Iranian Americans

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Iranian Americans
ایرانیانِ آمریکا
IranUnited States
Iranian American population by state
Total population
470,341 (ACS, 2011[1])
500,000–1,500,000+ (other estimates)[2][3][4] See also
Roman Catholicism 2%, Zoroastrianism 2%, Other 15% including Mandaeanism, and No Response 15%.[8][a]
^a A 2012 national telephone survey of a sample of 400 Iranian-Americans in the Los Angeles area, commissioned by the Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans and conducted by Zogby Research Services, asked the respondents what their religions were. The survey had a cooperation rate of 31.2%.

Iranian Americans are citizens or nationals of the United States who are of Iranian ancestry.

Most Iranian Americans arrived in the United States after 1979, as a result of the

Ministry of Interior of Iran, the United States has the greatest number of Iranians outside the country.[4][9]

Iranian Americans are among the most highly educated people in the United States.[10][11] They have historically excelled in business, academia, science, the arts, and entertainment. Many have become doctors, engineers, lawyers, and tech entrepreneurs.[12][13]

Research by the Iranian Studies Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2004 estimated the number of Iranian Americans at 691,000, about half of which live in the US state of California.[10][14][15]

Terminology

"Iranian-American" is sometimes used interchangeably with "Persian-American",

endonym of the country used since the Sasanian Empire, in formal correspondence. Since then the use of the word "Iran" has become more common in Western countries. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from "Persian" to "Iranian." In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably.[21] The issue is still debated today.[22][23]

There is a tendency among Iranian-Americans to categorize themselves as "Persian" rather than "Iranian", mainly to dissociate themselves from the

Azeris[25][26][27] and Kurds within the Iranian-American community,[24][28] leading some scholars to believe that the label "Iranian" is more inclusive, since the label "Persian" excludes non-Persian minorities.[24][29][30]

History

Early history

This article contains Persian text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
See also:
History of the Iranian Americans in Los Angeles

One of the first recorded Iranians to visit North America was Martin the Armenian, an Iranian-Armenian tobacco grower who settled in Jamestown, Virginia in 1618.[31][32] Mirza Mohammad Ali, also known as Hajj Sayyah, was an Iranian who came to North America in the 1800s. He was inspired to travel around the world due to the contradiction between the democratic ideals he read about and how his fellow Iranians were treated by their leaders. He began his travels as a 23-year-old looking for knowledge, to experience the lives of others, and to use that knowledge to help with Iran's progress. His stay in the United States lasted 10 years, and he traveled across the country from New York to San Francisco. He met a variety of influential American figures including President Ulysses S. Grant, who met with him on several occasions.[33] On 26 May 1875, Hajj Sayyah became the first Iranian to become an American citizen. He was imprisoned upon his return to Iran for taking a stand against living conditions there. He looked to the United States to protect him but to no avail.[33] During the peak period of worldwide emigration to the United States (1842–1903), only 130 Iranian nationals were known to have immigrated.[34]

First phase of emigration

The first wave of Iranian migration to the United States occurred from the late 1940s to 1977,[34] or 1979.[35] The United States was an attractive destination for students, as American universities offered some of the best programs in engineering and other fields, and were eager to attract students from foreign countries.[35] Iranian students, most of whom had learned English as a second language in Iran, were highly desirable as new students at colleges and universities in the United States.[35] By the mid-1970s, nearly half of all Iranian students who studied abroad did so in the United States.[35] By 1975, the Institute of International Education's annual foreign student census figures listed Iranian students as the largest group of foreign students in the United States, amounting to a total of 9% of all foreign students in the country.[35] As the Iranian economy continued to rise steadily in the 70s, it enabled many more Iranians to travel abroad freely.[35] Consequently, the number of Iranian visitors to the United States also increased considerably, from 35,088, in 1975, to 98,018, in 1977.[35][36] During the 1977–78 academic year, of about 100,000 Iranian students abroad, 36,220 were enrolled in American institutions of higher learning. During the 1978–79 academic year, on the eve of the revolution, the number of Iranian students enrolled in American institutions rose to 45,340, and in 1979–80, that number reached a peak of 51,310. At that time, according to the Institute of International Education, more students from Iran were enrolled in American universities than from any other foreign country.[34] The pattern of Iranian migration during this phase usually only involved individuals, not whole families.[34] Due to Iran's increasing demand for educated workers in the years before the revolution, the majority of the Iranian students in America intended to return home after graduation to work, especially those who had received financial aid from the Iranian government or from industry on condition of returning to take jobs upon graduation. Due to the drastic events of the 1979 Revolution, the students ended up staying in the United States as refugees.[34] These several thousand visitors and students unintentionally became the basis of the cultural, economic, and social networks that would enable large-scale immigration in the years that followed.[35]

Second phase

The second phase of Iranian migration began immediately before and after the

Islamic Republic. Many students who graduated abroad after the revolution also did not return, due to the ruling clergy's repression. As a result, the educated elite who left Iran after the revolution, and the new graduates in the United States who chose not to return home, created a large pool of highly educated and skilled Iranian professionals in the United States. By 2002, an estimated 1.5 to 2.5 million Iranians lived abroad, mainly in North America and Europe, due to the Islamic government's authoritarian practices.[38]

A further notable aspect of the migration in this phase is that members of religious and ethnic minorities were starting to become disproportionally represented among the Iranian American community, most notably Baháʼís, Jews, Armenians, and Assyrians.

1980 US Census, there were 123,000 Americans of Iranian ancestry at that time.[40] Between 1980 and 1990, the number of foreign-born people from Iran in the United States increased by 74 percent.[10]

The revolution caused a drastic change in the Iranian culture. Iran was no longer a thriving country. This is part of the reason so many Iranians began to flee to America.[41]

Contemporary period

Max Amini, Persian American stand-up comedian.

The third phase of Iranian immigration started in 1995 and continues to the present.

Georgia Institute of Technology as well.[51] The Atlantic stated that there were an estimated 1,500,000 Iranians in the United States in 2012.[52] The Iranian interest section in Washington, D.C., in 2003 claimed to hold passport information for approximately 900,000 Iranians in the US.[45][53]

Today, the United States contains the highest number of

Iranians outside of Iran. The Iranian-American community has produced individuals notable in many fields
, including medicine, engineering, and business.

