2010 Iraqi parliamentary election
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All 325 seats in the Council of Representatives 163 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
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Parliamentary elections were held in
Prior to the election, the Supreme Court in Iraq ruled that the existing electoral law/rule was unconstitutional,[1] and a new elections law made changes in the electoral system.[2] On 15 January 2010, the Independent High Electoral Commission (IHEC) banned 499 candidates from the election due to alleged links with the Ba'ath Party.[3] Before the start of the campaign on 12 February 2010, IHEC confirmed that the appeals by banned candidates had been rejected and thus all 456 banned candidates would not be allowed to run for the election.[4]
The turnout was low (62.4%) compared to the elections of 2005 (79.6%). There were numerous allegations of fraud,[5][6] and a recount of the votes in Baghdad was ordered on 19 April 2010.[7] On 14 May IHEC announced that after 11,298 ballot boxes had been recounted, there was no sign of fraud or violations.[citation needed]
The new parliament opened on 14 June 2010.[8] After months of fraught negotiations, an agreement was reached on the formation of a new government on 11 November.[9] Talabani would continue as president, Al-Maliki would stay on as prime minister and Allawi would head a new security council.
Electoral system
The necessary election law was only passed on 8 November 2009, and the
Prior to the election, the Supreme Court in Iraq ruled that the existing electoral rule was unconstitutional.[citation needed] The parliament therefore set about drafting a new electoral law.[11]
The Iraqi cabinet approved a draft elections law in September 2009. However, it took two months and ten delays for the law to pass in the Council of Representatives. The main areas of dispute concerned the "open list" electoral system and the voters roll in
Open lists
Kirkuk governorate
Member State of the Arab League |
Constitution |
Iraq portal |
In
Seat allocation
The law increased the size of the council from 275 to 325 members – equal to one seat per 100,000 citizens, as specified in the
Iraqi Vice-President
Parliament asked the Supreme Federal Court for advice, and it issued a statement saying that "all Iraqis, whether they live in the country or outside its borders, should be represented in the parliament."[23] There was some confusion over this statement with the head of the legal affairs committee interpreted this as annulling the veto. However, Ayad al-Samarrai, the parliamentary speaker said the statement was not binding on parliament because it was advice rather a ruling in response to a complaint.[24] Parliament therefore met to consider the law again. Hundreds of supporters of the Prime Minister held demonstrations against the veto in Najaf, Basra and Wasit.[25][26][27]
The President of Iraqi Kurdistan,
When the Iraqi Parliament met again they amended the law to provide that Iraqis abroad would vote in the governorate they lived before they left the country.[citation needed] The number of seats per governorate was then changed to increase all governorates by a fixed 2.8% over the 2005 population figures – meaning Kurdish areas got more seats but Sunni Arab areas got fewer.[citation needed] Analysts said Hashemi had "played poker and lost" and an MP from a rival Sunni Arab party said he should go and apologize to the governorates that had lost out.[29] Tribal leaders in the Sunni Arab city of Tikrit threatened to call for a poll boycott if the amended law went through and Hashemi said he would veto again.[30]
Head of IHEC, Faraj Al Haydari, announced that curfew will be imposed and airports closed on the day of elections.[31] The head of the IHEC electoral directorate, Haydar Al Abboudi, said he hoped to announce the results of elections three days later.[31]
The council agreed to increase the number of seats from 275 to 325. With this, the number of seats allocated to each governorate were changed from 2005 elections.[32][33]
