Iran–Israel proxy conflict

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Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Israel (orange) and Iran (green) shown within the Middle East
Date16 February 1985[39] – ongoing
(39 years, 2 months, 1 week and 1 day)
Location
Worldwide
Status

Ongoing:

Belligerents

 Iran

Proxies:
Supported by:

 Israel

Alleged proxies:
Supported by:
Commanders and leaders
Khaled Meshaal
(Hamas leader; 2006–2011)
Ahmad Sa'adat
(PFLP Leader)
Ziyad al-Nakhalah

(PIJ Leader)		 Israel Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister of Israel, 2009–2021; 2022–present)
Israel Ariel Sharon (2005–2006)
Israel Ehud Olmert (2006–2009)
Israel Naftali Bennett (2021–2022)
Israel Yair Lapid (2022)

The Iran–Israel proxy conflict, also known as the Iran–Israel proxy war

People's Mujahedin of Iran, conducted airstrikes against Iranian allies in Syria and assassinated Iranian nuclear scientists. In 2018 Israeli forces directly attacked Iranian forces in Syria.[44]

Motivated by the

2008-2009, 2012, 2014, 2021 and 2023-2024. The 1982 Lebanon War and Israel–Hamas war have been the deadliest wars of the Arab–Israeli conflict.[46]

Various reasons have been given for the Iran-Israel conflict. Iran and Israel had previously enjoyed warm ties due to common threats, but by 1990s

military action against Iran to stop it from acquiring nuclear weapons.[55]

Background

Main articles: Iran–Israel relations and South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)

Iranian Islamists have a long history of sympathizing with the Palestinians. In 1949, Iranian ayotallah

the 1967 war Taleghani started raising funds (e.g. zakat) inside Iran to be sent to Palestinians.[56] The Iranian government at the time was alarmed at these activities and SAVAK documents indicate that the government believed that the Iranian public was sympathetic to the Palestinian people.[57] Likewise Ruhollah Khomeini championed the Palestinian people before he became Iran's Supreme Leader in 1979. He also criticized the Pahlavi dynasty's ties with Israel, viewing Israel as a supporter of the Pahlavi regime.[58] Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Khomeini's new government adopted a policy of hostility towards Israel. The new Iranian government saw Israel as a colonial outpost.[59] Iran withdrew recognition of Israel as a state, and severed all diplomatic, commercial and other ties with Israel,[60] referring to its government as the "Zionist regime"[61]
and Israel as "occupied Palestine".

Despite the tension between the two countries,

Israel provided support to Iran during the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988. During the war, Israel was one of the main suppliers of military equipment to Iran and also provided military instructors. Israel gave direct support to Iran's war effort when it bombed and destroyed Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor in Operation Babylon. The nuclear reactor was considered a central component of Iraq's nuclear weapons program.[62]

The 1982

allies in Lebanon and the civilian Israeli population, the Galilee suffered fewer violent attacks by Hezbollah than previously by PLO in the 1970s (hundreds of Israeli civilian casualties).[citation needed] However, the wholesale massacres perpetrated by Israeli proxies (the Maronite Lebanese Forces and right-wing Phalangists) against Lebanese Shias had as a long-term consequence the emergence of a homegrown Lebanese, rather than Palestinian, resistance movement within South Lebanon, which by the second half of the 1990s was posing more strategic trouble to Israel than the PLO could pose in the 1970s.[63][64]

History

Relationship with PLO

Starting in the 1960s, many Iranians (both leftist and religious) had volunteered to fight against Israel with various Palestinian organizations, including the

Palestinian Liberation Organization.[65] Some of these volunteers, who had received training in Lebanon and Jordan, then returned to Iran to fight against the Shah.[65]

Islamic Revolution.[65] During Arafat's visit, Iran severed ties with Israel and expelled Israeli diplomats.[65] The PLO found Iran's revolution inspiring, given that Khomenei, who had been exiled from his homeland, defeated a militarily powerful enemy supported by the US, something that the PLO thought it could replicate against Israel.[66] On the other hand, Palestinians felt Arab nationalism was at a dead end.[66] Arabs were defeated in the 1967 war, Jordan expelled the PLO in 1970 and Egypt recognized Israel in 1978.[66][65]

During the Iran hostage crisis, PLO attempted to mediate with the Iranian students, but failed.[67] In addition, secret documents were allegedly discovered at the US embassy detailing Israeli support for the Shah's regime.[68]

At the start of the

Iran-Iraq war, Yasser Arafat tried to mediate between Saddam Hussein and Khomenei.[69] Arafat feared the war would distract from the Palestinian cause.[69] Arafat travelled personally on September 20, 1980, to Baghdad and Tehran, but his efforts were unsuccessful. Arafat eventually sided with Iraq during the war.[70] Despite this, Iranian leaders kept a pro-Palestinian stance.[71]

Israeli occupation of Lebanon

In 1982,

Israel invaded Lebanon. The leaders of the Lebanese Shia community appealed to Iran for help.[72] Khomeini sent his defense minister and military leaders to Syria to assist, but eventually concluded that Iran could not fight a two-front war given its ongoing war with Iraq.[73]

Despite Israeli success in eradicating PLO bases and partial withdrawal in 1985, the Israeli invasion had actually increased the severity of

conflict with local Lebanese militias and resulted in the consolidation of several local Shia Muslim movements in Lebanon, including Hezbollah and Amal
, from a previously unorganized guerrilla movement in the south. Over the years, military casualties of both sides grew higher, as both parties used more modern weaponry, and Hezbollah progressed in its tactics.

