Iraq
Republic of Iraq
| |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms | |
| Anthem: موطني | |
| Religion (2015)[2] |
|
Mohamed al-Halbousi | |
| Faiq Zidan | |
| Legislature | Council of Representatives |
| Independence from the United Kingdom | |
| 3 October 1932 | |
| 14 July 1958 | |
| 15 October 2005 | |
AST) | |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +964 |
| ISO 3166 code | IQ |
| Internet TLD | .iq |
| |
Iraq, Iraq is the 33rd most-populous country in the world.
Starting as early as the
Modern Iraq dates to 1920, when the
Iraq is a federal parliamentary republic. The president is the head of state, the prime minister is the head of government, and the constitution provides for two deliberative bodies, the Council of Representatives and the Council of Union. The judiciary is free and independent of the executive and the legislature.[20] Iraq is considered an emerging middle power[21] with a strategic location[22] and a founding member of the United Nations, the OPEC as well as of the Arab League, OIC, Non-Aligned Movement and the IMF. From 1920 to 2005, Iraq experienced spells of significant economic and military growth and briefer instability including wars.
Name
There are several suggested origins for the name. One dates to the Sumerian city of Uruk and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin.[23][24] Another possible etymology for the name is from the Middle Persian word erāq, meaning "lowlands."[25] An Arabic folk etymology for the name is "deeply rooted, well-watered; fertile".[26]
During the medieval period, there was a region called ʿIrāq ʿArabī ("Arabian Iraq") for Lower
The term
The
When the British established the Hashemite king on 23 August 1921, Faisal I of Iraq, the official English name of the country changed from Mesopotamia to the endonymic Iraq.[35] Since January 1992, the official name of the state is "Republic of Iraq" (Jumhūrīyyet al-'Irāq), reaffirmed in the 2005 Constitution.[1][36][37]
History
Prehistoric era
Between 65,000 BC and 35,000 BC, northern Iraq was home to a Neanderthal culture, archaeological remains of which have been discovered at Shanidar Cave[40] This region is also the location of a number of pre-Neolithic burials, dating from approximately 11,000 BC.[41]
Since approximately 10,000 BC, Iraq, together with a large part of the
Further important sites of human advancement were Jarmo (circa 7100 BC),[41] a number of sites belonging to the Halaf culture, and Tell al-'Ubaid, the type site of the Ubaid period (between 6500 BC and 3800 BC).[42] The respective periods show ever-increasing levels of advancement in agriculture, tool-making and architecture.
Ancient Mesopotamia
The "
It was here, in the late
The Sumerian language is a language isolate. The major city states of the early Sumerian period were Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, Shuruppak, Uruk, Kish, Ur, Nippur, Lagash, Girsu, Umma, Hamazi, Adab, Mari, Isin, Kutha, Der and Akshak.[43]
The cities to the north like Ashur, Arbela (modern Erbil) and Arrapha (modern Kirkuk) were also extant in what was to be called Assyria from the 25th century BC; however, at this stage, they were Sumerian-ruled administrative centres.
Bronze Age
In the 26th century BC,
The origin and location of Akkad remain unclear. Its people spoke
However, the Sumerians remained generally dominant until the rise of the Akkadian Empire (2335–2124 BC), based in the city of Akkad in central Iraq. Sargon of Akkad founded the empire, conquered all of the city states of southern and central Iraq, and subjugated the kings of Assyria, thus uniting the Sumerians and Akkadians in one state.