Demographics

Relative population distribution estimate of 1st and 2nd generation Iranian Americans living in the United States by percentage of total population.[54]
  > 49% of all Iranians
  6%-9% of all Iranians
  2%-5% of all Iranians
  < 1% but may still be a notable population
See also:
Demography of Iran

Although Iranians have lived in the United States in relatively small numbers since the 1930s, a large number of Iranian-Americans immigrated to the United States after the

2000 US Census, there were 385,488 Americans of Iranian ancestry at that time.[44] In the 2011 ACS, the number of Americans of full or partial Iranian ancestry amounted c. 470,341.[1]

Population

Federal data on Iranian Americans in the

white American
group.

Most experts believe that the underrepresented number of Iranian Americans in the ACS is a problem due to the fact that "many community members have been reluctant in identifying themselves as such because of the problems between Iran and the United States in the past two decades."

Georgia Institute of Technology.[51] The Atlantic, in 2012, stated that there are an estimated 1,500,000 Iranians in the United States.[52] The Iranian interest section in Washington D.C., in 2003, claimed to hold passport information for approximately 900,000 Iranians in the US.[45][53]

According to research done by the Iranian Studies Group, an independent academic organization at the

U.S. census.[10][14]

Sources from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran have stated the United States has the highest number of Iranians outside the country, stating 1,500,000 Iranians who were born in Iran are living in the U.S. However this number only represents Iranian born population who moved to the U.S. at some point and does not include the number of U.S.-born Iranian-Americans and other groups with Iranian ancestors.[9][58]

Roughly half of the nation's Iranians reside in the state of California alone.[15] Other large communities include New York/New Jersey, which have 9.1% of the U.S.'s Iranian population, followed by Washington, D.C./Maryland/Virginia (8.3%) and Texas (6.7%).[6][59]

Approximately 6,000–10,000 Iranian Americans reside in the city of Chicago, while up to 30,000 reside in the Chicago metropolitan area. Some of this population is Iranian Assyrian.[60]

Great Neck, New York, is said to have the largest concentration of Iranians in the United States (nearly 30%).[61] However, unlike the population in Los Angeles, the Great Neck population is almost exclusively Jewish.[62]

Nashville, Tennessee has the largest Kurdish population in the United States, with many of them coming from Iran.

Significant Persian population centers

California
Los Angeles metropolitan area has the largest concentration of Iranian-Americans. An area along Westwood Boulevard in Los Angeles has been officially designated Persian Square
by the city.

It is widely believed that most Iranian-Americans in the United States are clustered in the large cities of California, namely

Fresno. According to extrapolated U.S. Census data and other independent surveys done by Iranian-Americans themselves in 2009, there were an estimated one million Iranian-Americans living in the U.S.,[63] with the largest concentration—about 300,000 people—living in the greater Los Angeles area.[63][64] For this reason, the Westwood, L.A. area, with its Iranian American residents, is sometimes colloquially referred to as "Tehrangeles", "Irangeles", or "Little Persia" among Iranian-Americans.[65][66]

In 1985, the Los Angeles Times estimated 200,000 Iranian Americans were living in California; and by 1991 the estimate jumped to 800,000, however the accuracy of these numbers could be debated due to a lack of data.[67][65] In 1990, Los Angeles had a larger population of religious minorities than Muslims, who were the religious majority in Iran.[65]

Regarding Iranian-Americans of

Iranian Jewish, making it the city's largest religious community.[6][69][70]

Iranian Americans have formed

Rancho Palos Verdes.[71] Tarzana has the highest concentration of Iranians in Los Angeles County, according to the U.S. Census in 2000.[72]

Second generation Iranians located outside these concentrated cities showed high rates of marrying a non-Iranian and low literacy rates in Persian.[71]

Areas in Los Angeles with the highest concentrations of Persians (2015)
Rank Cities Percentage of population of Persian descent[73]
1
Beverly Hills
 20.8%
2 West Los Angeles 12.2%
3 Westwood 10.3%
4 Tarzana, Los Angeles 10.3%
5 Woodland Hills, Los Angeles 8.8%
6 Bel Air, Los Angeles 8.8%
7 Century City 8.1%
8
Rancho Palos Verdes
 3.7%

In San Diego County, the communities of La Jolla and Westlake village also held a large Iranian population. La Jolla was the first American city to have an Iranian American mayor Iraj Broomand.[74][75]

Texas

Texas also has a large population of Iranian descent.[76] And like California, Iranians in Texas are concentrated in the larger major cities of the state. Houston has the largest population of Iranians and Iranian expats, with an estimated 70,000 residents (50,000 in 1994[77]), mainly due to the Texas Medical Center and the presence of large energy companies. Houston contains a Persian business district including shops and restaurants that has been dubbed "Little Persia" by the Houston Press.[78][79] There are many Iranian Zoroastrians[80] and Baháʼís living there.[81][82]

Some of the more well known residents of the Houston area in the past or present are

UT Austin's Omid Kokabee
who was imprisoned in Iran for political reasons.

The

Khuzestan outside the middle east are settled in the San Antonio area.[95][96] The Shah of Iran was also last hospitalized at San Antonio's Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center in Lackland Air Force Base during his last days.[97]
This is the same base that trained many pilots of Iran's Royal Air Force before the 1979 revolution.

Religion

See also: Irreligion in Iran and Religion in Iran

Many Iranian Americans are non-Muslim due to the religious composition of those fleeing the

Shiite, but a full one-fifth are Christians, Jews, Baháʼís, or Zoroastrians.[98] Additionally, there are also some Iranian Mandaeans, but they are very small in number. According to Pew Research, about 22% of those who left Islam in the United States are Iranian Americans.[99]

A 2012 national telephone survey of a sample of 400 Iranian-Americans, commissioned by the

Zoroastrian 2%, "Other" 15%, and "No response" 15%.[8] The survey had a cooperation rate of 31.2%.[8] The margin of error for the results was +/- 5 percentage points, with higher margins of error for sub-groups.[8] Notably, the number of Muslims decreased from 42% in 2008 to 31% in 2012.[8][100]

According to Harvard University's Robert D. Putnam, the average Iranian is slightly less religious than the average American.[101] In the book Social Movements in 20th Century Iran: Culture, Ideology, and Mobilizing Frameworks, author Stephen C. Poulson adds that Western ideas are making Iranians irreligious.[102]

There are religious and

Kurdish, and Assyrian groups.[103] Calculating the percentage of Christian Iranian-Americans is difficult because most Iranian Christians (especially those raised in the faith) are of Armenian or Assyrian origin; and, apart from identifying as Iranian, a number amongst them also strongly self-identifies as Armenian or Assyrian, rather than as (or apart from) Iranian.[35][104]