Iran supplied the militant organization Hezbollah with substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid while persuading Hezbollah to take action against Israel.[74][75][76] Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed among its four main goals "Israel's final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration."[77] According to reports released in February 2010, Hezbollah received $400 million from Iran.[75] By the early 1990s, Hezbollah, with support from Syria and Iran, emerged as the leading group and military power, monopolizing the directorship of the guerrilla activity in South Lebanon.[citation needed]

2000s

Shabaa Farms conflict

Since the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon and take-over of Hezbollah over the assets of the South Lebanon Army in May 2000, the conflict continued at low-level, centered around Shabaa Farms - a small region on the Hermon mountain slope.

With the election of Iranian hardliner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2005, relations between Iran and Israel became increasingly tense as the countries engaged in a series of proxy conflicts and covert operations against each other.

2006 War

A grenade launcher with a symbol of Iran displayed by Israel as "found in Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War"

During the

destroyed a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria, with ten North Koreans reportedly killed.[79]

Evolving Iranian support to Hamas

During and immediately after the

Gaza War, the Israeli Air Force, with the assistance of Israeli commandos, was reported to have allegedly carried out three airstrikes against Iranian arms being smuggled to Hamas through Sudan, as Iran launched an intensive effort to supply Hamas with weapons and ammunition. Israel hinted that it was behind the attacks. Two truck convoys were destroyed, and an arms-laden ship was sunk in the Red Sea.[80]

On 4 November 2009, Israel

captured a ship
in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and its cargo of hundreds of tons of weapons allegedly bound from Iran to Hezbollah.

Proxy conflicts and sabotage

2010

In 2010, a wave of assassinations targeting Iranian nuclear scientists began. The assassinations were widely believed to be the work of

Darioush Rezaeinejad was shot dead in eastern Tehran. On 11 January 2012, Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan and his driver were killed by a bomb attached to their car from a motorcycle.[83]

In June 2010 Stuxnet, an advanced computer worm was discovered. It is believed that it had been developed by US and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities.[84] In a study conducted by ISIS it is estimated that Stuxnet might have damaged as many as 1,000 centrifuges (10% of all installed) in the Natanz enrichment plant.[85] Other computer viruses and malware, including Duqu and Flame, were reportedly related to Stuxnet.[86][87] Iran claims that its adversaries regularly engineer sales of faulty equipment and attacks by computer viruses to sabotage its nuclear program.[88][89][90]

2011

On 15 March 2011, Israel seized a ship from Syria bringing Iranian weapons to Gaza.[91] In addition, the Mossad was also suspected of being responsible for an explosion that reportedly damaged the nuclear facility at Isfahan. Iran denied that any explosion had occurred, but The Times reported damage to the nuclear plant based on satellite images, and quoted Israeli intelligence sources as saying that the blast indeed targeted a nuclear site, and was "no accident".[92] Hours after the blast took place, Hezbollah fired two rockets into northern Israel. The Israel Defense Forces reacted by firing four artillery shells at the area from where the launch originated. It was speculated that the attack was ordered by Iran and Syria as a warning to Israel.[93] The Israeli attack was reported to have killed 7 people, including foreign nationals.[94] Another 12 people were injured, of whom 7 later died in hospital.[94][95]

The Mossad was suspected of being behind an

Hassan Moqaddam, described as a key figure in Iran's missile program.[96] Israeli journalist Ron Ben-Yishai wrote that several lower-ranked Iranian missile experts had probably been previously killed in several explosions at various sites.[81]

In response to Israeli covert operations, Iranian agents reportedly began trying to hit Israeli and Jewish targets; potential targets were then placed on high alert. Yoram Cohen, the head of Shin Bet, claimed that three planned attacks in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Thailand were thwarted at the last minute.[97] On 11 October 2011, the United States claimed to have foiled an alleged Iranian plot that included bombing the Israeli and Saudi embassies in Washington DC and Buenos Aires.[98]

2012

On 13 February 2012, Israeli embassy staff in

Royal Malaysian Police.[102] Thai police subsequently arrested two people suspected of involvement.[103][104] Indian police arrested a Delhi-based journalist in connection with February's car bomb, which injured four Israelis including the wife of an Israeli diplomat. Journalist Syed Mohammed Kazmi was arrested on 6 March 2012, after being in contact with a suspect that police believe might have stuck a magnetic bomb to the diplomat's car. It is said Kazmi was an Indian citizen who worked for an Iranian publication.[105]