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He then set about expanding his empire, conquering
After the collapse of the Akkadian Empire in the late 22nd century BC, the
Babylonia
In 1792 BC, an
It is from the period of Hammurabi that southern Iraq came to be known as
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After this, another foreign people, the
The
During the
Iron Age
Neo-Assyrian Empire
After a period of comparative decline in
It was during this period that an Akkadian-influenced form of
The Neo-Assyrian Empire left a legacy of great cultural significance. The political structures established by the Neo-Assyrian Empire became the model for the later empires that succeeded it and the ideology of universal rule promulgated by the Neo-Assyrian kings inspired similar ideas of rights to world domination in later empires. The Neo-Assyrian Empire became an important part of later folklore and literary traditions in northern Mesopotamia. Judaism, and thus in turn also Christianity and Islam, was profoundly affected by the period of Neo-Assyrian rule; numerous Biblical stories appear to draw on earlier Assyrian mythology and history and the Assyrian impact on early Jewish theology was immense. Although the Neo-Assyrian Empire is prominently remembered today for the supposed excessive brutality of the Neo-Assyrian army, the Assyrians were not excessively brutal when compared to other civilizations.[57][58]
In the late 7th century BC, the Assyrian Empire tore itself apart with a series of brutal civil wars, weakening itself to such a degree that a coalition of its former subjects, the
Neo-Babylonian period
The transfer of empire to
In the 6th century BC, Cyrus the Great of neighbouring Persia defeated the Neo-Babylonian Empire at the Battle of Opis and Mesopotamia was subsumed into the Achaemenid Empire. The Achaemenids made Babylon their main capital. The Chaldeans disappeared at around this time, though both Assyria and Babylonia endured and thrived under Achaemenid rule (see Achaemenid Assyria). Their kings retained Assyrian Imperial Aramaic as the language of empire, together with the Assyrian imperial infrastructure, and an Assyrian style of art and architecture.[citation needed]
\ In the late 4th century BC,
The
Middle Ages
The first organised conflict between invading Arab-Muslim forces and occupying Sassanid domains in Mesopotamia seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated at the Battle of the Bridge. This was followed by Khalid ibn al-Walid's successful campaign which saw all of Iraq come under Arab rule within a year, with the exception of the Sassanid Empire's capital, Ctesiphon. By the end of 638, the Muslims had conquered all of the Western Sassanid provinces (including modern Iraq), and the last Sassanid Emperor, Yazdegerd III, had fled to central and then northern Persia, where he was killed in 651.[citation needed]
The Islamic expansions constituted the largest of the Semitic expansions in history. These new arrivals established two new garrison cities, at Kufa, near ancient Babylon, and at Basra in the south and established Islam in these cities, while the north remained largely Assyrian and Christian in character.[citation needed]
The Abbasid Caliphate built the city of Baghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the Arab and Muslim world. Baghdad was the largest multicultural city of the Middle Ages, peaking at a population of more than a million,[63] and was the centre of learning during the Islamic Golden Age. The Mongols destroyed the city and burned its library during the siege of Baghdad in the 13th century.[64]
In 1257, Hulagu Khan besieged Baghdad, sacked the city and massacred many of the inhabitants.[65] Estimates of the number of dead range from 200,000 to a million.[66]
The Mongols destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate and Baghdad's
The mid-14th-century
In 1401, a warlord of Mongol descent,
Ottoman Iraq
During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the
By the 17th century, the frequent conflicts with the Safavids had sapped the strength of the Ottoman Empire and had weakened its control over its provinces. The nomadic population swelled with the influx of bedouins from Najd. Bedouin raids on settled areas became impossible to curb.[72]
During the years 1747–1831, Iraq was ruled by a
During
British Mandate of Mesopotamia and independent kingdom
During the
Faced with spiralling costs and influenced by the public protestations of the war hero
Britain granted independence to the
On 1 April 1941,
Nuri Said served as the prime minister during the Kingdom of Iraq. In 1930, during his first term, he signed the
A
Republic and Ba'athist Iraq
In 1958, a coup d'état known as the
IFollowing months of cross-border raids with Iran, Saddam declared war on Iran in September 1980, initiating the
Due to Iraq's inability to pay Kuwait more than
Iraq's armed forces were devastated during the war. Shortly after it ended in 1991,
Iraq was ordered to destroy its chemical and biological weapons and the UN attempted to compel Saddam's government to disarm and agree to a ceasefire. The Iraqi Government's failure to disarm and agree to a ceasefire resulted in
Post-Saddam (2003 – present)
Following the
2003–2007: Invasion and occupation
On 20 March 2003, a US-organised coalition
Following the invasion, the United States established the
The
In January 2005, the
During 2006, fighting continued and reached its highest levels of violence, more
In May 2007, Iraq's Parliament called on the United States to set a timetable for withdrawal and US coalition partners such as the UK and Denmark began withdrawing their forces.[124][125][126] The war in Iraq has resulted in between 151,000 and 1.2 million Iraqis being killed.[127][128]
2008–2013: Political instability
In 2008,
US troops handed over security duties to Iraqi forces in June 2009, though they continued to work with Iraqi forces after the pullout.[129] On the morning of 18 December 2011, the final contingent of US troops to be withdrawn ceremonially exited over the border to Kuwait.[18] Crime and violence initially spiked in the months following the US withdrawal from cities in mid-2009[130][131] but despite the initial increase in violence, in November 2009, Iraqi Interior Ministry officials reported that the civilian death toll in Iraq fell to its lowest level since the 2003 invasion.[132]
Following the
During 2013, Sunni militant groups stepped up attacks targeting the Iraq's population in an attempt to undermine confidence in the Nouri al-Maliki-led government.[137]
2014–2017: War against the Islamic State
In 2014, Sunni insurgents belonging to the
On 4 June 2014, the insurgents began their efforts to capture Mosul. The Iraqi army officially had 30,000 soldiers and another 30,000 federal police stationed in the city, facing a 1,500-member attacking force. The Iraqi forces' actual numbers were much lower due to "ghost soldiers", severely reducing combat ability.[139] After six days of combat and massive desertions, Iraqi soldiers received orders to retreat. The city of Mosul all fell under ISIL's control. An estimated 500,000 civilians fled from the city.