Ethnicity

The majority of Iranian-Americans are ethnic

Arabs, among others.[105]

According to Hakimzadeh and Dixon in 2006, members of religious and ethnic minorities such as Baháʼís, Jews, Armenians, and Assyrians were disproportionately represented amongst the early exiles of the 1978–1979 revolution.[39]

Citizenship

According to

citizens (81%) or permanent residents (15%) of the United States (2008 survey).[107] Iranian-Americans regard their culture and heritage as an important component of their day-to-day life and their overall identity within the United States.[108]

Integration

Four benchmarks are traditionally used to measure assimilation: language proficiency, intermarriage, spatial concentration, and socio-economic status.[citation needed] Per these criteria, one can determine with a significant degree of confidence that the Iranian-American community has made significant strides in successfully assimilating to a new culture and way of living.[35] According to a survey commissioned by the Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans (PAAIA) in 2008, only 21 percent of Iranian-Americans reported interacting mostly with other Iranian Americans outside of their workplace, demonstrating that most of them have successfully integrated into United States society.[35]

The intermarriage rate is very high among Iranian Americans.[35] It has been estimated that nearly 50 percent of Iranian-Americans who married between 1995 and 2007 married non-Iranian Americans.[35] Research has furthermore indicated that Iranian-Americans who are Muslim are more open to intermarry than those who are members of religious or ethnic minorities, such as Jews and Armenians.[35] Compared to men, Iranian women are less likely to mix or intermarry outside their group, which, according to the PAAIA, is likely because, as a group, they are more likely to adhere to traditional Iranian values, including making marriages that are approved by their families and are within Iranian cultural norms.[35] Regarding language proficiency in the United States among its immigrant groups, the first generation principally speaks their native language, the second generation speaks both English and their parents' language, and the third generation typically speaks only English, while maintaining a knowledge of some isolated words and phrases from their ancestral tongue.[35] The Iranian American community follows this pattern.[35]

Community Outreach

Camp Ayandeh, sponsored annually by the Iranian Alliances Across Borders (IAAB), has attracted children of the Iranian diaspora from multiple nations with the intention of uniting Iranian youth following the mass migration after the fall of the Shah.[109][110]

Education

See also: Education in Iran

According to Bayor, from the very beginning, Iranian immigrants differed from other arrivals in their high educational and professional achievements.

Census 2000, 50.9 percent of Iranian immigrants have attained a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to a 28.0 percent national average.[10] According to the latest census data available, more than one in four Iranian-Americans holds a master's or doctoral degree, the highest rate among 67 ethnic groups studied.[11]

A 1990

New York Times article claimed that Middle Eastern Armenians, which includes Armenians from Iran, preferred to settle in Glendale, California, while Armenian immigrants from the Soviet Union were attracted to Hollywood, Los Angeles.[113]

A study regarding

Americans of Armenian descent showed that Armenians from Iran (Iranian-Armenians) are known for quick integration into American society:[114] for example, only 31% of Armenian Americans born in Iran claim not to speak English well,[115]
while those Armenians from other nations were shown to have less success at integrating.

Occupations and income

The Small Business Administration (SBA) conducted a study that found Iranian immigrants among the top 20 immigrant groups with the highest rate of business ownership, contributing substantially to the U.S. economy. According to the report, there were 33,570 active and contributing Iranian American business owners in the U.S., with a 21.5% business ownership rate. The study also found that the total net business income generated by Iranian Americans was $2.56 billion.[116] Almost one in three Iranian-American households have annual incomes of more than $100,000 (compared to one in five for the overall U.S. population).[117] Ali Mostasahri, a founding member of the Iranian Studies Group, offers a reason for the relative success of Iranian-Americans compared to other immigrants. He believes that, unlike many other immigrants who left their home countries because of economic hardships, Iranians left due to social or religious reasons like the 1979 revolution.[14] About 50 percent of all working Iranian Americans are in professional and managerial occupations, a percentage greater than any other group in the United States (Bayor, 2011).[111]

Physicians

See also: Iranian American Medical Association

The earliest Iranian people in the U.S. were mostly young trainees who worked as medical interns or residents. Some established themselves to continue practice beyond the residency stage. Their motives to extend their stay in the United States were more for professional than economic reasons. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University in 1974 reported, in the Journal of the American Medical Association, that, in 1971, the number of Iranian physicians in the U.S. was 1,625. The authors further studied the causes for immigration by sending questionnaire to all Iranian MDs in the United States. According to the 660 respondents, the main reasons for migration were mandatory two-years' military service, low salaries as compared to the United States, expensive housing, and socio-political reasons.[118]

In 2013, another report was published, in the Archive of Iranian Medicine (AIM), saying that, post-revolution, the number of Iranian medical school graduates in the United States had grown to 5,045. Those who migrated to the U.S. after the 1979 revolution were mostly experienced physicians who came with their families and an intent to stay permanently. As of 2013, there are 5,050 Iranian medical school graduates in the United States.[119]

Prior to the revolution, the 1,626 physicians migrated to the United States were 15% of all Iranian medical school graduates, while the 5,045 medical graduates who migrated post-Islamic Revolution represent only 5% of total Iranian medical graduates. This is not indicative of the entire United States, merely of the areas in which most of the Iranian-American population is concentrated.[120]

Politics

See also:
US sanctions against Iran
Stephanie Bice the first Iranian American elected to Congress, from the Republican Party.
Most important issues to the Iranian-American community

Though Iranian-Americans have historically excelled in business, academia, and the sciences, they have traditionally shied away from participating in American politics or other civic activities.[63] Iranian-Americans do not appear to engage in American politics, as demonstrated by survey results from large cities showing only 10 percent of them voted in the 2004 election.[121]

In Los Angeles, Iranian Americans paid for a billboard to inform thousands of travelers on the 405 freeway of how the Iranian regime had murdered ten thousand political prisoners.[122]

An August 2008 Zogby International poll, commissioned by the

2020 election.[123]

The same 2008 PAAIA poll indicates that more than half of Iranian Americans cite domestic U.S. issues, including issues that are not unique to Iranian Americans, as the most important to them. In contrast, one quarter of Iranian Americans cite foreign policy issues involving Iran–U.S. relations and less than one-in-ten cite the internal affairs of Iran as being of greatest importance to them.[107]

More recently, the 2019 Zogby International survey, commissioned by the Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans, found that one-half of Iranian American respondents consider foreign policy most important when voting.[124] This is a significant increase from the one quarter of Iranian Americans that reported foreign policy issues, such as the Iran-U.S. relationship, as important in 2008.

