Persian Jews
یهودیان ایرانی יְהוּדִים פַּרְסִים | |
---|---|
Total population | |
300,000–350,000 (est.) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Israel | 200,000[1]–250,000[2] |
United States | 60,000–80,000[1] |
Iran | 9,826[3] |
Canada | 1,000 |
Australia | ~740[note 1] |
Languages | |
Persian (incl. Judeo-Persian), Judeo-Aramaic, Hebrew | |
Religion | |
Judaism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Mizrahi Jews (e.g., Mountain Jews and Bukharan Jews) |
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Jews and Judaism |
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Persian Jews or Iranian Jews[4] (Persian: یهودیان ایرانی Yahudiyān-e Irāni; Hebrew: יהודים פרסים Yəhūdīm Parsīm) constitute one of the oldest communities of the Jewish diaspora. Dating back to the biblical era, they originate from the Jews who relocated to Iran during the time of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Books of the Hebrew Bible (i.e., Esther, Isaiah, Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah) bring together an extensive narrative shedding light on contemporary Jewish life experiences in ancient Persia; there has been a continuous Jewish presence in Iran since at least the time of Cyrus the Great, who led the Persian army's conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and subsequently freed the Judahites from the Babylonian captivity.
After 1979, Jewish emigration from Iran increased dramatically in light of the country's Islamic Revolution. Today, the vast majority of Persian Jews reside in Israel and the United States. The Israeli community of Persian Jews is mostly concentrated in the cities of Kfar Saba, Netanya, Holon, Jerusalem, and Tel Aviv. In the United States, there are sizable Persian Jewish communities in Los Angeles (Tehrangeles), Beverly Hills, and in Great Neck. Smaller Persian Jewish communities also exist in Baltimore and in Minneapolis–Saint Paul. According to the 2016 Iranian census, the remaining Jewish population of Iran stood at 9,826 people,[5] though independent third-party estimates have placed the figure at around 8,500.[3]
Terminology
Today, the term Iranian Jews is mostly used in reference to Jews who are from the country of Iran. In various scholarly and historical texts, the term is used in reference to Jews who speak various Iranian languages. Iranian immigrants in Israel (nearly all of whom are Jewish) are referred to as Parsim. In Iran, Persian Jews and Jewish people in general are both described with four common terms: Kalīmī (Persian: کلیمی), which is considered the most proper term; Yahūdī (یهودی), which is less formal but correct; Yīsrael (ישראל) the term by which Jewish people refer to themselves; and Johūd (جهود), a term having negative connotations and considered by many Jews as offensive.[6]
History
Jews had been residing in Persia since around 727
Jews in ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities. Persian Jews lived in the ancient (and until the mid-20th century still extant) communities not only of Iran, but also the
Some of the communities have been isolated from other Jewish communities to the extent that their classification as "Persian Jews" is a matter of linguistic or geographical convenience rather than actual historical relationship with one another. Scholars believe that during the peak of the Persian Empire, Jews may have comprised as much as 20% of the population.[12]
According to
Achaemenid period (550–330 BCE)
Under Cyrus the Great
According to the biblical account
The historical nature of the "Cyrus decree" has been challenged. Professor Lester L Grabbe argues that there was no decree, but that there was a policy that allowed exiles to return to their homelands and rebuild their temples. He also argues that the archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle", taking place over perhaps decades, resulting in a maximum population of perhaps 30,000.[16] Philip R. Davies called the authenticity of the decree "dubious", citing Grabbe. Arguing against the authenticity of Ezra 1.1–4 is J. Briend, in a paper given at the Institut Catholique de Paris on 15 December 1993, who denies that it resembles the form of an official document but reflects rather the biblical prophetic idiom."[17]
Mary Joan Winn Leith believes that the decree in Ezra might be authentic and, along with the Cyrus Cylinder, that Cyrus, like earlier rulers, was through these decrees trying to gain support from those who might be strategically important, particularly those close to Egypt which Cyrus wished to conquer. She also wrote that "appeals to Marduk in the cylinder and to Yahweh in the biblical decree demonstrate the Persian tendency to co-opt local religious and political traditions in the interest of imperial control."[18]
By some accounts, the tomb of the prophet Daniel is located in Susa. The Second Temple was eventually (re)built in Jerusalem, with assistance from the Persians, and the Israelites assumed an important position in the Silk Road trade with China.[15]
Under Darius the Great
Cyrus ordered rebuilding the Second Temple in the same place as the first; however, he died before it was completed. Darius the Great came to power in the Persian Empire and ordered the completion of the temple. According to the Bible, the prophets Haggai and Zechariah urged this work. The temple was ready for consecration in the spring of 515 BCE, more than twenty years after the Jews' return to Jerusalem.