By late June, the Iraqi government had lost control of its borders with both Jordan and Syria.[140] al-Maliki called for a national state of emergency on 10 June following the attack on Mosul. However, despite the security crisis, Iraq's parliament did not allow Maliki to declare a state of emergency; many legislators boycotted the session because they opposed expanding the prime minister's powers.[141]
After an inconclusive election in April 2014, Nouri al-Maliki served as caretaker-Prime-Minister.
In response to rapid territorial gains made by the
In September 2017, a
2018–present: Civil unrest, disfunctioning government
In March 2018, Turkey launched
Serious civil unrest rocked the country beginning in Baghdad and Najaf in July 2018 and spreading to other provinces in
On 27 December 2019, the
Three days later, amid rising tensions between the United States and Iran, the U.S.
Following
On 30 November 2021, the political bloc led by Shia leader
On 27 July 2022, the parliament building was stormed by protesters for the second time in a week.[169] In October 2022, Abdul Latif Rashid was elected as the new President of Iraq after winning the parliamentary election against incumbent Barham Salih, who was running for a second term. The presidency is largely ceremonial and is traditionally held by a Kurd.[170] And on 27 October 2022, Mohammed Shia al-Sudani, close ally of former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, took the office to succeed Mustafa al-Kadhimi as new Prime Minister of Iraq.[171]
In July 2023, vast swathes of southern and western Iraq were left without electricity after a fire broke out causing an explosion at a power station south of Basra. The country's electrical grid faces systemic pressures due to climate change, fuel shortages, and an increase in demand.[172][173] Later that month, the foreign ministers of Iraq and Kuwait announced that they were working on a definitive agreement on border demarcation.[174] Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani has sought to normalise relations with Syria in order to expand co-operation.[175][176]
Corruption remains endemic throughout all levels of Iraqi governance while the US-endorsed sectarian political system has driven increased levels of violent terrorism and sectarian conflicts within the country.[177][178] Climate change is driving wide-scale droughts across the country while water reserves are rapidly depleting.[179] The country has been in a prolonged drought since 2020 and experienced its second-driest season in the past four decades in 2021. Water flows in the Tigris and Euphrates are down between 30 and 40 percent. Half of the country’s farmland is at risk of desertification.[180] Nearly 40 percent of Iraq "has been overtaken by blowing desert sands that claim tens of thousands of acres of arable land every year."[181]
Geography
Iraq lies between latitudes 29° and 38° N, and longitudes 39° and 49° E (a small area lies west of 39°). Spanning 437,072 km2 (168,754 sq mi), it is the 58th-largest country in the world.
Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km (36 miles) on the northern
Iraq has the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert.