On 18 July 2012, a bus carrying Israeli tourists in Bulgaria was destroyed in a bombing attack that killed five Israeli tourists and the Bulgarian driver, and injured 32 people. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu blamed Iran and Hezbollah for the attack.[106] In July 2012, a senior Israeli defense official stated that since May 2011, more than 20 terrorist attacks planned by Iranians or suspected Hezbollah agents against Israeli targets worldwide had been foiled, including in South Africa, Azerbaijan, Kenya, Turkey, Thailand, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Nepal, Nigeria, and Peru, and that Iranian and Hezbollah operatives were incarcerated in jails throughout the world.[107][108][109][110][111]

On 6 October 2012, Israeli airplanes shot down a small

UAV as it flew over northern Negev.[112] Hezbollah confirmed it sent the drone and Nasrallah said in a televised speech that the drone's parts were manufactured in Iran.[113]

On 24 October 2012, Sudan claimed that Israel had

bombed a munitions factory, allegedly belonging to Iran's Revolutionary Guard, south of Khartoum.[19][20][114]

In November 2012, Israel reported that an Iranian ship was being loaded with rockets to be exported to countries within range of Israel and that Israel "will attack and destroy any shipment of arms".[115]

2013

In January 2013, rumors were released that the Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant had been hit by an explosion. Further reports by IAEA concluded that there had been no such incident.[116]

On 25 April 2013, Israeli aircraft shot down a drone off the coast of Haifa, allegedly belonging to Hezbollah.[117]

On 7 May 2013, residents of Tehran reported hearing three blasts in an area where Iran maintains its missile research and depots. Later, an Iranian website said the blasts occurred at a privately owned chemical factory.[118]

On 10 December, Hamas announced that they have resumed ties with Iran after a brief cut off over the Syrian conflict.[119]

2014

A court in Jerusalem has sentenced an Israeli man, Yitzhak Bergel, to four-and-a-half years in prison for offering to spy for Iran. Bergel belongs to the anti-Zionist

ultra-Orthodox Jewish sect which is vehemently opposed to the State of Israel's existence.[120]

On 5 March 2014, the Israeli navy intercepted the Klos-C cargo ship. Israel stated Iran was using the vessel to smuggle dozens of long-range rockets to Gaza, including Syrian-manufactured M-302 rockets. The operation, named Full Disclosure and carried out by Shayetet 13 special forces, took place in the Red Sea, 1,500 kilometers away from Israel and some 160 kilometers from Port Sudan.[121]

Iranian state media reported that on 24 August 2014,

IRGC had shot down an Israeli drone near Natanz fuel enrichment plant. The Israeli military did not comment on the reports.[122]

Two workers were killed in an explosion that took place at a military explosives factory southeast of Tehran, near the suspected nuclear reactor in

Shebaa farms, wounding two Israeli soldiers. Israel responded with artillery fire toward two Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.[125]

During the Syrian civil war

Main article: Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war
Further information:
Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war

Israel and Syria have observed a truce since Israel reaffirmed its control over most of the

incidents of fire exchange across the once-peaceful borders. The Israeli military is reportedly preparing itself for potential threats should there be a power vacuum in Syria. "After Assad and after establishing or strengthening their foothold in Syria, they are going to move and deflect their effort and attack Israel," an Israeli official told The Associated Press in January 2014. Some experts say that while the encroaching militant forces on Israel's border will heighten security measures, the advancements are not likely to create significant changes to Israel's policy disengagement in the Syria crisis.[126]

In the Syrian Civil War, hoping to bolster its logistics and force projection capabilities in the area, Tehran aims to clear a path from the Iranian capital to Damascus and the Mediterranean coast.

Israeli Defence Minister Avigdor Lieberman has warned, "everything possible will be done to prevent the existence of a Shi'ite corridor from Tehran to Damascus".[130] In 2017, Israeli intelligence discovered an Iranian base being built in Syria just 50 km from the Israeli border.[131]

The assistance provided by Iran's IRGC Quds Force under General Qasem Soleimani, Hezbollah, and Russia to the Syrian government enabled Bashar al-Assad to emerge victorious from the war in 2017, which ensured that the "worst-case scenario" for Israel, a contiguous "Axis of Resistance" stretching from Iran and Iraq through Syria to the Lebanese-Israeli border, had been realized. Mossad director Yossi Cohen said in 2018 that Israel's failure to prevent an Assad victory in Syria, together with Israel's failure to defeat Hezbollah in 2006, had meant that "[Iranian General] Qassem Soleimani, should he be so minded, could drive his car from Tehran to Lebanon's border with Israel without being stopped. And the same route would be open to truckloads of rockets bound for Iran's main regional proxy, Hezbollah."[132]

Covert operations (2013–2017)

On several occasions between 2013 and 2017 Israel reportedly carried out or supported attacks on Hezbollah and Iranian targets within Syrian territories or Lebanon. One of the first reliably reported incidents took place on 30 January 2013, when Israeli aircraft struck a Syrian convoy allegedly transporting Iranian weapons to Hezbollah.[133] Habitually, Israel refused to comment on the incident, a stance that is believed to seek to ensure that the Syrian government did not feel obliged to retaliate.[133]

More incidents were attributed to IAF on

Syrian Civil War.[134]
As of September 2017, this was the only time such confirmation was issued.