Under Ahasuerus (Bible)
According to the
Parthian period (247 BCE – 224 CE)
Jewish sources contain no mention of the
The
The
In the struggles between the
Sasanian period (226–634 CE)
By the early third century,
Arab conquest and early Islamic period (634–1255)
With the
Mongol rule (1256–1318)
In 1255, Mongols led by
In 1383,
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
Conversion of Iran from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam
During the reign of the
The reign of Shah
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Bābāʾī ben Nūrīʾel, a ḥāḵām (rabbi) from Isfahan translated the Pentateuch and the Psalms of David from Hebrew into Persian at the behest of Nāder Shah. Three other rabbis helped him in the translation, which was begun in Rabīʿ II 1153/May 1740, and completed in Jomādā I 1154/June 1741. At the same time, eight Muslim mullahs and three European and five Armenian priests translated the Koran and the Gospels. The commission was supervised by Mīrzā Moḥammad Mahdī Khan Monšī, the court historiographer and author of the Tārīḵ-ejahāngošā-ye nāderī. Finished translations were presented to Nāder Shah in Qazvīn in June, 1741, who, however, was not impressed. There had been previous translations of the Jewish holy books into Persian, but Bābāʾī's translation is notable for the accuracy of the Persian equivalents of Hebrew words, which has made it the subject of study by linguists. Bābāʾī's introduction to the translation of the Psalms of David is unique, and sheds a certain amount of light on the teaching methods of Iranian Jewish schools in eighteenth-century Iran. He is not known to have written anything else.[31]
Qajar dynasty (1789–1925)
The advent of the Qajar dynasty in 1794 brought back the earlier persecutions.
Lord Curzon described 19th-century regional differences in the situation of the Persian Jews: "In Isfahan, where they are said to be 3,700 and where they occupy a relatively better status than elsewhere in Persia, they are not permitted to wear kolah or Persian headdress, to have shops in the bazaar, to build the walls of their houses as high as a Moslem neighbour's, or to ride in the street. In Teheran and Kashan they are also to be found in large numbers and enjoying a fair position. In Shiraz they are very badly off. In Bushire they are prosperous and free from persecution."[32]
In the 19th century, the colonial powers from Europe began noting numerous forced conversions and massacres, usually generated by Shi'a clergy. Two major blood-libel conspiracies had taken place during this period, one in Shiraz and the other in Tabriz. A document recorded after the incident states that the Jews faced two options, conversion to Islam or death. Amidst the chaos, Jews had converted, but most refused to convert to Islam – described within the document was a boy of age 16 named Yahyia who refused to convert to Islam and was subsequently killed. The same year saw a forcible conversion of the Jews of
In the middle of the 19th century, J. J. Benjamin wrote about the life of Persian Jews, describing conditions and beliefs that went back to the 16th century:
They are obliged to live in a separate part of town…; for they are considered as unclean creatures… Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with the greatest severity and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt… For the same reason, they are prohibited to go out when it rains; for it is said the rain would wash dirt off them, which would sully the feet of the Mussulmans… If a Jew is recognized as such in the streets, he is subjected to the greatest insults. The passers-by spit in his face, and sometimes beat him… unmercifully… If a Jew enters a shop for anything, he is forbidden to inspect the goods… Should his hand incautiously touch the goods, he must take them at any price the seller chooses to ask for them... Sometimes the Persians intrude into the dwellings of the Jews and take possession of whatever please them. Should the owner make the least opposition in defense of his property, he incurs the danger of atoning for it with his life... If... a Jew shows himself in the street during the three days of the Katel (Muharram)…, he is sure to be murdered.[35]
A group of Persian Jewish refugees escaping persecution back home in Mashhad, Qajar Persia, were granted rights to settle in the Sikh Empire around the year 1839. Most of the Jewish families settled in Rawalpindi (specifically in the Babu Mohallah neighbourhood) and Peshawar.[36][37][38][39]
In 1868, Jews were the most significant minority in Tehran, numbering 1,578 people.[40] By 1884 this figure had risen to 5,571.[40]
In 1894, a representative of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, a Jewish humanitarian and educational organization, wrote from Tehran: "…every time that a priest wishes to emerge from obscurity and win a reputation for piety, he preaches war against the Jews".[41]
In 1901, the riot of Shaykh Ibrahim was sparked against the Jews of Tehran. An imam began preaching on the importance of eliminating alcohol for the sake of Islamic purity, leading to an assault against Jews for refusing to give up the wine they drank for Sabbath.[42]
In 1910, there were rumors that the Jews of Shiraz
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)
The
By 1932, Tehran's Jewish population had risen to 6,568.[40] During World War II, Iran declared itself neutral, but was invaded by Anglo-Soviet forces in 1941. During the Allied occupation, many Polish and Jewish refugees that escaped Nazi-occupied Poland settled within Iran (see Iran–Poland relations).[48][49][50]
At the time of the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, there were approximately 140,000–150,000 Jews living in Iran, the historical center of Persian Jewry. Over 95% have since migrated abroad.[51]