Rocky deserts cover about 40 percent of Iraq. Another 30 percent is mountainous with bitterly cold winters. The north of the country is mostly composed of mountains; the highest point being at 3,611 m (11,847 ft) point, unnamed on the map opposite, but known locally as
Iraq is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions:
Climate
Much of Iraq has a hot
Iraq is highly vulnerable to climate change.[184] The country is subject to rising temperatures and reduced rainfall, and suffers from increasing water scarcity for a human population that rose tenfold between 1890 and 2010 and continues to rise.[185][186]
Biodiversity
The wildlife of Iraq includes its
Iraqi corals are some of the most extreme heat-tolerant as the seawater in this area ranges between 14 and 34 °C.[191]
Aquatic or semi-aquatic wildlife occurs in and around these, the major lakes:[192]
Government and politics
The
The
In 2008, according to the
Transparency International ranks Iraq's government as the eighth-most-corrupt government in the world. Government payroll have increased from 1 million employees under Saddam Hussein to around 7 million employees in 2016. In combination with decreased oil prices, the government budget deficit is near 25% of GDP as of 2016[update].[197]
Since the establishment of the
Law
In October 2005, the new
In 2004, the CPA chief executive L. Paul Bremer said he would veto any constitutional draft stating that sharia is the principal basis of law.[204] The declaration enraged many local Shia clerics,[205] and by 2005 the United States had relented, allowing a role for sharia in the constitution to help end a stalemate on the draft constitution.[206]
The Iraqi Penal Code is the statutory law of Iraq.
Military
Iraqi security forces are composed of forces serving under the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and the Ministry of Defense (MOD), as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau, reporting directly to the
The current Iraqi armed forces was rebuilt on American foundations and with huge amounts of American military aid at all levels. The army consists of 13 infantry divisions and one
The Iraqi air force is designed to support ground forces with surveillance, reconnaissance and troop lift. Two reconnaissance squadrons use light aircraft, three helicopter squadrons are used to move troops and one air transportation squadron uses C-130 transport aircraft to move troops, equipment, and supplies. The air force currently has 5,000 personnel.[210]
As of February 2011, the navy had approximately 5,000 sailors, including 800
On 4 November 2019, more than 100
Foreign relations
On 17 November 2008, the US and Iraq agreed to a
On 12 February 2009, Iraq officially became the 186th State Party to the
Iran–Iraq relations have flourished since 2005 by the exchange of high-level visits.[citation needed] A conflict occurred in December 2009, when Iraq accused Iran of seizing an oil well on the border.[215]
Relations with Turkey are tense, largely because of the Kurdistan Regional Government, as clashes between Turkey and the PKK continue.[216] In October 2011, the Turkish parliament renewed a law that gives Turkish forces the ability to pursue rebels over the border in Iraq.[217] Turkey's "Great Anatolia Project" reduced Iraq's water supply and affected agriculture.[218][186]
On 5 January 2020, the
Human rights
Relations between Iraq and its
LGBT rights in Iraq remain limited. Although decriminalised, homosexuality remains stigmatised in Iraqi society.[222]
Administrative divisions
Iraq is composed of nineteen governorates (or provinces) (Arabic: muhafadhat (singular muhafadhah); Kurdish: پارێزگا Pârizgah). The governorates are subdivided into districts (or qadhas), which are further divided into sub-districts (or nawāḥī).
Economy
Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. The lack of development in other sectors has resulted in 18%–30% unemployed and a per capita GDP of $4,812.[2] Public sector employment accounted for nearly 60% of full-time employment in 2011.[223] The oil export industry, which dominates the Iraqi economy, generates very little employment.[223] Currently only a modest percentage of women (the highest estimate for 2011 was 22%) participate in the labour force.[223]
Prior to US occupation, Iraq's
On 20 November 2004, the Paris Club of creditor nations agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members. Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the 2003 invasion, and had grown another $5 billion by 2004. The debt relief was to be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.[225]
The official currency in Iraq is the Iraqi dinar. The Coalition Provisional Authority issued new dinar coins and notes, with the notes printed by De La Rue using modern anti-forgery techniques.[226] Jim Cramer's 20 October 2009 endorsement of the Iraqi dinar on CNBC has further piqued interest in the investment.[227]
Five years after the invasion, an estimated 2.4 million people were internally displaced (with a further two million refugees outside Iraq), four million Iraqis were considered food-insecure (a quarter of children were chronically malnourished) and only a third of Iraqi children had access to safe drinking water.[228]