In January 2014, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned that Iran's nuclear program would only be set back six weeks as a result of its interim agreement with the international community.[135] In one of the region's oddest pairings, Israel and the Gulf Arab states led by Saudi Arabia increasingly are finding common ground — and a common political language — on their mutual dismay over the prospect of a nuclear deal in Geneva that could curb Tehran's atomic program but leave the main elements intact, such as uranium enrichment.[136] In June 2017, former Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon stated that "We and the Arabs, the same Arabs who organized in a coalition in the Six-Day War to try to destroy the Jewish state, today find themselves in the same boat with us ... The Sunni Arab countries, apart from Qatar, are largely in the same boat with us since we all see a nuclear Iran as the number one threat against all of us".[137]

Open engagement (2017–2018)

Beginning in January 2017, the Israeli Air Force began flying almost daily attack missions against Iranian targets in Syria, dropping about 2,000 bombs in 2018 alone. Some Iranian targets were also attacked by Israeli

Gadi Eizenkot claimed that up to that point, only a few dozen Iranian military personnel had been killed in the attacks, as Israel had taken care to primarily target Iranian infrastructure while sparing personnel so as not to give Iran any pretext to retaliate.[138][139]

Heist of Iranian nuclear secrets in 2018

It was reported that the Mossad stole nuclear secrets from a secure warehouse in Tehran in January 2018. According to reports, the agents came in a truck semitrailer at midnight, cut into dozens of safes with "high intensity torches", and carted out "50,000 pages and 163 compact discs of memos, videos and plans" before leaving in time to make their escape when the guards came for the morning shift at 7 am.[140][141] According to the Israelis, the documents and files (which it shared with European countries and the United States),[142] demonstrated that the Iranian AMAD Project aimed to develop nuclear weapons, that Iran had a nuclear program when it claimed to have "largely suspended it", and that there were two nuclear sites in Iran that had been hidden from inspectors.[143] This was followed by the Trump administration withdrawing the United States from the JCPOA and reimposing US sanctions on Iran.[144][145] Shortly after retiring as head of Mossad, Yossi Cohen admitted he oversaw the operation to steal the Iranian documents during a televised interview in June 2021.[146] Benjamin Netanyahu's 2022 book revealed several new details of the operation, including an intent to sabotage the nuclear program by stealing irreplaceable documents, in addition to proving its mere existence.[147]

Syria, Iraq and Lebanon (2019–2020)

Main article: 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq

In July 2019, it was reported that Israel had expanded its strikes against Iranian missile shipments to

F-35 combat planes allegedly striking Iranian targets in Iraq twice.[148]
Israeli airstrikes reportedly targeted Iran-backed militias in Iraq during 2019.[149]

On September 16, 2019, air strikes, targeting three positions of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards and allied Iraqi militias, killed at least 10 pro-Iranian militiamen in Albu Kamal, Syria. The strikes were allegedly blamed on Israel.[150] According to the time, the increase of Iran-Israel tension concurs with discussion of a possible rapprochement between Iran and the U.S.[151]

Israeli aircraft or drones attacked a Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) position in Qousaya, located in the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon, close to the border with Syria on Sunday night, 26 August 2019, according to Lebanese media reports. The attack came a day after two drones exploded in the Lebanese capital Beirut.[152][153]

According to an official from the Palestinian position in the town three air strikes hit the

PFLP-GC military position in Quasaya early morning 26 August 2019 causing only material damage.[154]

On 27 July 2020,

Israeli airstrikes in Syria and an Israeli drone crashed in Lebanon.[156] The Israel Defense Forces said that there were no Israeli casualties and that the four Hezbollah fighters fled back to Lebanon after being shot at. However, Hezbollah denied that their forces attacked the Israeli army, and said that their fighters had not crossed the border in a released statement. The group said that Israel opened fire first. Two dozen explosions were heard in Lebanon; an Israeli shell smashed in a civilian home, narrowly missing a family in the house at the time, but nobody was hurt.[157][155][158][159]

Assassinations, cyberwarfare and sabotage

2020

See also: 2020 Iran explosions

The US assassinated Qasem Soleimani on 3 January, reversing policy of the prior administration which had warned Iran of Israeli attempts at assassinating Soleimani. The Iranians retailiated with Operation Martyr Soleimani, in which 11 Qiam 1 missiles hit Al-Asad Airbase, causing traumatic brain injuries to 110 American soldiers. On the same day, the IRGC mistakenly shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, killing all 176 passengers and crew aboard, including 82 Iranian citizens. This triggered another wave of Iranian anti-government protests (part of the larger 2019–2020 Iranian protests), with many Iranians calling for the removal of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[160] When giant U.S. and Israeli flags were painted on the ground for crowds of Iranian protestors to trample on them, according to video filmed at the scene that has been verified by NBC News, the crowds of people outside Beheshti University refused to trample over them.[161]