Similarly, the 2019 survey also suggested that 75% of Iranian American respondents perceived the Trump Administration's Iranian foreign policy negatively.[124] In 2017, the Trump administration put strict travel restrictions on travel to the United States from several countries, including Iran.[125] The survey indicates that this travel ban instituted by the Trump administration in 2017, received opposition from 76% of respondents. In contrast, only 16% of respondents supported the ban. The survey states that 70% of respondents have been personally affected by the travel ban, or had family and friends affected by the ban.[124]

From 1980 to 2004, more than one out of every four Iranian immigrants was a refugee or asylee.

oppose any U.S. military attack against Iran.[126]

Ties to Iran

See also: Communications in Iran, Economy of Iran, and Tehran Stock Exchange

According to a survey conducted in 2009, more than six in ten Iranian Americans have immediate family members in Iran, and almost three in ten communicate with their families or friends in Iran at least several times a week. An additional four in ten communicate with their families or friends in Iran at least several times a month. This study indicates an unusually close relationship between Iranian-Americans and Iranians.[126]

In the updated 2019 PAAIA survey, 15% of Iranian American respondents reported contacting with friends and family in Iran daily, while 26% of respondents communicated with relatives in Iran several times a week. Additionally, 26% of Iranian American respondents contacted with family and friends in Iran several times a month, and 14% communicated with relatives in Iran several times a year. The survey also indicated that 74% of Iranian American respondents preferred contacting their relatives in Iran via phone calls, but communication over mobile communications apps and internet services had increased to 69% and 66% respectively.[124]

As of 2013, U.S. laws require

personal property in Iran.[127] Similarly, US persons will need a license from OFAC to open a bank account or transfer money to Iran.[128]

Travel to Iran

See also: Tourism in Iran

The U.S. government does not have diplomatic or consular relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran and therefore cannot provide protection or routine consular services to U.S. citizens in Iran. The

Department of State warned U.S. citizens of the risks of travel to Iran. In some instances, foreigners, in particular dual nationals of Iran and Western countries including the United States, have been detained or prevented from leaving Iran.[129]

Accomplishments

In Los Angeles, Persians have become the largest ethnic group in many Los Angeles' wealthiest enclaves including Bel Air, Beverly Hills, Tarzana, Encino, and Woodland Hills.[130]

The Iranian Revolution resulted in many Iranians fleeing to America in the late 1970s, where, forty years later, Iranian immigrants have become a major force in Silicon Valley as investors, executives, and creators. Iranians have been founders or senior executives at

Dropbox, YouTube, Uber, Expedia, Twitter, and other major corporations.[131] After surveying Fortune 500 companies, researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered that 50 Iranian-Americans held senior leadership positions at companies with more than $200 million in asset value.[citation needed
]

Iranians have the highest percentage of master's degrees than any other ethnic group in the United States.[132] Iranians have also played a large role in the American education system with over 500 Iranian-American professors teaching at top-ranked U.S. universities which include Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Harvard University; Yale University; Princeton University; University of California, Berkeley; University of California, Los Angeles; and Stanford University.[133]

Iranian philanthropists constructed the Freedom Sculpture in the Century City neighborhood, in honor of the Persian artifact Cyrus Cylinder.[134]

Representation

Television

Davar Ardalan, Executive Producer of Audio at National Geographic and longtime journalist at NPR news.

Early Iranian diaspora television has been credited with helping form the local community in the United States.[135] As a result of the Iranian Revolution, the first Iranian American television was formed, and with its formation there were existing political factions that were carried over.[65] The dominant voice in television during this time was from the royalist-support.[65] It was argued by scholar Hamid Naficy, this was not due to political sponsorship, but rather due to market support.[65] Up until 1992, most all Iranian American television programming was in the Farsi language with exceptions to Assyrian and Armenian languages (this included for Iranian-Kurdish and Azeri-specific shows in Farsi).[65][67] Most all programming was non religious, and this was reflecting the population of more minority religions of Los Angeles.[65] There are no reliable statistics on viewership because "Middle Eastern" and Iranian wasn't defined by rating services (such as Nielsen Holdings), however the Los Angeles Times estimated by 1991 the Iranian American population was roughly 800,000 which would indicate the opening of a new share of the television viewing market.[67]

The Long Beach-based independent television station, KSCI-TV dubbed themselves the "international station" and claimed to offer the most diverse ethnic television programming in the early 1980s, including the majority of Iranian American television during this time.[67] Starting on March 15, 1981, the first Iranian diaspora television broadcast show IRTV (acronym for "Iranian television") was created by Ali Limonadi in Los Angeles.[136] Other early Iranian American television programs included Nadar Rafii's Midnight Show;[137] Parviz Sayyad's Parsian TV (on KSCI-TV);[135] Hamid Shabkhiz's Iran;[135] and Manuchehr Bibian's (also known as Manouchehr Bibiyan) Jaam-e-Jam TV channel.[137] Other notables in Iranian American television programs in the 1980s included Shohreh Aqdashlu's Sima va Nava-ye Iran TV; Parviz Kardan's Shahr-e Farang TV; and Hushang Towzi's multiple television series.[138][139][140]

In 2013, BravoTV launched Shahs of Sunset which followed a group of six Iranian American friends in Los Angeles who try to juggle their active social lives and careers while also balancing the demands of their families and traditions; the show was accused of racism and relaying on stereotypes in a petition.[141][142]

In 2020, the television series Taste the Nation with Padma Lakshmi (season 1, episode 6, "Where The Kabob is Hot") focused on Persian food in Los Angeles; where Lakshmi interviewed Bottom of the Pot cookbook author, Naz Deravian; Shamshiri Grill owner, Hamid Mosavi; and comedian, Maz Jobrani.[143][144][145]

Film

Iranian Americans have been the focus of film documentaries, including The Iranian Americans (2012; directed by Andrew Goldberg); and Immigration Stories: Iranian Americans of Silicon Valley (2021; directed by Nima Naimi, Alireza Sanayei, Julian Gigola).[146][147][148] Critical response in the HuffPost of The Iranian Americans (2012) PBS documentary included a lack of representation for "interracial marriage".[149]