The violence and disruption in Arab life associated with the founding of Israel and its victory in the
After the deposition of Mossadegh in 1953, the reign of shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the most prosperous era for the Jews of Iran. By the 1970s, only 1% of Iranian Jews were classified as lower class; 80% were middle class and 10% wealthy. Although Jews accounted for only a fraction of a percent of Iran's population, in 1979 two of the 18 members of the Iranian Academy of Sciences, 80 of the 4,000 university lecturers, and 600 of the 10,000 physicians in Iran were Jews.[52]
Prior to the
The Iranian Jewish emigration to Israel is not a recent phenomenon. Of the Iranian Jews living in Israel in the early 1900s[when?], 41% immigrated to British Mandatory Palestine before the establishment of Israel there in 1948; only 15% were admitted between 1975 and 1991. They immigrated chiefly because of religious persecution.[54]
Islamic Republic (1979–present)
At the time of the 1979
Some sources put the Iranian Jewish population in the mid and late 1980s as between 50,000 and 60,000.[56] An estimate based on the 1986 census put the figure considerably higher for the same time, around 55,000.[57] From the mid-1990s to the present there has been more uniformity in the figures, with most government sources since then estimating roughly 25,000 Jews remaining in Iran.[58][59][60][61] These less recent official figures are considered bloated, and the Jewish community may not amount to more than 10,000.[62] A 2012 census put the figure at about 8,756.[63]
In the holy Quran, Moses, salutations upon him and all his kin, has been mentioned more than any other prophet. Prophet Moses was a mere shepherd when he stood up to the might of pharaoh and destroyed him. Moses, the Speaker-to-Allah, represented pharaoh's slaves, the downtrodden, the mostazafeen of his time.
At the end of the discussion Khomeini declared, "We recognize our Jews as separate from those godless, bloodsucking Zionists"[62] and issued a fatwa decreeing that the Jews were to be protected.[64]
Habib Elghanian was arrested and sentenced to death by an Islamic revolutionary tribunal shortly after the Islamic revolution for charges including corruption, contacts with Israel and Zionism, and "friendship with the enemies of God", and was executed by a firing squad. He was the first Jew and businessman to be executed by the Islamic government. His execution caused fear among the Jewish community and caused many to flee Iran.[65]
Soli Shahvar, professor of Iranian Studies at the University of Haifa describes the process of dispossession : "There were two waves of confiscation of homes, farmlands and factories of Jews in Iran. In the first wave, the authorities seized the properties of a small group of Jews who were accused of helping Zionism financially. In the second wave, authorities confiscated the properties of Jews who had to leave the country after the Revolution. They left everything in fear for their lives and the Islamic Republic confiscated their properties using their absence as an excuse".[66]
During the Iran–Iraq War, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, Iranian Jews were conscripted into the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces, and 13 were killed in the war.[67]
In the Islamic republic, Jews have become more religious. Families who had been secular in the 1970s started adhering to
Haroun Yashyaei, a film producer and former chairman of the Central Jewish Community in Iran said, "
In June 2007, though there were reports that wealthy expatriate Jews established a fund to offer incentives to Iranian Jews to immigrate to Israel, few took them up on the offer. The Society of Iranian Jews dismissed this act as "immature political enticements" and said that their national identity was not for sale.[70]
Jews in the Islamic Republic of Iran are formally to be treated equally and free to practice their religion. There is even a seat in the Iranian parliament reserved for the representative of the Iranian Jews. However, de facto discrimination is common.[71]
Current status
Iran's Jewish community is officially recognized as a religious minority group by the government, and, like the
Iranian Jews have their own newspaper (called "Ofogh-e-Bina") with Jewish scholars performing Judaic research at Tehran's "Central Library of Jewish Association".[75] The Dr. Sapir Jewish Hospital is Iran's largest charity hospital of any religious minority community in the country;[75] however, most of its patients and staff are Muslim.[76]
The Jews of Iran have been best known for certain occupations like making gold jewelry and dealing in antiques, textiles and carpets.[citation needed]
Societal environment
Iranian Jewish men are
An Israeli news outlet, Israel Hayom, reported that Iranian Jews in Israel say that they viewed Iran as their home and were allowed to practice Judaism freely, but that there was suspicion and fear too.[86]
Following the assassination of Qasem Soleimani, the head rabbi of Iran, Yehuda Gerami, visited the family of Soleimani and issued anti-Israel statements. He later discussed the matter with an American audience, saying that Israel’s attacks on Soleimani had stoked tensions in the Jewish community in Iran, and he felt the need to take public action to de-escalate the situation. He is reported to have said that the Iranian Jewish community prefers to avoid such political entanglements.[87]
Contact with non-Persian Jews
Rabbis from the Haredi sect Neturei Karta, which has historically been opposed to the existence of Israel have visited Iran on several occasions.[88][89][90][91] The Jewish Defense Organization, protested against one such visit by members of a Neturei Karta faction after they attended International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in Tehran.