On May 9, 2020, Israel was reportedly behind a cyberattack that disrupted the Shahid Rajaee port in the Strait of Hormuz, causing traffic jams of delivery trucks and delays in shipments. It was suggested the attack was a response to a failed Iranian cyberattack on an Israeli water facility of the Sharon central region in April.[162]

In June and July, a series of explosions targeted Iran's nuclear and missile programs and various other infrastructure. There were accidents and damages reported in the

Razavi Khorasan Province.[170] On July 15, a large fire broke out at a shipyard in the city of Bushehr, spreading to seven wooden boats.[171] On July 18, an oil pipeline exploded in the Ahvaz region in southern Iran.[172] On July 19, another explosion took place in a power station in Isfahan.[173] On August 4, a massive explosion took place at the Beirut port caused by ammonium nitrate that was stored at the place. According to the German newspaper Die Welt, Iran supplied Hezbollah with hundreds of tons of ammonium nitrate between 2013 and 2014, while around that time Lebanon confiscated thousands of tons of the explosive substance that years later led to the blast.[174]

Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah, the second-in-command of al-Qaeda, was killed on 7 August 2020 in Tehran.[175]

Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, head of Iran's nuclear weapons program, was assassinated on 27 November 2020 in Absard.[176]

Attacks on ships and incidents in 2021

Israeli commandos carried out attacks which damaged numerous Iranian cargo ships carrying oil and weapons to Syria from late 2019 to 2021.[177] Israeli-owned ships were attacked in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea, allegedly by Iran.[178] Israel was also reportedly behind an attack on an Iranian intelligence ship of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy in the Red Sea, which was heavily damaged by a limpet mine in April 2021.[179]

On April 10, 2021, Iran began injecting uranium hexafluoride gas into advanced IR-6 and IR-5 centrifuges at Natanz, but an accident occurred in the electricity distribution network the next day due to Mossad activity, according to Western and Iranian sources.[180] On April 13 2021, In what seemed to be an Iranian response, an Israeli-owned ship was attacked by a missile or a drone near the shores of the Fujairah emirate in the United Arab Emirates, causing light damage to the vessel.[181] On April 24, an Iranian fuel tanker was reportedly attacked off the Syrian coast by an Israeli drone, causing damage but no casualties.[182]

On May 7, a massive fire broke out in Iran's southwestern city of Bushehr near the only functioning nuclear power plant of the country. The IRGC-affiliated Tasnim News Agency reported that the fire was intentional, although its cause was unknown.[183] On May 9, an explosion occurred at an oil tanker off the coast of Syria, causing a small fire in one of its engines.[184] On May 23, at least nine people were injured in a blast at an Iranian plant that reportedly produces UAVs in Isfahan. The blast occurred after Prime Minister Netanyahu said a drone armed with explosives that was downed by Israeli forces earlier in the week was launched by Iran toward Israel from either Syria or Iraq, amid the fighting in Gaza.[185] On May 26, an explosion took place at a petrochemical complex in the city of Asaluyeh in southern Iran, killing a worker and injuring two.[186]

On June 2, a fire broke out at an Iranian navy vessel, the IRIS Kharg, near the port of Jask in the Gulf of Oman, although the entire crew was able to safely disembark before the ship sank.[187][188] Later in the day there was a gas leak at an oil refinery in Tehran which caused a massive fire. No injuries were reported.[189] On June 5, an explosion took place at the Zarand Iranian Steel Company in eastern Iran. No injuries were reported.[190] On June 20, it was reported that Iran's sole nuclear power plant at Bushehr underwent an emergency shutdown that would last between three and four days.[191] On June 23, a major damage was caused to one of the buildings of Iran's Atomic Energy Organization, although Iranian authorities denied there was any damage or casualties as a result of the sabotage attempt.[192]

On July 3, an Israeli-owned cargo ship was struck by an "unknown weapon" in the northern Indian Ocean, causing a fire to erupt onboard the vessel, although no injuries were reported. Israeli sources suspect that Iran was behind the attack.[193] On July 5, a large fire was reported at a warehouse or factory near the city of Karaj, where an alleged previous attack targeted a nuclear facility reportedly used to produce centrifuges.[194] On July 14, Iranian media reported an explosion at an office building in western Tehran, causing heavy damage to part of the building.[195] On July 29, an Israeli-operated oil tanker was attacked near the coast of Oman. According to senior Israeli officials, the attack was conducted by Iran.[196]

On August 10, a major explosion took place on a commercial ship docked at the

Khark Island in the Persian Gulf.[198]

On September 26, three people were injured in a fire at an IRGC research center west of Tehran.[199]

On October 26, a cyberattack crippled gas stations across Iran. It was reported that some hacked systems displayed messages addressing Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, demanding to know "where is the gas."[200]

On November 7, it was reported that Mossad thwarted multiple Iranian attacks on Israelis in Tanzania, Senegal and Ghana. African authorities arrested five suspects. Iran has also attempted to strike Israel overseas and using cyberattacks.[201]