Governorate | Seats 2010 | Seats 2005 | In/de-creased by | Percentage in/de-crease | Registered voters | Votes Cast |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al Anbar Governorate | 14 | 9 | 5 | 55.6% | 802,000 | 472,603 |
Babil Governorate |
16 | 11 | 5 | 45.5% | 961,000 | 586,281 |
Baghdad Governorate | 68 | 59 | 9 | 15.3% | 4,599,000 | 2,541,766 |
Basra Governorate | 24 | 16 | 8 | 50.0% | 1,466,000 | 814,810 |
Dahuk Governorate |
10 | 7 | 3 | 42.9% | 574,000 | 424,715 |
Dhi Qar Governorate | 18 | 12 | 6 | 50.0% | 993,000 | 572,177 |
Diyala Governorate | 13 | 10 | 3 | 30.0% | 840,000 | 502,896 |
Erbil Governorate | 14 | 13 | 1 | 7.7% | 917,000 | 680,408 |
Karbala Governorate | 10 | 6 | 4 | 66.7% | 564,000 | 333,434 |
Kirkuk Governorate | 12 | 9 | 3 | 33.3% | 787,000 | 556,384 |
Maysan Governorate | 10 | 7 | 3 | 42.9% | 561,000 | 272,818 |
Muthanna Governorate | 7 | 5 | 2 | 40.0% | 379,000 | 229,141 |
Najaf Governorate | 12 | 8 | 4 | 50.0% | 696,000 | 411,424 |
Nineveh Governorate | 31 | 19 | 12 | 63.2% | 1,702,000 | 1,054,798 |
Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate | 11 | 8 | 3 | 37.5% | 619,000 | 373,339 |
Saladin Governorate | 12 | 8 | 4 | 50.0% | 696,000 | 488,865 |
Sulaymaniyah Governorate | 17 | 15 | 2 | 13.3% | 1,098,000 | 833,631 |
Wasit Governorate | 11 | 8 | 3 | 37.5% | 638,000 | 376,922 |
Compensatory seats | 7 | 45 | -38 | -84.4% | ||
Minorities | 8 | 0 | 8 | 100% | ||
Total | 325 | 275 | 50 | 18.2% | 18,892,000 | 11,526,412 |
Coalitions
The
National Iraqi Alliance (NIA) – List 316
The
State of Law Coalition (SLC) – List 337
After negotiations between Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and
al-Iraqiyya (INM) – List 333
The
In January 2010 the De-Baathification Commission barred al-Mutlak from the election due to his previous membership of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party. The al-Iraqiyya List threatened to boycott the election unless the decision was reversed.[44]
al-Tawafuq – List 338
The Iraqi Accord Front, more commonly known as al-Tawafuq is a Sunni Islamist list which was the main Sunni coalition in 2005, winning 15% and 44 seats as an alliance between the Iraqi Islamic Party, the General Council for the People of Iraq (Iraqi People's Gathering) and the Iraqi National Dialogue Council.[45] Since then the Iraqi National Dialogue Council left the alliance and after disappointing results in 2009, the Iraqi Islamic Party's leader Tariq al-Hashemi resigned from his position and left the party to create his own party and join al-Iraqiyya. The alliance still includes several independent candidates and the Sunni Islamist, Turkmen Justice Party. In 2009 Tawafuq was still the largest Sunni list with 32 seats however they received less than 25% of the votes they received in 2005 and lost in their main stronghold, the al-Anbar governorate. Meanwhile, the parties which would later form al-Iraqiyya won over 70 seats.[46]
Iraq's Unity – List 348
Kurdistani List – List 372 and other Kurdish Lists
The
Opinion polls
In February 2010 the National Media Center, a government agency conducted a survey among 5,000 Iraqis from 18 different provinces. When people were asked who they would vote for the poll gave the following results:[52]
- State of Law Coalition: 29.9%
- Iraqi National Movement: 21.8%
- National Iraqi Alliance: 17.2%
- Kurdistani List10%
- Iraqi Unity: 5%
- Iraqi Accord Front: 2.7%
- Other: 6.3%
- No Opinion 4.9%
- No Response 2.2%
When asking if people would vote or not two-thirds said they would vote. Among Shi'a Muslims 63% said they would vote, among Sunni Muslims this was 58%. 57% of the Arabs said they would vote while 67% of the Kurds said they would vote. Of those asked 47% supported the candidate ban, 38% opposed it and 15% had no opinion.[52]
According to the Sadrists, they expected the National Iraqi Alliance to be the largest Shi'a List, winning 70 to 80 seats in the government, where from the Sadr Movement would win at least 35. Spokesmen from Da'awa were skeptical about these claims.[53]
Pre-election controversies
Candidate ban
On 15 January 2010 Iraq's electoral commission banned 499 candidates, mostly Sunni Muslims, from the election due to alleged links with the Ba'ath Party.