Maurice Motamed, a former Jewish Iranian parliamentarian states that in recent years, the Iranian government has allowed Jewish Iranians to visit their family members in Israel and it has also allowed those Iranians who are living in Israel to return to Iran for a visit.[92]
Limited cultural contacts are also allowed, such as the March 2006 Jewish folk dance festival in Russia, in which a female team from Iran participated.[93][94]
Thirteen Jews have been executed in Iran since the Islamic revolution, most of them, at least in part for their alleged connections to Israel. Among them, one of the most prominent Jews of Iran in the 1970s,
Iranian Jews are generally allowed to travel to Israel and emigrate abroad, though they must submit passport and visa requests to a special section of the passport office, face restrictions on families leaving en masse, and travels to Israel must be done via a third country. However, the rate of emigration has been low. Between October 2005 and September 2006, 152 Jews left Iran, down from 297 during the same period the previous year, and 183 the year before that. Most of those who left allegedly cited economic and family reasons as their main incentives for leaving. In July 2007, Iran's Jewish community rejected financial emigration incentives to leave Iran. Offers ranging from 5,000 to 30,000 British pounds, financed by a wealthy expatriate Jew with the support of the Israeli government, were turned down by Iran's Jewish leaders.[96][97][98] To place the incentives in perspective, the sums offered were up to 3 times or more than the average annual income for an Iranian.[99] However, in late 2007 at least forty Iranian Jews accepted financial incentives offered by Jewish charities for immigrating to Israel.[100]
It has been asserted that the majority of Iranian Jews prefer to stay in Iran because they are allowed to live a comfortable Jewish life there, but Sam Kermanian, who served as Secretary-General of the Iranian American Jewish Federation for fifteen years, disputed this claim, stating that the majority of Iranian Jews are elderly and only speak Persian, and as a result they are less naturally inclined to emigrate.[96] According to Ran Amrani, an Iranian-born Israeli director of a Persian language radio station with close ties inside Iran, wealthy Iranian Jews won't leave because the international sanctions on Iran have so downgraded Iran's currency in value that they would see a massive drop in their standard of living in Israel, with those who own multiple homes in Iran unable to afford a single apartment in Israel, while poor Iranian Jews would find it difficult to restart their lives in Israel in middle age. Amrani claimed that while Jews are allowed to practice their religion, they live in fear of being accused of spying for Israel and that they publicly distance themselves from Israel and Zionism to ensure their own security.[101]
Opinion over the condition of Jews in Iran is divided. One Jewish voice presenting a benevolent view of the Iranian Islamic government and society toward Jews is film producer
The desire for survival may prompt Iranian Jews to overstate their anti-Israel positions. Their response to the questions regarding Israel have been outright denial of Israel or staying quiet. An example of the dilemma of Iranian Jews can be observed in this example :"We hear the ayatollah say that Israel was cooperating with the Shah and SAVAK, and we would be fools to say we support Israel. So we just keep quiet about it... Maybe it will work out. Anyway, what can we do? This is our home."[105]
Synagogues and Hebrew schools
Most Jews live in
Legal discrimination
Iranian Jews remain under various discriminatory legal restrictions regarding their position in society. Jews are prohibited from holding significant governmental and decision-making positions. A Jew may not serve on the Guardian Council, as President, or as a military commander. Jews may not serve as judges, and aside from the seat reserved for a Jew in the Majlis, Jews may not become a member of the Majlis through general elections. A Jew may not inherit property from a Muslim. By law, if one member of a Jewish family converts to Islam, that person inherits all family property. Jews also do not have equal rights to Qisas, or retribution, in the Iranian judicial system. For example, if a Jew were to kill a Muslim, the family of the victim would have the right to ask that the death penalty be imposed, but if a Muslim kills a Jew, the penalty would be left to the discretion of the judges with the wishes of the victim's family carrying no legal weight.[108]
Islamic curriculum
In 1996, there were still three schools in Tehran in which Jews were in a majority, but Jewish principals had been replaced. The school curriculum is Islamic and the
In principle, but with some exceptions, there is little restriction of or interference with the Jewish religious practice; however, education of Jewish children has become more difficult in recent years. The government reportedly allows Hebrew instruction, recognizing that it is necessary for Jewish religious practice. However, it strongly discourages the distribution of Hebrew texts, in practice making it difficult to teach the language. Moreover, the government has required that several Jewish schools remain open on Saturdays, the Jewish Sabbath, in conformity with the schedule of other schools in the school system. Since certain kinds of work (such as writing or using electrical appliances) on the Sabbath violates Jewish law, this requirement to operate the schools has made it difficult for observant Jews both to attend school and adhere to a fundamental tenet of their religion.[109]
Ancient Jewish sites
Many cities in Iran have Jewish sites or sites related to Judaism in some way. Prominent among these are Tomb of Esther and Mordechai in Hamadan, Tomb of Daniel in Susa, Tomb of Habakkuk in Tuyserkan and the Peyghambarieh mausoleum in Qazvin.
