictionary Armenian-English. Beirut: Librairie du Liban. p. 515.
  30. ISBN 0-87950-001-8
    .
  31. ISBN 9789004161214
    .
  32. ISBN 2252025115
    .
  33. ISBN 978-0-7007-0458-3
    .
  34. ISBN 0-340-00042-2
    .
  35. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book I, Chapter 147.
  36. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book I, Chapter 143.
  37. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 8, Section 48.1.
  38. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 8, Section 46.3.
  39. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 8, Section 46.2.
  40. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 6, Section 22.3.
  41. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 7, Chapter 94.
  42. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 1, Section 145.1.
  43. ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 8, Section 73.3.
  44. ^ Strabo. Geography. Book 8, Section 7.1.
  45. ^
    OCLC 1322366046
    .

Further reading

  • J. A. R Munro. "Pelasgians and Ionians". The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1934 (JSTOR).
  • R. M. Cook. "Ionia and Greece in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C." The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1946 (JSTOR).

External links
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