Among the banned candidates 60% were Sunni Muslims and 40% were Shi'a
The electoral commission was criticized for alleged partiality and ties to Shi'a religious parties and some feared this decision will lead to sectarian tensions.
Iraqi President Jalal Talabani called on the Supreme Court to settle the dispute over the banned candidates saying: "We should not be unjust with them." American Vice President Joe Biden travelled to Iraq on 23 January to try resolve the matters of the election ban.[citation needed] In response on 25 January, Iraq dropped the ban on 59 out of 150 candidates who had appealed their ban. A total of 458 however remained banned from the elections.[59] On 3 February the appeals court has temporarily lifted the ban on the candidates allowing them to run,[citation needed] which the Iraqi government condemned the decision by the court calling it "illegal and unconstitutional".[58] The suspending of the ban is meant to allow the candidates to run, the Supreme Court said they will then review the candidates after the election. The government however ordered the Supreme Court to make their final ruling on the candidates before the election.[citation needed] However out of 511 candidates most had been replaced by their parties (and 59 had been unbanned), only 177 candidates appealed their ban. According to IHEC spokesman Khalid al-Shami only 37 of those appealed their ban correctly, the other 140 remain banned.[citation needed]
US Ambassador Christopher Hill said that by lifting the ban the elections would become credible. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki however said they would not allow Hill to go beyond his diplomatic mission and that Iraq would not bow to any US-pressure. He also insisted that the ban on the alleged Ba'athist candidates must be implemented. Maliki called on the countries high court for a final decision and also called for a parliamentary meeting to discuss the issue.[citation needed]
Before the start of the campaign on 12 February 2010, the IHEC confirmed that the appeals by banned candidates had been rejected and thus all 456 banned candidates would not be allowed to run for the election.[4] The Iraqi National Movement (al-Iraqiyya list) suspended their election campaign in response.[60]
Boycott
Worker-communist Party of Kurdistan[61] and Worker-communist Party of Iraq boycotted the elections,[62] as in their view, conditions and principles for a fair election were not met.
Election violence
On 13 February, the day the election campaign started, there were several bombings. The first bomb struck a political office of
On 3 March, two car bombs exploded in the city of
One of the hardest hit communities during the election period is the Assyrian community. Attacks against the Assyrians began in December in Mosul, Iraq's second largest city. It led to the assassination of over 20 Christians and the bombings of different churches in Mosul. The attacks led to 680 Christian families flying Mosul to Nineveh Plains.[67]
On election day, Islamist insurgents distributed leaflets in Sunni neighbourhoods of Baghdad warning people not to go to the polls,]
According to the
Results
Islamic Group of Kurdistan 152,530 | 1.32 | 2 | +1 | | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reserved seats for ethnic minorities | 61,153 | 0.53 | 8 | +6 | |||||
Others | 572,183 | 4.96 | – | – | |||||
Total | 11,526,412 | 100.00 | 325 | +50 | |||||
Registered voters/turnout | 18,902,073 | – | |||||||
Source: Psephos |
By governorate
Governorate | State of Law | NIA | al-Iraqiya
|
Kurdistan List | Gorran | Tawafuq | Unity | KIU | KIG
|
Total Seats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
al-Anbar |
0 | 0 | 11 | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | 14 |
Babil |
8 | 5 | 3 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | 16 |
Baghdad | 26 | 17 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | 68 |
Basra | 14 | 7 | 3 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | 24 |
Dahuk |
- | 0 | - | 9 | 0 | - | - | 1 | 0 | 10 |
Dhi Qar |
8 | 9 | 1 | 0 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 18 |