There is a pilgrimage site near Isfahan (Pir Bakran) dedicated to Serah.
There are also tombs of several outstanding Jewish scholars in Iran such as Harav Ohr Shraga in Yazd and Hakham Mullah Moshe Halevi (Moshe-Ha-Lavi), a 16th century Spanish scholar, in Kashan, which are also visited by Muslim pilgrims.[110]
-
The shrine ofToyserkan
-
Peyghambarieh ("the place of the prophets"), Qazvin: Here, four Jewish prophets are said to be buried. Their Arabic names are Salam, Solum, al-Qiya, and Sohuli.
On December 16, 2014, authorities in Tehran unveiled a monument to slain Iranian Jewish soldiers who died during the country's long and bitter
Demographics
The Jewish Encyclopedia estimated that in 1900 there were 35,000 Persian Jews in Iran (almost all of whom lived in present-day Iran),[113] although other sources estimate somewhat higher numbers for the same time. On the eve of Israel's independence in 1948, there were, by varying estimates, 100,000–150,000 Jews in Iran with relatively few Persian Jews residing outside the country. Today, there are an estimated 300,000–350,000 Jews of full or partial Persian ancestry living predominantly in Israel, with significant communities in the United States and Iran.
Iranian Jews also emigrated to form smaller communities in Western Europe (in particular Paris and London), and in Australia, Canada, and South America. A number of groups of Jews of Persia have split off since ancient times. They have been identified as separate communities, such as the Mountain Jews. In addition, there are a large number of people in Iran who are, or who are the direct descendants of, Jews who converted to Islam or the Baháʼí faith.[114]
Iran
Iran's Jewish population was reduced from 150,000 to 100,000 in 1948 to about 80,000 immediately before the
Israel
The largest group of Persian Jews is found in Israel. As of 2007, Israel is home to just over 47,000 Iranian-born Jews and roughly 87,000 Israeli-born Jews with fathers born in Iran.[118] While these numbers add up to about 135,000, when Israelis with more distant or solely maternal Iranian roots are included the total number of Persian Jews in Israel is estimated to be between 200,000[1]–250,000.[2]
A June 2009
Since at least the 1980s, Persian Jews in Israel have traditionally tended to vote Likud.[120]
United States
The United States is home to 60,000–80,000 Iranian Jews, most of whom have settled in the
Beverly Hills
In particular, Persian Jews make up a sizeable proportion of the population of
According to the US Census Bureau's 2010 American Community Survey, 26% of Beverly Hills' 34,000 residents are of Iranian origin.[125] On March 21, 2007, Jimmy Delshad, a Persian Jew who immigrated to the United States in 1958, became the Mayor of Beverly Hills. This election made Delshad one of the highest ranking elected Iranian-American officials in the United States. He once again took the post of mayor of Beverly Hills on March 16, 2010.
Prominent Persian Jewish congregations in the Los Angeles area include
The Iranian American Jewish Federation (IAJF) of Los Angeles is a prominent non-profit organization that has been serving the Iranian Jewish community of Greater Los Angeles for the last forty-one years. IAJF is a leading organization in their efforts to fight local and global Antisemitism, protect Iranian Jews domestically and abroad, promote a unified community, participating in social and public affairs, provide financial and psychosocial assistance to those in need through philanthropic activities, and more.[127]
New York
Kings Point, a village constituting part of Great Neck, has the greatest percentage of Iranians in the United States (approximately 40%).[125] Unlike the Iranian community in Los Angeles, which contains a large number of non-Jewish Iranians, the Iranian population in and around Great Neck is almost entirely Jewish.
Several thousand of the Great Neck area's 10,000 Persian Jews trace their origins to the Iranian city of
The Iranian American Jewish Federation (IAJF) of New York has been serving the Iranian Jewish community for the last sixteen years. The organisation's goal is to be a unifier amongst Iranian Jews in the Greater New York metropolitan area and engagement in philanthropic activities.[131]
Related Jewish communities
Mountain Jews
The
Bukharan Jews
Lakhloukh Jews
There are estimated to be approximately four dozen Persian Jewish families living in
Languages
Most Persian Jews speak standard Persian as their primary tongue, but various Jewish languages have been associated with the community over time.[137][138] They include:
- Dzhidi(Judæo-Persian)
- Bukhori(Judæo-Bukharic)
- Judæo-Golpaygani
- Judæo-Shirazi
- Judæo-Hamedani
- Juhuri language(Judæo-Tat)
- Judæo-Kashani
In addition, Persian Jews in Israel generally speak Hebrew, and Persian Jews elsewhere will tend to speak the local language (e.g. English in the United States) with sprinkles of Persian and Hebrew.
Many Jews from the Northwest area of Iran speak
Genetics
Another study of L. Hao et al.