In 2022, and after more than 30 years after the UN Compensation Commission (UNCC) was created to ensure restitution for Kuwait following the Iraqi invasion of 1990, the reparations body announced that Iraq has paid a total of $52.4 billion in war reparations to Kuwait.[229]
According to the Overseas Development Institute, international NGOs face challenges in carrying out their mission, leaving their assistance "piecemeal and largely conducted undercover, hindered by insecurity, a lack of coordinated funding, limited operational capacity and patchy information".[228] International NGOs have been targeted and during the first 5 years, 94 aid workers were killed, 248 injured, 24 arrested or detained and 89 kidnapped or abducted.[228]
Tourism
Iraq was an important tourist destination for many years but that changed dramatically during the war with Iran and after the 2003 invasion by US and allies. As Iraq continues to develop and stabilises, the tourism in Iraq is still facing many challenges, little has been made by the government to meet its tremendous potential as a global tourist destination, and gain the associated economic benefits, mainly due to conflicts. However, in recent years the
.Oil and energy
With its 143.1 billion barrels (2.275×1010 m3) of proved oil reserves, Iraq ranks third in the world behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia in the amount of
During the 1970s Iraq produced up to 3.5 million barrels per day, but sanctions imposed against Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait in 1990 crippled the country's oil sector. The sanctions prohibited Iraq from exporting oil until 1996 and Iraq's output declined by 85% in the years following the First Gulf War. The sanctions were lifted in 2003 after the US-led invasion removed Saddam Hussein from power, but development of Iraq's oil resources has been hampered by the ongoing conflict.[238]
As of 2010[update], despite improved security and billions of dollars in oil revenue, Iraq still generates about half the electricity that customers demand, leading to protests during the hot summer months.[239]
The Iraq oil law, a proposed piece of legislation submitted to the Council of Representatives of Iraq in 2007, has failed to gain approval due to disagreements among Iraq's various political blocs.[240][241]
According to a US Study from May 2007, between 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d) and 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/d) of Iraq's declared oil production over the past four years could have been siphoned off through corruption or smuggling.[242] In 2008, Al Jazeera reported $13 billion of Iraqi oil revenues in US care was improperly accounted for, of which $2.6 billion is totally unaccounted for.[243] Some reports that the government has reduced corruption in public procurement of oil; however, reliable reports of bribery and kickbacks to government officials persist.[244]
On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the Iraqi ministry of oil awarded service contracts to international oil companies for some of Iraq's many oil fields.[245][246] Oil fields contracted include the "super-giant" Majnoon oil field, Halfaya Field, West Qurna Field and Rumaila Field.[246] BP and China National Petroleum Corporation won a deal to develop Rumaila, the largest Iraqi oil field.[247][248]
On 14 March 2014, the International Energy Agency said Iraq's oil output jumped by half a million barrels a day in February to average 3.6 million barrels a day. The country had not pumped that much oil since 1979, when Saddam Hussein rose to power.[249] However, on 14 July 2014, as sectarian strife had taken hold, Kurdistan Regional Government forces seized control of the Bai Hassan and Kirkuk oilfields in the north of the country, taking them from Iraq's control. Baghdad condemned the seizure and threatened "dire consequences" if the fields were not returned.[250]
On 2018, the UN estimated that oil accounts for 99% of Iraq's revenue.[238] As of 2021, the oil sector provided about 92% of foreign exchange earnings.[251]
Water supply and sanitation
Three decades of war greatly cut the existing
Infrastructure
Although many infrastructure projects had already begun, at the end of 2013 Iraq had a housing crisis. The then very war-ravaged country was set to complete 5 percent of the 2.5 million homes it needs to build by 2016 to keep up with demand, confirmed the Minister for Construction and Housing.[253] Much building has followed but there remains strong demand for larger, and usually ideally single-family, homes in most parts of Iraq.
- In 2009, the Iraq Britain Business Council formed. Its key impetus was House of Lords member and trade expert Lady Nicholson.
- In August 2009, two American firms reached a deal with the Basra Sports City, a new sports complex.
- In October 2012, the Emirati property firm, Emaar Properties reached a deal with the Iraqi Ministry of Construction and Housing to build and develop housing and commercial projects in Iraq.
- In January 2013, the Emirati property firm, Nakheel Properties signed a deal to build Al Nakheel City, a future town in Basra, Iraq.