Fictional films with Iranian American themes include the satire Jimmy Vestvood: Amerikan Hero (2014; directed by Jonathan Kesselman),[150] and Shirin in Love (2014; directed by Ramin Niami).[151] The fictional drama Surviving Paradise (2001), is the first English-language Iranian film with theatrical release in the United States; the storyline is about two Iranian refugees in Los Angeles.[152]

Education

The Center for Iranian Diaspora Studies at San Francisco State University, directed and chaired by Persis Karim, was founded in 2017 and was the first program specifically focused on Iranian diaspora (which includes Iranian Americans).[153][154] The center offers grants, fellowships, and scholarships, as well as scholarly lecture series, research, and creative performances.[153][155][156]

Discrimination

See also: Anti-Iranian sentiment

According to the

social discrimination, racial profiling, employment or business discrimination and discrimination at the hands of immigration officials.[107]

In the United States, Iranians have mistaken as Arabs by the media, government, and public. Many Iranians are known for their pride in their culture and according to the

Orange County Register, "nothing annoys Iranian-Americans more than being mistaken for Arabs".[157][158]

In 2009,

American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) conference:[159]

In 2009,

U.S. government lawsuit accusing the bank of discriminating against an Iranian American employee. The government accused the firm of refusing to promote and later firing this employee on the basis of his national origin and religion.[160]

On 8 September 2015, 22-year-old Iranian American Shayan Mazroei was stabbed to death by

Laguna Niguel, was a successful businessman operating his own car dealership in Santa Ana. On the night of 8 September 2015, Mazroei began discussing his mother visiting Iran to his girlfriend in a restaurant until Elizabeth Anne Thornburg spat on Mazroei shouting racial slurs. Tanber, who would later be sentenced to life in prison,[161] then proceeded to stab Mazroei resulting in his death.[162][163]

In 2017 in the

shot and killed two Indians at a bar, mistaking them for Iranian. While murdering them Puriton yelled "Get out of my country."[164]

In 2018, while on national television, having a discussion about taking a DNA test, Senator

British Iranian Christiane Amanpour.[167]

In 2020, the United States Border Patrol instituted a large scale detention of Iranian Americans at the Canadian border without probable cause. While returning to the U.S. from Canada, Americans of Iranian heritage were detained by border officers. Over 60 Americans of Iranian descent were detained and interrogated at the Canadian border. The incident took place during a time of escalated tensions between Iran and the U.S.[168]

Notable people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Iranian Americans.

Business and technology

Iranian-Americans are among the most educated and successful communities in the U.S., according to a report by the Iranian Studies group at

Shahram Dabiri Lead Producer for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft from 1999 to 2007. Dara Khosrowshahi became CEO of Expedia in August 2005 and then in August 2017, Khosrowshahi became the CEO of Uber, succeeding founder Travis Kalanick. Kam Ghaffarian is the founder of IBX, Axiom Space, Intuitive Machines, and X-energy; he reportedly has a net worth of $2.1 billion.[173]

Philanthropy

Many Iranian-Americans are active philanthropists and leaders in improving their community. In 2006, the

UC Irvine, $30 million.[180][181]

Academia

Notable Iranian-Americans in science include

Lotfi Asker Zadeh; Vartan Gregorian; Cumrun Vafa; Babak Hassibi; Nouriel Roubini; Ali Hajimiri; Pardis Sabeti; Vahid Tarokh; Ehsan Afshari; George Bournoutian; Payam Heydari; and Rashid Massumi, M.D., a pioneer in the fields of electrophysiology and cardiology. Prominent Iranian-Americans in American higher education include Rahmat Shoureshi, researcher, professor, and provost of New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) and Nariman Farvardin, president of Stevens Institute of Technology
.

Media

Well known American media personalities of Iranian descent include

PBSKids. There are also notable American YouTube personalities of Iranian descent, including JonTron
.

Sports

Professional tennis player

NFL football players T. J. Houshmandzadeh, David Bakhtiari and Shar Pourdanesh, professional wrestlers Shawn Daivari and The Iron Sheik, professional mixed martial artist Amir Sadollah, professional soccer players Alecko Eskandarian and Steven Beitashour and professional soccer coach Afshin Ghotbi
.

Politics

The son of the late

Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions by President Obama, is the highest ranking Iranian-American official in government as of 2012.[187] In November 2012, Cyrus Habib of Washington state and Adrin Nazarian of California became the first Iranian-Americans elected to state legislatures. Habib is now the Lieutenant Governor of Washington and the first Iranian-American elected to any statewide office. Champaign County (Ohio) elected Fereidoun Shokouhi to the public office of Champaign County Engineer in 1995. He served until his retirement in 2012. Following the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections, Oklahoma Rep. Stephanie Bice became the first Iranian American elected to Congress.[188]