An autosomal DNA study carried out in 2010 by Atzmon et al. examined the origin of Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Turkish, Greek, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi Jewish communities. The study compared these Jewish groups with 1043 unrelated individuals from 52 worldwide populations. To further examine the relationship between Jewish communities and European populations, 2407 European subjects were assigned and divided into 10 groups based on geographic region of their origin. This study confirmed previous findings of shared Middle Eastern origin of the above Jewish groups and found that "the genetic connections between the Jewish populations became evident from the frequent
In 2011, Moorjani et al.
Medical conditions
Patients with prolonged paralysis following administration of the anaesthetic
Prominent Persian Jews
Biblical era
Pre-modern era
- Mashallah ibn Athari – Persian astrologer and astronomer
- Sa'ad al-Dawla – physician and statesman
- Rashid al-Din– doctor, writer, and historian
- Benjamin Nahawandi – Karaite scholar of the early Middle Ages
- Meulana Shahin Shirazi– early Persian poet
- Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi – philosopher and translator, converted to Islam
- Munabbih ibn Kamil – a companion of Muhammad, converted to Islam
- Abu Ubaidah– religious scholar
- Ibn al-Rawandi – prominent philosopher, religious scholar
- Shushandukht – Sassanian queen consort, mother of Bahram V
- Ifra Hormizd – Sassanid noblewoman, mother of Shapur II
- Maryam Khanom – Qajar royal consort
- Masarjawaih – Persian physician
- Abu Isa – self-proclaimed Jewish prophet
- Mar-Zutra II – Jewish exilarch
- Qavam family – one of the most influential families during the Qajar dynasty
- Imrani – Persian poet
- Yudghan – religious leader from Hamadan
- Baba'i ben Lotf – Persian poet, author of the first Judeo-Persian chronicle
- Anan ben David – founder of the Karaite Movement
- Daniel al-Kumisi – prominent scholar of Karaite Judaism
- Aphrahat – Persian saint, converted to Christianity
Politics and military
- David Alliance, Baron Alliance – Iranian-born British businessman; Liberal Democrat politician
- Michael Ben-Ari – Israeli politician and current member of the Knesset
- United States Department of Justice Antitrust Divisionunder the Trump Administration
- Beverly Hills
- Manuchehr Eliasi – former Jewish member of the Majlis
- Eitan Ben Eliyahu – former Major General in the Israeli Defence Forces
- Saeed Emami – former conservative Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Intelligence (convert to Islam)
- Naser Makarem Shirazi – Iranian Shia religious leader (convert to Islam)
- Reza Hekmat – Prime Minister of Iran (convert to Islam)
- Aziz Daneshrad – political activist
- Dan Halutz – former chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces
- Anna Kaplan – American politician and current member of the New York State Senate[150]
- Moshe Katsav – former President of Israel
- Shaul Mofaz – former Israeli Minister of Defense; current chairman of the Kadima Party in the Knesset
- Maurice Motamed – former Jewish member of the Majlis of Iran
- David Nahai – former head of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
- Abie Nathan – humanitarian and peace activist
- Siamak Moreh Sedgh– Jewish member of the Majlis of Iran
- Haroun Yashayaei – chairman of the board of the Tehran Jewish Committee and leader of Iran's Jewish community
- Mordechai Zar – Israeli politician and former member of the Knesset
- Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism at the United States Department of State
- Dalya Attar – American politician
- Moshfegh Hamadani – political journalist
- Tali Farhadian– attorney and politician
- Esther Shkalim – Israeli poet, researcher
- Shmuel Hayyim – journalist, politician
- Shula Keshet – political activist and writer
- Nitsana Darshan-Leitner – attorney, activist
- Meirav Ben-Ari – Israeli politician, member of the Knesset
- Sharon Nazarian – Iranian-born Senior Vice President of International Affairs for the ADL
- David Rokni – Israeli colonel
- Galit Distel-Atbaryan – Israeli politician, member of the Knesset
- Eliezer Avtabi – former Israeli politician
- Sharon Roffe Ofir – Israeli journalist and politician
- Payam Akhavan – international lawyer (convert to the Bahá’í faith)
- David Peyman – attorney, worked for the United States Department of State
Science and academia
- Abbas Amanat – professor of history at Yale University (born to a family of Jewish descent that converted to the Baháʼí Faith)
- Shaul Bakhash – professor of Iranian studies at George Mason University
- Aaron Cohen-Gadol – neurosurgeon specializing in surgical treatment of brain tumors and aneurysms
- Pejman Salimpour – professor, physician
- Pedram Salimpour – physician, entrepreneur
- Farshid Delshad – historical-comparative linguistics in German
- Avshalom Elitzur – physicist and philosopher
- Soleiman Haim – compiled an early and influential Persian languagedictionary
- Hakim Yazghel Haqnazar – court physician
- Iraj Lalezari – academic and chemist
- history of Jews in Iran; author of Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran: The Outset of the Diaspora.