- In mid 2013, South Korean firm Daewoo reached a deal to build Bismayah New City of about 600,000 residents in 100,000 homes.[254]
- In December 2020, the Prime Minister launched the second phase of the Grand Faw Port via winning bid of project manager/head contractor Daewood at $2.7 billion.[255] A strategic national project for Iraq, it will become the largest sea port in the Middle East, as such strengthening Iraq's geopolitical position.[256][257]
Demographics
The 2021 estimate of the total Iraqi population is 43,533,592.[258][259] Iraq's population was estimated to be 2 million in 1878.[260] In 1980, the population of Iraq was 13.6 million.[261] In 2013 Iraq's population reached 35 million amid a post-war population boom.[262]
Ethnic groups
Iraq's native population is predominantly
A report by the
According to the
Around 20,000 Marsh Arabs live in southern Iraq.[265]
Iraq has a community of 2,500
Languages
The main languages spoken in Iraq are
Other smaller minority languages include
Prior to the invasion in 2003,
According to the Constitution of Iraq (Article 4):
- The Arabic language and the Kurdish language are the two official languages of Iraq. The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions.[1]
Religion
Religions in Iraq are dominantly Abrahamic religions with the CIA World Factbook (2021) stating; that 95% were Muslim (Shia 64–69%, Sunni 29–34%), Christian, Yazidi, Mandaean, Baháʼí, Zoroastrian, Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish, folk religion, unaffiliated, other 5% [2] It has a mixed Shia and Sunni population. An older 2011 Pew Research Center estimates that 47~51% of Muslims in Iraq see themselves as Shia, 42% are Sunni, while 5% identify themselves as "Just a Muslim".[271]
The Sunni population complains of facing discrimination in almost all aspects of life by the government. However, former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki denied that such discrimination occurs.[272]
Christianity in Iraq has its roots from the conception of the
There are also small
Iraq is home to two of the world's holiest places among Shi'as: Najaf and Karbala.[283]
Diaspora and refugees
The dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries is known as the
In 2007, the UN said that about 40% of Iraq's middle class was believed to have fled and that most had fled systematic persecution and had no desire to return.[286] Subsequently, the diaspora seemed to be returning, as security improved; the Iraqi government claimed that 46,000 refugees returned to their homes in October 2007 alone.[287]
In 2011, nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced, with 1.3 million within Iraq and 1.6 million in neighbouring countries, mainly Jordan and Syria.[288] More than half of Iraqi Christians had fled the country since the US-led invasion.[289][290] According to official United States Citizenship and Immigration Services statistics, 58,811 Iraqis had been granted refugee-status citizenship as of 25 May 2011[update].[291]
After the start of the
Health
In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 6.84% of the country's GDP. In 2008, there were 6.96 physicians and 13.92 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.[294] The life expectancy at birth was 68.49 years in 2010, or 65.13 years for males and 72.01 years for females.[295] This is down from a peak life expectancy of 71.31 years in 1996.[296]
Iraq had developed a centralised free health care system in the 1970s using a hospital based, capital-intensive model of curative care. The country depended on large-scale imports of medicines, medical equipment and even nurses, paid for with oil export income, according to a "Watching Brief" report issued jointly by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in July 2003. Unlike other poorer countries, which focused on mass health care using primary care practitioners, Iraq developed a Westernised system of sophisticated hospitals with advanced medical procedures, provided by specialist physicians. The UNICEF/WHO report noted that prior to 1990, 97% of the urban dwellers and 71% of the rural population had access to free primary health care; just 2% of hospital beds were privately managed.[297]
Education
Before Iraq faced economic sanctions from the UN, it already had an advanced and successful education system.[298] However, it has now been "de-developing" in its educational success.[298]
In general, the education of Iraq has been improving since the MDGs were implemented.[299] For example, enrollment numbers nearly doubled from 2000 to 2012.[299] It went from 3.6 million to six million.[299] The latest statistic from 2015 to 2016 showed that almost 9.2 million children were in school.[299] Enrollment rates continue to be on a steady increase at about 4.1% each year.[299] The sheer increase in numbers shows that there are clearly improvements of children in Iraq having access to education.