Azadeh Shahshahani is a human rights attorney based in Atlanta and is a former president of the National Lawyers Guild.[189]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c U.S. Census Bureau (2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates). Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  2. Shargh Newspaper (in Persian). Entekhab Professional News Site
    . 20 May 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  3. ^ "Revealing of the number of Iranians in the outside Iran". Hafte Sobh Newspaper (in Persian). Bartarinha News Portal. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Iranian National Organization for Civil Registration: More than 2 million Iranians live in the U.S.A and the U.A.E" (in Persian). Radio Farda. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  5. ^ Alvarado, Monsy (20 March 2014). "N.J. Iranians celebrate Persian New Year with music, dance in Englewood". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Fata, Soraya; Rafii, Raha (September 2003). "The Relative Concentration of Iranian Americans Across the United States: Iran Census Report" (PDF). National Iranian American Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  7. ^ Vandenberge, Jordan (3 January 2020). "Iranian-Americans in Cleveland keeping close eye on rising tensions between US, Iran". WEWS-TV. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e "2012 National Public Opinion Survey of Iranian Americans regarding Potential Military Strike Against Iran" (PDF). paaia.org. 2012. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  9. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)[dead link]
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Migration Information Source – Spotlight on the Iranian Foreign Born". Migrationinformation.org. June 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  11. ^ a b "Iranian-Americans Reported Among Most Highly Educated in U.S." Payvand.com. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  12. ^ Ansari, Azadeh (16 June 2009). "Iranian-Americans cast ballots on Iran's future". CNN. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  13. ^ Etehad, Melissa (4 February 2019). "They can't go back to Iran. So L.A. Persians built 'Tehrangeles' and made it their own". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  14. ^ a b c McIntosh, Phyllis. "Iranian-Americans Reported Among Most Highly Educated in U.S.: Iranian-Americans also contribute substantially to the U.S. economy". State Department Bureau of International Information Programs. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  15. ^ a b Amirani, Shoku (29 September 2012). "Tehrangeles: How Iranians made part of LA their own". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  16. ^
    S2CID 146592244
    . ... the majority of the participants self-identified themselves as Persian instead of Iranian, due to the stereotypes and negative portrayals of Iranians in the media and politics. Adolescents from Jewish and Baha'i faiths asserted their religious identity more than their ethnic identity. The fact Iranians use Persian interchangeably is nothing to do with current Iranian government because the name Iran was used before this period as well. Linguistically modern Persian is a branch of Old Persian in the family of Indo-European languages and that includes all the minorities as well more inclusively.
  17. ISBN 978-0-7575-0637-6
    . Iranian/Persian Americans – The flow of Iranian citizens into the United States began in 1979, during and after the Islamic Revolution.
  18. ISBN 978-1-57356-345-1
    .
  19. ^ Racial and Ethnic Relations in America, Carl Leon Bankston,"Therefore, Turkish and Iranian (Persian) Americans, who are Muslims but not ethnically Arabs, are often mistakenly..", Salem Press, 2000
  20. ISBN 978-0-542-97374-1
    . According to previous studies, the presence of heterogeneity is evident among Iranian immigrants (also known as Persians – Iran was known as Persia until 1935) who came from myriads of religious (Muslim, Christian, Jewish, Armenian, Assyrian, Baha'i and Zoroastrian), ethnic (Turk, Kurds, Baluchs, Lurs, Turkamans, Arabs, as well as tribes such as Ghasghaie, and Bakhtiari), linguistic/dialogic background (Persian, Azari, Gialki, Mazandarani, Kurdish, Arabic, and others). Cultural, religious and political, and various other differences among Iranians reflect their diverse social and interpersonal interactions. Some studies suggest that, despite the existence of subgroup within Iranian immigrants (e.g. various ethno-religious groups), their nationality as Iranians has been an important point of reference and identifiable source of their identification as a group across time and setting.
  21. ^ Yarshater, Ehsan Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi Archived 24 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Iranian Studies, vol. XXII no. 1 (1989)
  22. ISBN 0385528426, 9780385528429. p. 161
  23. ISBN 9781568591773
    . Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  24. ^
    ISBN 978-0-674-04493-7
    .
  25. ISBN 978-1-317-47621-4
    .
  26. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7
    .
  27. ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3
    .
  28. ^ Elizabeth Chacko, Contemporary ethnic geographies in America // Ines M. Miyares, Christopher A. Airriess (eds.), Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, pp. 325–326
  29. ^ "Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition". Collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  30. ^ "Definition of "Persian"". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  31. ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 33.
  32. doi:10.2143/JECS.52.3.565605. Archived from the original
    on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  33. ^ a b "The First Iranian American". Paaia. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g Bayor 2011, p. 1076.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Iranian Americans; immigration and assimilation" (PDF). PAAIA (Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  36. ^ Bozorgmehr & Sabagh, p. 8
  37. ^ a b Bayor 2011, p. 1077.
  38. ^ Torbat, Akbar E (Spring 2002). "The brain drain from Iran to the United States". Middle East Journal 56 (2): 272–295.
  39. ^ a b Hakimzadeh, Shirin; Dixon, David (1 June 2006). "Spotlight on the Iranian Foreign Born Migration Information". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 15 February 2010. The exiles were disproportionately members of religious and ethnic minorities, such as the Bahai'is, Jews, Armenians, and Assyrians. Also in the second wave were young men who fled military service and the Iran–Iraq war, followed by young women and families who came for educational and political reasons.
  40. ^ "1980 US Census; No 48. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1980. p. 42. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  41. ISSN 0015-7120
    . Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  42. ^ Bayor 2011, p. 1078.
  43. ^ "Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics: 2000 Population Universe; People Born in Iran" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  44. ^ a b Ancestry: 2000. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  45. ^
    ISBN 978-0-549-63520-8
  46. ^ a b Katzman, Kenneth (29 December 2015). "Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. P olicy" (PDF). Congressional Research Service Report. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  47. ^
    ISBN 978-0-231-14020-1
  48. ^ a b Reinl, James. "Iranian Americans bank on historic nuclear deal". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  49. ^ a b Yeganeh, Torbati. "Iranian-Americans forge a rare bond to support nuclear deal". Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  50. ^ "PAAIA – Demographics & Statistics". Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  51. ^
    ISBN 978-0-313-35787-9
    . page 1080