- Amnon Netzer – professor of the history and culture of Iranian Jews
- HbA1C
- robotic oncology[151]
- UCLA, and author of books on Iranian Jewish culture
- Encyclopedia Iranica (born to Jewish parents who converted to the Baháʼí Faith)[152]
- Moussa B. H. Youdim – Israeli neurologist, neuropharmacologist
- Babak Azizzadeh – cosmetic surgeon
- Armin Tehrany – orthopedic surgeon
- Simon Ourian – plastic surgeon
- Sheila Nazarian – plastic surgeon and television personality
Business and economics
- David Alliance– British businessman
- Mike Amiri – American fashion designer
- Asadollah Asgaroladi – Iranian billionaire (convert to Islam)
- Habibollah Asgaroladi – leading Iranian conservative politician (convert to Islam)
- Jon Bakhshi – American restaurateur
- J. Darius Bikoff – founder and CEO of Energy Brands
- Mandana Dayani – attorney, entrepreneur
- Henry Elghanayan – real estate developer New York City
- Habib Elghanian – prominent businessman executed by the Islamic Republic
- Ghermezian family – billionaire shopping mall developers
- Manucher Ghorbanifar – former SAVAK agent, central figure in the Iran–Contra affair
- Kamran Hakim – real estate developer in New York City
- Moussa Kermanian – real estate developer in Los Angeles and journalist
- Neil Kadisha – businessman
- Nasser David Khalili– billionaire property developer and art collector
- Khwaja)[153]
- Saul Maslavi – president and CEO of Jovani Fashion
- Isaac Larian – American billionaire, chief executive officer of MGA Entertainment
- Justin Mateen – co-founder and former chief marketing officer of Tinderdating app
- David Merage – co-founder of Hot Pocketssnack food company
- Paul Merage – co-founder of Hot Pockets snack food company
- Joseph Moinian – New York City real estate developer
- Ezri Namvar – Iranian-born businessman and convicted criminal
- Fred Ohebshalom – founder of Empire Management Real Estate
- Joseph Parnes – investment advisor
- Erwin David Rabhan – businessman, longtime friend of Jimmy Carter
- Sean Rad – co-founder and former CEO of Tinder dating app
- Assadollah Rashidian – businessman, played a critical role in the 1953 Overthrow of Mohammed Mossadegh
- Nouriel Roubini – economist
- Ben Shaoul – co-founder of Magnum Real Estate Group
- Joel Simkhai – founder of Grindr dating app
- Genius
- Sam Mizrahi – Canadian real estate developer
- Victor Haghani – American financier
- Fraydun Manocherian – Manhattan real estate developer
- Richard Saghian – Founder of Fashion Nova
- Daniel Negari – founder of .xyz domain
- Mike Kohan – founder of Kohan Retail Investment Group
- Habib Sabet – Iranian industrialist (convert to the Bahá’í Faith)
- Essie Sakhai – art dealer, businessman
- Ely Sakhai – art dealer, owner of several Lower Manhattan art galleries
- Sasson Khakshouri – businessman, founder of the international Kremlin Cup
- Jack Mahfar – Iranian-born businessman
- Albert Hakim – businessman, figure in the Iran–Contra affair
- Sam Eshaghoff – American real estate developer
- Hootan Yaghoobzadeh – co-founder of Staple Street Capital
- Eli Zelkha – entrepreneur, venture capitalist, professor, and inventor of ambient intelligence
Art and entertainment
- Isaac Larian – creator of Bratz dolls
- Dan Ahdoot – stand-up comedian
- Jonathan Ahdout – actor
- Hossein Amanat – architect, designer of the Azadi Tower in Tehran (born to a family of Jewish descent that converted to the Baháʼí Faith)
- Jojo Anavim – artist
- Yossi Banai – Israeli performer, singer, and actor
- Richard Danielpour – composer
- Yuval Delshad – film director
- David Diaan – actor, producer, screenwriter
- Irán Eory – Iranian-born Mexican actress and model
- Chohreh Feyzdjou – French-Iranian painter
- Hamid Gabbay – Iranian-born architect
- Roya Hakakian – writer and poet
- Mor Karbasi – singer
- Kamran Khavarani – architect, painter
- Harmony Korine – director, screenwriter
- Ben Maddahi – prominent American music executive
- Faranak Margolese – writer, best known as author of Off the Derech
- Jamie Masada – comedian and businessman. Founder of the Laugh Factory
- Heshmat Moayyad – writer, translator (convert to Bahá’í Faith)
- Dora Levy Mossanen – author of historical fiction
- Moze Mossanen – Canadian film director and producer
- Ottessa Moshfegh – American author
- Gina Nahai– writer
- Morteza Neidavoud – musician
- Adi Nes – photographer
- Dorit Rabinyan – Israeli writer, screenwriter
- Rita – Israeli pop star
- Maer Roshan – writer, entrepreneur
- Hooshang Seyhoun – prominent Iranian architect (convert to the Bahá’í Faith)
- Lior Shamriz – filmmaker
- Shahram Shiva – performance poet
- Dalia Sofer – writer
- Sarah Solemani – English actress