Assassinations and covert bilateral attacks in 2022–2023

In February 2022, an Israeli attack against an Iranian base destroyed hundrends of drones, which prompted Iran to fire missiles on an American consulate in Irbil (Iraqi Kurdistan) the following month. An Iranian cyberattack on Israeli websites was also reported.[202]

In March 2022, Reuters reported that Israel was carrying out airstrikes against Iranian personnel and militias in Syria backed by Iran. The report said that Israel "seeks to prevent Iran from transferring weapons to Hezbollah".[203]

On May 22, Col. Hassan Sayyad Khodaei, a senior member of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was shot dead in his car in Tehran. He was among those responsible within the Guard's elite Quds Force for carrying out Iranian operations in Iraq and Syria.[204] On May 25, an engineer was killed and another employee was wounded during an incident at the Parchin military facility south of Tehran.[205] Also in May, Israeli and Turkish security agencies foiled an Iranian plot to kidnap Israeli tourists in Turkey.[206] Another plot was foiled in June following a Mossad rescue operation in Istanbul.[207]

On June 12, Argentinian authorities immobilized an Iranian Mahan Air cargo plane that was leased to a Venezuelan state-owned airline. The passports of five Iranian passengers traveling on the plane were confiscated, some of whom were purportedly linked to the IRGC.[208] On June 13, Mohammad Abdous, an Iranian Air Force scientist from the Aerospace Unit working on several projects, was killed during a mission at a base in northern Iran. The incident occurred less than 24 hours after Ali Kamani, another member of the air force's Aerospace Unit, died in a car accident in the city of Khomein.[209] The New York Times reported that Iranian officials suspect Israel poisoned engineer Ayoob Entezari and geologist Kamran Aghamolaei.[210] On June 14, an explosion at a chemical factory in the southern city of Firouzabad injured over 100 Iranian workers, most of them lightly.[211] On June 15, another IRGC officer of the aerospace division, Wahab Premarzian, died in the city of Maragheh.[212] On June 19, an explosion was reported at an IRGC missile base in west Tehran. The site had been targeted last year as well.[213] On June 27, A large cyberattack forced the Iranian state-owned Khuzestan Steel Company to halt production, with two other major steel producers also being targeted. Israeli military correspondents hinted that Israel was responsible for the assault in retaliation for a suspected Iranian cyberattack that caused rocket sirens to be heard in Jerusalem and Eilat the previous week.[214]

In July, IRGC engineer Said Thamardar Mutlak was killed in a suspected Mossad assassination in Shiraz, while Iranian state-media reported that a Mossad-linked spy network planning to carry out "unprecedented acts of sabotage and terrorist operations" in Iran was captured by IRGC intelligence.[215]

On August 22, IRGC Brigadier General Abolfazal Alijani was killed in the Aleppo region of Syria.[216]

On September 1, an explosion occurred at a key oil refinery in Abadan that supplies 25% of Iran's fuel needs. No injuries were reported.[217]

On November 15, an oil tanker owned by an Israeli billionaire was attacked off the coast of Oman by an Iranian drone belonging to the IRGC, causing damage but no injuries.

IRGC's aerospace division who was killed by a roadside bomb near Damascus.[221]

On January 28, 2023, a series of bomb-carrying drones attacked an Iranian defense factory in Isfahan, causing material damage at the plant, while a fire broke out at a refinery in the country's northwest the same day.[222] According to The Wall Street Journal, Israel was responsible for the strike.[223]

On February 17, the IRGC launched a drone attack against an Israeli-owned vessel in the Persian Gulf, causing minor damage.[224] In March, Greek authorities—with help from Mossad—arrested two foreigners that were part of an Iranian cell looking to attack Jews and Israelis in that country.[225]

In April, Shin Bet announced the arrest of two Palestinians in the West Bank who were recruited by Hezbollah and the Iranian Quds Force to carry out attacks on their behalf.[226]

In June, a planned attack by IRGC members against Jews and Israelis in Cyprus was foiled by Cypriot intelligence services in cooperation with US and Israeli agencies.[227]

In September, a suspected explosion struck an Iranian missile base in the city of

Yehuda Glick.[229] On September 28, a fire broke out at a car battery factory owned by the Iranian Defense Ministry for the second time in less than a week.[230]

During the Israel–Hamas war

Further information:
2024 Iranian strikes against Israel and 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
See also: Israel–Hamas war

The armed conflict between

taken to the Gaza Strip, including women and children.[239][240][241][242]
The surprise Palestinian attack was met with Israeli retaliatory strikes,[243] and Israel formally declared war on Hamas and its allies a day later.[243]

Iran, which reportedly assisted Hamas with planning the attack,

A conflict was reported between militants in Lebanon, including Hezbollah, and Israeli forces on 8 and 9 October.[246]

Iran and its proxies,

state-controlled media outlets like RT, Sputnik and Tasnim.[247]

Amidst the war, the Houthi insurgent group extended the conflict's reach by

launching missile attacks directed towards Israeli territory.[248]

In December, two Iranian suspects linked to the IRGC were arrested in Cyprus for planning to target Israelis there.