  52. ^ a b Esfandiari, Golnaz. "The U.S. Election's Iranian-American Vote: What's It Look Like?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  53. ^ a b Fata, Soraya; Rafii, Raha (September 2003). Strength in Numbers The Relative Concentration of Iranian Americans Across the United States (PDF). National Iranian American Council (Report). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  54. ISBN 1477316647
  55. ^ "Community Facts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  56. ^ The Iranians Count Census Coalition Releases the Special Tabulation Results from the 2010 U.S. Census. Payvand.com.
  57. ^ "Iranian Studies Group".
  58. ^ "آمار پراکندگی ایرانیان مقیم خارج از کشور + نمودار".
  59. ^ Iranian-Americans and the 2010 Census: Did We Shrink?, by Hossein Hosseini. Payvand.com.
  60. ^ Kessler, James S. (2005). "Iranians". Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  61. ^ "Ancestry Maps". ePodunk. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  62. ^ "Iranian-Americans gain political clout in Great Neck peninsula as demographics shift". Newsday.
  63. ^ a b c Ansari, Azadeh (16 June 2009). "Iranian-Americans cast ballots on Iran's future". CNN. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  64. ^ The Wall Street Journal, Iran's Political Crisis Fuels Expatriates' Fears, Hopes
  65. ^
    S2CID 245655342
    .
  66. ^ "Iranians at odds over talks with 'the Great Satan'". The Sunday Telegraph. London. 4 June 2006. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  67. ^
    JSTOR 3013230
    – via JSTOR.
  68. ^ Bakalian 1993, p. 16.
  69. ^ Universe: Total population more information 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Archived 12 February 2020 at archive.today. factfinder2.census.gov
  70. ^ Los Angeles Times, Irvine embraces diversity at the polls, 9 November 2008.
  71. ^ a b "2011 Language Mapper".
  72. ^ "Tarzana". Mapping L.A.
  73. ^ "MAPPING L.A. Neighborhoods". LA Times.
  74. ^ Osborne, Lawrence. "Iranians settle on Girard Avenue to show carpets". San Diego Reader.
  75. ^ "Mayor makes history". Daily News. 27 March 2007.
  76. ISBN 0292742827
  77. ^ Cook, Alison (15 September 1994). "Touring Little Persia". Houston Press. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  78. ^ Cook, Allison. "Touring Little Persia," Houston Press. 15 September 1994. p. 1. Retrieved on 12 May 2014.
  79. ^ Fischer and Abedi, p. 269.
  80. ^ Rustomji, p. 249.
  81. ^ Karkabi, Barbara. "Bahai Faith adherents value unity, education." Houston Chronicle. 11 November 2006. Houston Belief. Retrieved on 3 May 2014.
  82. ^ Shellnutt, Kate. "Local Baha'is pray for jailed leaders in Iran Archived 3 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine," Houston Chronicle, 8 February 2010. Retrieved on 3 May 2014.
  83. ^ "This aircraft carrier skipper fled Iran as a child. Now he's preparing to deploy amid heightened tensions".
  84. ^ "Founders". Art of the Islamic World at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  85. ^ "A$1 Million Gift Plus $4 Million in Jewelry and a Horde of Priceless Persian Art? This Islamic Worlds Affair is the Richest Gala Ever". 22 November 2017.
  86. ^ "Story | Bush Library 20th Anniversary Exhibit | Lead by Example".
  87. ^ "George H.W. Bush Library Center".
  88. ^ Kriel, Lomi (6 August 2012). "Still no answers 6 months after Iranian student's killing". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  89. ^ Rogers, Brian (14 August 2018). "Jury delivers death sentence for Jordanian immigrant convicted of two Houston-area 'honor killings'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  90. ^ "TANGLED WEB: Sorting out the timeline of the so-called Houston 'honor killings'". KTRK-TV. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  91. ^ Rogers, Brian (18 June 2018). "Wife testifies her husband confessed to pulling the trigger in one of two Houston-area 'honor killings'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  92. ^ "Iranian community in North Texas" (PDF). Texas Baptists: Intercultural Ministry. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  93. ^ "Trump administration opposes military intervention in Iran". 21 April 2019.
  94. ^ "Pompeo privately said Trump administration will not pursue military intervention in Iran: Report". 21 April 2019.
  95. ^ "Iranian refugees seeking to settle in San Antonio have detoured into limbo". 4 March 2018.
  96. ^ "'We are not others': San Antonio is their home". 2 July 2016.
  97. ^ "The Storm over the Shah - TIME". 14 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008.
  98. ISBN 9781452276267
    .
  99. ^ "Islam gains about as many converts as it loses in U.S".
  100. ^ "Public Opinion Survey of Iranian Americans" (PDF). PAAIA. December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2008.
  101. ^ "Losing Our Religion: The Growth of The 'Nones'". NPR. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013.
  102. ISBN 9780739117576
    .
  103. S2CID 145195478
    .
  104. S2CID 145633929
    .
  105. ^ "Iranian Studies Group at MIT, Iranian-American Community Survey Results, 2005". Web.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  106. ^ "Obama administration granted citizenship to 2,500 Iranians during nuclear deal: Iran official". Fox News. 28 June 2018.
  107. ^
    PAAIA. December 2008. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  108. ^ PAAIA Releases 2011 National Survey of Iranian Americans. Payvand.com (7 December 2011).
  109. ^ Ariosto, David (21 July 2008). "Iranian-American youth struggle to define themselves". CNN. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  110. ^ "Tina Pak: From Tehran to Camp Ayandeh". Payvand.com. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  111. ^ a b Bayor 2011, p. 1081.
  112. ^ Sabagh, Bozorgmehr & Der-Martirosian 1990, p. 9.
  113. ^ Reinhold, Robert (21 March 1988). "Echoes From Armenia in Southern California". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  114. ISBN 978-0-8147-6692-7
    .
  115. ^ Samkian 2007, p. 102.
  116. ^ "SBA Report: Iranian-Americans with one of highest rates of immigrant-owned businesses". Payvand.com. 22 November 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  117. ^ "Public Opinion Survey of Iranian Americans" (PDF). Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans. December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  118. ^ 39. Ronaghy HA, Williams KN, Baker TD, Emigration of Iranian Physicians to the United States, A Ten-Year Follow-up of Graduates of Shiraz Medical School. Pahlavi Med J. 1973; 4:174–193.
  119. ^ Ronaghy HA, Shajari A, Islamic Revolution and Physician Migration Archive of Iranian Medicine 2013; 16: 10
  120. ^ Ronaghy HA, Cahill K Baker TD, Physician Migration to the United States: One Country's Transfusion is Another Country's Hemorrhage. J Am Med Assoc. 1974: 227: 538–542
  121. ^ McIntosh, Phyllis. "Iranian-Americans Reported Among Most Highly Educated in U.S." IIP Digital. State Department's Bureau of International Information Programs. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  122. ^ Bahrampour, Tara (3 November 2003). "Persia on the Pacific". The New Yorker.
  123. ^ "The Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans National Opinion Survey 2019" (PDF). PAAIA. August 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020
  124. ^ a b c d "The Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans National Opinion Survey 2019" (PDF). PAAIA. August 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  125. ^ Executive Order 13769 of January 27, 2017: Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States. Executive Office of the President. 82 FR 8977–8982. February 1, 2017.
  126. ^ a b "PAAIA Releases 2009 National Survey of Iranian Americans". Payvand.com. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  127. ^ Alavi, Farhad R. (31 December 2010). "How U.S. Laws Can Affect Your Personal Affairs in Iran". Payvand.com. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  128. ^ Cullis, Tyler (4 April 2014). "Banks Targeting Iranian Americans – What Are Your Rights?". Payvand.com. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  129. ^ a b c "Iran Travel Warning". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 19 December 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  130. ^ "Mapping LA Neighborhoods". Los Angeles Times.