However, the dramatic increase of the number of students in primary education has had some negative and straining effects for the education system.[299] The budget for education makes up about only 5.7% of government spending and continues to stay at or below this percentage.[299] Investments for schools has also been on the decline.[299] As a result, the country now ranks at the bottom of Middle East countries in terms of education.[299] The little funding for education makes it more difficult to improve the quality and resources for education.[299]
At the same time, UNICEF investigated portions of spending for education and found that some of the money has gone to waste.[299] They found that dropout rates are increasing as well as repetition rates for children.[299] In both Iraq Centre and KRI, the rates for dropouts are about 1.5% to 2.5%.[299] While the rate for dropouts for boys was around 16.5%, girls were at 20.1% where it could be due to economic or family reasons.[299] For repetition rates, percentages have almost reached 17% among all students.[299] As a result, almost 20% of the funding for education was lost to dropouts and repetition for the year 2014–2015.[299]
Other statistics show that regional differences can attribute to lower or higher enrollment rates for children in primary education.[299] For example, UNICEF found that areas with conflict like Saladin had "more than 90% of school-age children" not in the education system.[299] In addition, some schools were converted into refugee shelters or military bases in 2014 as conflict began to increase.[300] The resources for education become more strained and make it harder for children to go to school and finish receiving their education.[300] However, in 2017, there were efforts being made to open up 47 schools that had previously been closed.[301] There has been more success in Mosul where over 380,000 are going to school again.[301] Depending on where children live, they may or may not have the same access to education as other children. There are also the differing enrollment rates between boys and girls.[299] UNICEF found that in 2013–2014, enrollment numbers for boys was at about five million while girls were at about 4.2 million.[299] While the out-of-school rate for girls is at about 11%, boys are at less than half of that.[299] However, the rate of enrollments for girls has been increasing at a higher rate than for boys.[299] In 2015–2016, the enrollment numbers for girls increased by 400,000 from the previous year where a large number of them were located in Iraq Centre.[299] Not only that, UNICEF found that the increase of girls going to school was across all levels of education.[299] Therefore, the unequal enrollment numbers between boys and girls could potentially change so that universal education can be achieved by all at equal rates.
Although the numbers suggest a dramatic increase of enrollment rates for primary education in total, a large number of children still remain out of the education system.[299] Many of these children fall under the category of internally displaced children due to the conflict in Syria and the takeover by ISIL.[299] This causes a disruption for children who are attempting to go to school and holds them back from completing their education, no matter what level they are at.[299] Internally displaced children are specifically recorded to track children who have been forced to move within their country due to these types of conflicts. About 355,000 of internally displaced children are not in the education system.[299] 330,000 of those children live in Iraq Centre.[299] The rates among internally displaced children continue to remain higher in Iraq Centre than other areas such as the KRI.[299]
With the overall increase of enrollment rates, there continues to be a large strain on the resources for education.[299] UNICEF notes that without an increase on expenditures for education, the quality of education will continue to decrease.[299] Early in the 2000s, the UNESCO International Bureau of Education found that the education system in Iraq had issues with standard-built school buildings, having enough teachers, implementing a standardised curricula, textbooks and technologies that are needed to help reach its educational goals.[298] Teachers are important resources that are starting to become more and more strained with the rising number of students.[299] Iraq Centre has a faster enrollment growth rate than teacher growth.[299] Teachers begin to have to take in more and more students which can produce a bigger strain on the teacher and quality of education the children receive.[299] Another large resource for education is libraries that can increase literacy and create a reading culture.[302] However, this can only be improved through a restructuring of the education system.[302]
Culture
Iraq's culture has a deep heritage that extends back in time to ancient Mesopotamian culture. Iraq has one of the longest written traditions in the world including
Art
There were several interconnected traditions of art in ancient Iraq. The
At the height of the Abbasid period, in the late 12th century, a stylistic movement of manuscript illustration and calligraphy emerged. Now known as the Baghdad School, this movement of Islamic art was characterised by representations of everyday life and the use of highly expressive faces rather than the stereotypical characters that had been used in the past.[304]
Architecture
The architecture of Iraq has a long history, encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC and features both Mesopotamian and Abbasid architecture. Modern prominent architects include Zaha Hadid, Basil Bayati, Rifat Chadirji and Hisham N. Ashkouri among others.[306]
Important cultural institutions in the capital include the
Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts and the
The capital, Ninus or
Literature
The literature in Iraq is often referred to as "Mesopotamian literature" due to the flourishing of various civilisations as a result of the mixture of these cultures and has been called Mesopotamian or Babylonian literature in allusion to the geographical territory that such cultures occupied in the Middle East between the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.[309] The Sumerian literature was unique because it does not belong to any known linguistic root. Its appearance began with symbols of the things denoting it, then it turned with time to the cuneiform line on tablets. The literature during this time were mainly about mythical and epic texts dealing with creation issues, the emergence of the world, the gods, descriptions of the heavens, and the lives of heroes in the wars that broke out between the nomads and the urbanites. They also deal with religious teachings, moral advice, astrology, legislation, and history. One of which was the Epic of Gilgamesh, which is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature.[310] During the Abbasid Caliphate, the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which was a public academy and intellectual center hosted numerous scholars and writers. A number of stories in One Thousand and One Nights feature famous Abbasid figures.[311]
Iraq has various medieval poets, most remarkably Hariri of Basra, Mutanabbi, Abu Nuwas, and Al-Jahiz.