ICGS Vikram to the tanker.[254][255]

Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus on 1 April 2024

On 25 December,

Sayyida Zeinab area.[256][257] On December 28, eleven leaders of the IRGC were killed in an airstrike targeting the Damascus International Airport, according to Saudi media. It was reported that the IRGC commanders were meeting high-ranking delegates at the time of the strike. [258] On 29 December, Iran executed four people for allegedly spying for the Mossad, and arrested several others.[259] On January 20, 2024, an airstrike killed five elite Iranian Revolutionary Guards in a building in Damascus. Iran blamed Israel.[260] On 29 January, Iran executed four people who were accused of planning to carry out a bomb plot ordered by Mossad against a factory producing military equipment.[261] In February, it was reported that the IRGC has recruited British Shia Muslims visiting religious sites in Iran and Iraq to spy or carry out attacks on Jews and Iranian dissidents living in the UK.[262] On 14 February, explosions struck a natural gas pipeline in Iran, with an official blaming "sabotage and terrorist action".[263]

On 1 April 2024, the Iranian consulate annex building adjacent to the Iranian embassy in Damascus, Syria, was struck by an Israeli airstrike, killing 16 people, including Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a senior Quds Force commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), and seven other IRGC officers.[264][265] On 13 April, Iran retaliated against the attack with missile and drone strikes in Israel.[266] On 19 April, Israel launched a series of retaliatory missile strikes on Iranian military sites. Iranian officials have also reported explosions at military sites in Syria and Iraq.[267] Iran is the third-largest producer in oil cartel OPEC, so there was concern about rising oil prices.[268]

Iranian supporters and alleged proxies

Further information: Axis of Resistance

Syria

Main articles:
Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War
Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and President Ebrahim Raisi meeting with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad on 8 May 2022

Syrian Civil War, including logistical, technical and financial support, as well as training and some combat troops. Iran sees the survival of the Syrian government as being crucial to its regional interests.[269][270] The Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei, was reported in September 2011 to be vocally in favor of the Syrian government. When the uprising developed into the Syrian Civil War, there were increasing reports of Iranian military support, and of Iranian training of NDF (National Defence Forces) both in Syria and Iran.[271]

Iranian security and intelligence services are advising and assisting the

Kataib Hezbollah, and Bahraini Saraya Al-Mukhtar.[275][276][277][278][279][280][281][282]

Hezbollah

See also: Funding of Hezbollah
Qassem Soleimani

Israeli occupation of South Lebanon in 2000, its military strength grew significantly,[290][291] such that its paramilitary wing is considered more powerful than the Lebanese Army.[292][293] Hezbollah receives military training, weapons, and financial support from Iran, and political support from Syria.[294] Hezbollah also fought against Israel in the 2006 Lebanon War
.

Hezbollah has been a

Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon. By March 2019, 1,677 Lebanese Hezbollah fighters had reportedly been killed in Syria.[297]

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

Further information: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

Hamas (2005–2011)

Further information: Governance of the Gaza Strip

Between 2005 and 2011, Iran was one of the main funders and suppliers of Hamas. Israel estimates the Hamas' Brigades have a core of several hundred members, who received

military training, including training in Iran and in Syria (before the Syrian Civil War).[298] In 2011, after the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, Hamas distanced itself from the Syrian government and its members began leaving Syria. Since 2012, Hamas ceased receiving any support from Iran due to Hamas' support of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. In a speech for the spokesman of the Qassam brigades in 2014 on Hamas's 27 anniversary he thanked Iran for aid in finance and weapons.[2]

Sudan (2005–2015)

Main article: Iran–Sudan relations

In 2008, Sudan and Iran signed a military cooperation agreement. The agreement was signed by Iran's Defense Minister

Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein.[299]

In 2011, however, Sudan reduced its cooperation with Iran after the start of the

Syrian Civil War
.

In 2015, Sudan completely severed its ties with Iran, by participating in the

Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni Crisis on behalf of the Sunni Arab alliance.[300]

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

Iran is a major financial supporter of the

Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ).[301][302][303][304] Following the Israeli and Egyptian squeeze on Hamas in early 2014, PIJ has seen its power steadily increase with the backing of funds from Iran.[305]
Its financial backing is believed to also come from Syria.