  131. ^ Peisner, David (23 October 2018). "How Dara Khosrowshahi's Iranian heritage shapes how he leads Uber". Fast Company.
  132. ^ Brin, Stan. "Persian POWER".
  133. ^ "MIT: Iranian-Americans Among Most Highly Educated in U.S. and contribute substantially to the U.S. economy".
  134. ^ Chiland, Elijah (5 July 2017). "Century City Freedom Sculpture unveiled on Santa Monica Boulevard median". Curbed.
  135. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8147-6691-0
    .
  136. ^ Bagherpour, Amir (12 September 2010). "The Iranian Diaspora in America: 30 Years in the Making". Frontline. PBS, KQED. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  137. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8223-4775-0
    .
  138. ISBN 978-0-8166-2084-5
    .
  139. ^ Tabatabai, Behzad (2021). "The Passing of Parviz Kardan, a pioneer of Iranian stage, screen and t". farhang.org. Farhang Foundation. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  140. ISBN 978-0-520-08008-9
    . Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  141. ^ Piazza, Jo (26 March 2015). "Iranian-American petitioners call Bravo's 'The Shahs of Sunset' racist". Fox News. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  142. ^ Maghbouleh, Neda (1 December 2012). ""Shahs of Sunset": The real Iranians of Los Angeles?". Salon. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  143. ^ Stueven, Michele (16 June 2020). "Trailer: Padma Lakshmi Explores L.A.'s Persian Square in "Taste The Nation," June 18 on Hulu". LA Weekly. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  144. ^ "Padma Lakshmi's new show is a celebration of immigrants' lives and food in US". KCRW. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  145. ^ Chron, Emma Balter (26 June 2020). "What is American food? Padma Lakshmi's new show 'Taste the Nation' offers answers". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  146. ^ Wiegand, David (15 December 2012). "'The Iranian Americans' review: It's a start". SFGATE. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  147. ^ "The Iranian Americans". KPBS Public Media. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  148. ^ "Film screening: Immigrant Stories: Iranian-Americans of Silicon Valley". Iranian Studies, Stanford University. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  149. ^ "Feelings of Marginalization by the PBS Documentary, 'Iranian-Americans'". HuffPost. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  150. ^ Kompanek, Christopher (12 May 2016). "'Jimmy Vestvood: Amerikan Hero' aims for sharp satire and misses". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  151. ^ "Shirin in Love: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  152. ^ Hagopian, Kevin. "How Iranian filmmakers like Asghar Farhadi defy the censors". The Conversation. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  153. ^ a b Trent, Paisley. "Center for Iranian Diaspora Studies hopes to expand with $1 million donation". Golden Gate Xpress. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  154. ISBN 978-0-7618-7171-2
    .
  155. ^ "Bilingual Lecture Series on Iran educates, connects Iranian diaspora". Daily Bruin. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  156. ^ Mojadad, Ida (21 March 2019). "We Are Here, We Have Always Been Here". SF Weekly. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  157. ^ Brin, Stan (8 July 2004). "Persian Power". OC Metro. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015.
  158. ^ "Myth vs. Fact: Persians and Arabs". American Iranian Council. 2 November 2016.
  159. ^ Disney, Patrick (26 March 2010). "Amanpour is Being Attacked Because She's Iranian". Payvand News.
  160. ^ "Merrill Lynch to Pay $1.55 Million for Job Bias Against Former Iranian Worker". PAAIA. 31 December 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  161. Orange County Register
    . Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  162. Orange County Register
    . Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  163. ^ Ludwig, Ashley (6 September 2018). "Woman Charged As Accessory To Murder Of Shayan Mazroei". Los Alamitos-Seal Beach, CA Patch. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  164. ^ "Suspect apparently thought he shot 'Iranian people' in Kansas bar attack that killed Indian man". Los Angeles Times. 28 February 2017.
  165. ^ Watkins, Eli (16 October 2018). "Graham says it would be 'terrible' if DNA showed he has Iranian heritage". CNN.
  166. ^ O'Brien, Sara Ashley (17 October 2018). "Tech execs want Senator Graham to apologize over Iranian remark". CNN.
  167. ^ Esfandiari, Golnaz (18 October 2018). "Iranian-Americans Call Out U.S. Senator Graham For 'Terrible' Ancestry Gaffe". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  168. ^ Baker, Mike (5 January 2020). "U.S. Stops Dozens of Iranian-Americans Returning From Canada". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  169. ^ "Iranian Studies Group at MIT". Isg-mit.org. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  170. ^ "The Iranian Americans". Pbs Socal. 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  171. ^ "30th Anniversary corporate document: 1970s Defying Conventional Wisdom" (PDF). Oracle Corporation. 26 May 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  172. ^ "Leadership Team". 1 November 2013.
  173. ^ "Forbes list: Southwest Florida has a new billionaire, others move up". Naples Daily News. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  174. ^ "Profile of an Iranian-American philanthropist: Ali Saberioon". Payvand.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  175. ^ "Title_ – M. D. Anderson Cancer Center". Mdanderson.org. 22 April 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  176. ^ Mankin, Eric (23 November 2011). "Alum Gives $17M to USC Viterbi Dept". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  177. ^ "SF State News". Sfsu.edu. 1 June 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  178. ^ "Archive Pages". Iranian.com. 9 April 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  179. ^ "Visionary Alumnus Makes Investment". Portland State Maseeh College of Engineering & Computer Science. 2004. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007.
  180. ^ "University of California, Irvine | The Paul Merage School of Business". Merage.uci.edu. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  181. ^ "Archive Pages". Iranian.com. 24 April 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  182. ^ Gowing, Liam (2 March 2006). "In later years he moved Memphis, Tennessee to pursue his music career. However this was unsuccessful. His son has got him covered: System of a Down's artist of choice is Vartan Malakian, the guitarist's dad". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  183. ^ "Savoir Faire Music Boston". savoirfaireband. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  184. ^ "Living in Tehrangeles: L.A.'s Iranian Community". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  185. ^ Kasindorf, Martin (14 March 2007). "Beverly Hills will have first Iranian-born mayor in USA". USA Today. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  186. ^ Zendrian, Alexandra (9 November 2011). "Kaplan Wins North Hempstead Town Council Race – Port Washington, NY Patch". Portwashington.patch.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  187. ^ White House Hosts Iranian-American Community Leaders for Roundtable Discussion. Payvand.com.
  188. ^ "Stephanie Bice - Iranian American Political Action Committee (IAPAC)". www.iranianamericanpac.org. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  189. ^ Journal, A. B. A. "Meet 3 female human rights lawyers fighting for change worldwide". ABA Journal.

Sources

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iranian Americans.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Americans&oldid=1217425611"