In modern times, various languages are used in Iraqi literature including Arabic, Neo-Aramaic, Kurdish and Turkish, although the Arabic literature remains the most influential literature. Notably poets include Jawahiri, Safa Khulusi and Dunya Mikhail.
Music
Iraq is known primarily for its rich
Early in the 20th century, many of the most prominent musicians in Iraq were
The most famous singer of the 1930s–1940s was perhaps Salima Pasha (later Salima Murad).[314][315] The respect and adoration for Pasha were unusual at the time since public performance by women was considered shameful.[314]
The most famous early composer from Iraq was Ezra Aharon, an oud player, while the most prominent instrumentalist was Yusuf Za'arur.[citation needed] Za'arus formed the official ensemble for the Iraqi radio station and were responsible for introducing the cello and ney into the traditional ensemble.[314]
Media
Iraq was home to the second television station in the Middle East, which began during the 1950s. As part of a plan to help Iraq modernise, English telecommunications company
After the end of the full state control in 2003, there were a period of significant growth in the broadcast media in Iraq.[317] Immediately, and the ban on satellite dishes is no longer in place, and by mid-2003, according to a BBC report, there were 20 radio stations from 0.15 to 17 television stations owned by Iraqis, and 200 Iraqi newspapers owned and operated. Significantly, there have been many of these newspapers in numbers disproportionate to the population of their locations. For example, in Najaf, which has a population of 300,000, is being published more than 30 newspapers and distributed.
Iraqi media expert and author of a number of reports on this subject, Ibrahim Al Marashi, identifies four stages of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 where they had been taking the steps that have significant effects on the way for the later of the Iraqi media since then. Stages are: pre-invasion preparation, and the war and the actual choice of targets, the first post-war period, and a growing insurgency and hand over power to the Iraqi Interim Government (IIG) and Prime Minister
As of 2020, the media in Iraq is considered as one of the biggest in Middle East, having more than 100
Cuisine
Iraqi cuisine can be traced back some 10,000 years – to the
Some characteristic ingredients of Iraqi cuisine include – vegetables such as
Similarly with other countries of
Sport
The
See also
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References
- Imperial Aramaic: ܥܝܪܐܩ
- Kurdish: کۆماری عێراق, romanized: Komarî Êraq
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Bibliography
- Bosworth, C. E. (1998). "ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM(Ī)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5. p. 538.
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- Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
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- A Dweller in Mesopotamia, being the adventures of an official artist in the garden of Eden, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF format).
- By Desert Ways to Baghdad, by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) With illustrations and a map, 1908 (1909 ed.) (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF format).
- "Iraqi Constitution" (PDF). Ministry of Interior – General Directorate For Nationality. 30 January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- Benjamin Busch, "'Today is Better than Tomorrow'. A Marine returns to a divided Iraq", Harper's Magazine, October 2014, pp. 29–44.
- Global Arms Exports to Iraq 1960–1990, Rand Research report
- Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-991-6.
- Polk, William Roe (2005). Understanding Iraq. ISBN 9780857717641.
- Simons, Geoff (1996). Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam. ISBN 9780312160524.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-521-87823-4.
External links
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Travel information from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Government
- Presidency of Iraq
- Cabinet of Iraq
- Government of Iraq Archived 2 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Prime Minister's Office
General information
- Iraq. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Wikimedia Atlas of Iraq- Iraq web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
Iraq travel guide from Wikivoyage
Geographic data related to Iraq at OpenStreetMap- Iraq at Curlie
- Iraq profile from the BBC News
- Life in Iraq – A short video presentation
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