Popular Mobilization Forces

Main article: Popular Mobilization Forces

Israeli supporters and alleged proxies

United States

Main articles: Israel–United States relations and Israel–United States military relations
Vice President Joe Biden with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem in 2016

Israel's closest military ally, the United States, has a long history of violence against Iran, including the August 1953 overthrow of the

Mossadegh government by U.S. and U.K. covert operatives, and the decades long U.S. support for the authoritarian rule of the Shah.[306][307][308][309] The U.S. provided major military and other support to Saddam Hussein's Iraq for decades after Iraq attacked Iran, and in 1988, the United States launched Operation Praying Mantis against Iran, the largest American naval combat operation since World War II.[310] The United States has military bases that virtually encircle Iran.[311]

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken did not rule out a military intervention to stop Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons.[312][313]

Saudi Arabia

Main articles: Iran–Saudi Arabia relations, Israel–Saudi Arabia relations, and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

While Iran is the world's main

Sunni Muslim power.[314] In what has been described as a cold war, the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, waged on multiple levels over geopolitical, economic, and sectarian influence in pursuit of regional hegemony, has been a major features of western Asia since 1979.[315][316] American support for Saudi Arabia and its allies as well as Russian and Chinese support for Iran and its allies have drawn comparisons to the dynamics of the Cold War era, and the proxy conflict has been characterized as a front in what Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev has referred to as the "New Cold War".[317][318][319] The rivalry today is primarily a political and economic struggle exacerbated by religious differences, and sectarianism in the region is exploited by both countries for geopolitical purposes as part of the conflict.[316][320][321]

Israel and Saudi Arabia do not have any official diplomatic relations. However, news reports have indicated extensive behind-the-scenes diplomatic and intelligence cooperation between the countries, in pursuit of mutual goals against regional enemy Iran.[322][323]

The

displacement of Palestinians from Gaza and the attacks on "defenceless civilians". On 14 October, Saudi Arabia suspended talks on the possible normalization of relations with Israel.[328]

Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev and Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Baku, May 2023

Azerbaijan

Main articles: Azerbaijan–Israel relations and Azerbaijan–Iran relations

People's Mujahedin of Iran

Notable wars and violent events

Time Name Deaths[citation needed] Result
1985–2000 South Lebanon conflict 559 Israelis

621 soldiers of the South Lebanon Army 1,276 Hezbollah soldiers

Hezbollah victory
Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon
2000–2006 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 25 Israelis

16 Hezbollah soldiers

Inconclusive, Israel retains control over Shebaa Farms, Beginning of the 2006 Lebanon War
2006 Second Lebanon War 165 Israelis
1,954 Lebanese 		Stalemate, both sides claim victory
2008–2009 First Gaza War 14 Israelis
1,434 Palestinians 		Israeli victory
2012 Operation Pillar of Defense 6 Israelis
158 Palestinians 		Both sides claim victory
2013–ongoing Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war 631+ Syrian and Iranian soldiers[334] Ongoing
2014 Second Gaza War 73 Israelis
2,251 Palestinians 		Both sides claim victory
2021 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis 13 Israelis
274 Palestinians 		Both sides claim victory
2023–ongoing Israel–Hamas war 1,450+ Israelis
32,000+ Palestinians 		Ongoing
2023–ongoing Israel–Hezbollah conflict 21+ Israelis
300+ Lebanese
30+ Palestinians
50+ Syrians 		Ongoing
2024–ongoing 2024 Iran–Israel conflict 16 Iranian and proxy Ongoing

International responses

Russia

Main article: Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
Benyamin Netanyahu and Russian President Vladimir Putin
in 2018

Russian foreign policy in the Middle East during the early 2000s, in light of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict.

After 2001 the government of Vladimir Putin intensified Russia's involvement in the region, supporting Iran's nuclear programs and forgiving Syria 73% of its $13 billion debt.[335]

According to March 2007 brief entitled Russia's New Middle Eastern Policy: Back to Bismarck? by Ariel Cohen (Institute for Contemporary Affairs),

"Syria ... was supplying Hizbullah with Russian weapons. In 2006, Israeli forces found evidence of the Russian-made Kornet-E and Metis-M anti-tank systems in Hizbullah's possession in southern Lebanon. The Russian response to accusations that it was supplying terrorist groups with weapons was an announcement, in February 2007, that Russia's military will conduct inspections of Syrian weapons storage facilities with the goal of preventing the weapons from reaching unintended customers. Predictably, such developments placed considerable strain on the already-deteriorating relations between Russia and Israel...

For several years Russia has been attempting to engage in military cooperation with both Israel and Syria. However, the levels of cooperation with the two states are inversely related and an escalation of arms sales to Syria can only damage the relationship with Israel. Russian-Syrian military cooperation has gone through numerous stages: high levels of cooperation during the Soviet era, which was virtually halted until 2005, and now Russia's attempt to balance its relationship with both Israel and Syria. However, Russia's recent eastward leanings might indicate that Moscow is prepared to enter a new stage in its military cooperation with Syria, even if this is to the detriment of its relationship with Israel.[336]

Israel–Russia relations improved after the Russian military intervention in Syria in September 2015. From then until July 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Putin met a total of 9 times.[337] Prior to and immediately after the 2016 United States presidential election, Israel began lobbying the United States to strike a deal with Russia over restricting the Iranian military presence in Syria in exchange for removing U.S. sanctions against Russia.[338]

In 2019, Russia rejected an Iranian request to buy S-400 missile defense system. Ruslan Pukhov, head of the Center of Analysis of Strategies and Technologies in Moscow, said: "If Russia decides to provide Iran with S-400, it will be a direct challenge to Saudi Arabia and Israel, so it will be against Russia's own national interests."[339]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The list of groups included Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the Lions' Den.

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