- Bahar Soomekh – Iranian-born American actress
- Tami Stronach – choreographer
- Subliminal – Israeli hip-hop singer
- The Shadow – Israeli hip-hop singer and right-wing activist
- Elie Tahari – high-end fashion designer[154]
- Sephardic Film Festival[155]
- Elham Yaghoubian- writer
- Bob Yari – film producer
Religious figures
- Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel
- Shmuley Boteach – American rabbi[156]
- Yousef Hamadani Cohen– former chief rabbi of Iran
- Uriel Davidi – former chief rabbi of Iran
- Mashallah Golestani-Nejad – current chief rabbi of Iran
- Lutfu'lláh Hakím – Baháʼí leader (born to a family of Jewish descent that converted to the Baháʼí Faith)
- Menahem Shemuel Halevy – Iranian rabbi
- Yedidia Shofet – former chief rabbi of Iran
- Younes Hamami Lalehzar – prominent religious leader
- Eliyahu Ben Haim – Sephardic rabbi
- Ben Zion Abba Shaul – rabbi, religious scholar
- Ezra Zion Melamed – biblical scholar
Miscellaneous
- Menashe Amir – Persian-language broadcaster in Israel
- Soleyman Binafard – wrestler
- Hanina Mizrahi – educator, public figure
- Ezra Frech – American Paralympic athlete
- Janet Kohan-Sedq – track and field athlete
- Shamsi Hekmat – women's rights activist who pioneered reforms on women's status in Iran. Founded the first Iranian Jewish women's organization (Sazman Banovan Yahud i Iran) in 1947
- Leandra Medine – author, blogger, and humor writer best known for Man Repeller, an independent fashion and lifestyle website
- Homa Sarshar – journalist, author, and feminist activist. Columnist for Zan-e-Ruz magazine Kayhan daily newspaper (1964–1973)
- Albert Elay Shaltiel – philanthropist, founder and director of ILAI Fund
- Houshang Mashian – Iranian-Israeli chess master
- Eliezer Kashani – member of Irgun
- Eli Avivi – founder of the micronation Akhzivland
See also
- Iran–Israel relations
- History of the Jews in Iran
- Exodus of Iranian Jews
- History of the Jews under Muslim rule
- Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
- Antisemitism in Islam
- Islamic–Jewish relations
- Judæo-Iranian languages
- Judæo-Persian languages
- Judeo-Persian dialects
- Kaifeng Jews – a small community of Persian Jewish descent which lives in Kaifeng, a city in the Henan province of China
- List of Asian Jews
- Mandaeans
- Mountain Jews
- Persian people
- Purim
- Religious minorities in Iran
- Allahdad incident
- Shiraz blood libel
- Tehran Jewish Committee
- Dr. Sapir Hospital and Charity Center
- List of Chief Rabbis of Iran
- List of synagogues in Iran
- List of Synagogues in Tehran
- Jews of Iran
- 30 Years After
- Madare sefr darajeh
- International Holocaust Cartoon Competition
References
Notes
- Iranian Australianshows that 3% of them are Jewish.
Citations
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The traditional language of the Mountain Jews, Juhuri, is part of the Iranian language family and contains many Hebrew elements. (...) In reality, the Mountain Jews primarily descend from Persian Jews who came to the Caucasus during the fifth and sixth centuries.
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The Mountain Jews are an Iranian-speaking community that took shape in the eastern and northern Caucasus after the areas in which they lived were annexed by Russia from Qajar Iran in 1812 and 1813.
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Sources
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Persia". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- Levy, Habib (1999). Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.
- "Iran. 1997" (1997). ISBN 978-965-07-0665-4
- ISBN 978-0-691-00807-3.
- Littman, David(1979). "Jews Under Muslim Rule: The Case Of Persia". The Wiener Library Bulletin. XXXII (New series 49/50).
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External links
- Sephardic Studies, Iran
- History of the Iranian Jews
- Sharon, Moshe (2010). "Bahaism, Conversion to". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.
- Rahimiyan, Orly R. (2015). "Aliya to Mandatory Palestine and Israel from Iran". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.
- Former Jewish Ghetto in Tehran
- Media
- Documentary about Iranians in Israel on YouTube
- Pictures of Persian Jews
- Iranian Jewish Chronicle Magazine
- Iran Chamber Society The Cyrus Prism: The Decree of return for the Jews, 539 BCE, edited by Charles F. Horne,
- In Search of Cyrus the Great, directed by Cyrus Kar, in production. (preview only) Archived 4 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- Cenrer for Iranian Jewish Oral History Archive on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa
- Miscellaneous