Diyala | 1 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 13 |
Erbil | - | 0 | - | 10 | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 14 |
Karbala | 6 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | 10 |
Kirkuk | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 12 |
Maysan |
4 | 6 | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | 10 |
Muthanna | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | 7 |
Najaf | 7 | 5 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 12 |
Nineveh | 0 | 1 | 20 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 31 |
Qadisiyyah | 4 | 5 | 2 | 0 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 11 |
Saladin | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | - | - | 12 |
Sulaimaniyah | - | 0 | - | 8 | 6 | - | - | 2 | 1 | 17 |
Wasit | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 11 |
Compensatory | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Minority | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Total | 89 | 70 | 91 | 43 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 325 |
Candidate votes
# | Candidate | Party | Election list | Governorate | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Nouri al-Maliki | Islamic Da'awa Party |
State of Law Coalition | Baghdad | 622,961[73] | |
2. | Ayad Allawi | Iraqi National Accord | al-Iraqiyya |
Baghdad | 407,537[73] | |
3. | Usama al-Nujayfi |
al-Hadba | al-Iraqiyya |
Nineveh | 274,741[74] | |
4. | Tariq al-Hashemi |
Renewal List | al-Iraqiyya |
Baghdad | 200,963[73] | |
5. | Ibrahim al-Jaafari | National Reform Trend | National Iraqi Alliance | Baghdad | 101,053[73] | |
6. | hakm shex Latif | Gorran Movement | Gorran List |
Sulaymaniyah | 93,196[75] | |
7. | Rafi al-Issawi | National Future Gathering | al-Iraqiyya |
Al Anbar | 83,145[76] | |
8. | Baqir Jabr al-Zubeidi | Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq | National Iraqi Alliance | Baghdad | 68,822[73] | |
9. | Khalid Shwani | Patriotic Union of Kurdistan[77] | Kurdistani List |
Kirkuk | 68,522[78] | |
10. | Arshad al-Salihi | Iraqi Turkmen Front[79] | al-Iraqiyya |
Kirkuk | 59,732[78] | |
11. | Ali Bapir | Islamic Group of Kurdistan |
IGK List |
Erbil | 50,116[80] |
Fraud allegations
Prior to the elections there were already claims that Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's list was planning to rig elections.[81] The fact that the government printed 26 million ballots, 35% more than are needed for all eligible voters led to claims by Ayad Allawi and his al-Iraqiiya list that these ballots were going to be used to commit fraud.[81] According to the National Iraqi Alliance al-Maliki was abusing his powers as prime minister by distributing government land and plantations freely to tribal leaders to secure their votes, Maliki was also said to be giving expensive guns with gold emblems on them, to visitors.[81] Ibrahim al-Jaafari's Islah party accused the Maliki government of registering 800,000 fabricated names in rural areas and Baghdad so the government could use their names to vote in favour of Maliki while these people do not exist.[81] The Sadr Movement complained that the government was arresting and detaining their supporters in the days prior to the elections to prevent them from voting.[81]
Leaders of al-Iraqiyya listed a series of alleged violations by Maliki claiming some of their votes had been removed from boxes and replaced by other ballots. A spokesman from the alliance released this statement: "Insistence in manipulating these elections forces us to question whether the possibility of fraudulent results would make the final results worthless. We will not stand by with our arms crossed," however analysts claimed Allawi might have listed these complaints for tactical reasons.[82] Iraqiyya candidate Inistar Allawi also accused the Kurdistan List of fraud in Kirkuk.[83] On the other hand, the Kurdish Gorran List alleged that Allawi's al-Iraqiya list had committed fraud in the city of Mosul.[84] Ali al-Adeeb, a candidate for Maliki's State of Law Coalition alleged an election official has manipulated election results in favour of a rival candidate.[5]
Iraqi Kurdish politician Khalid Shenawi, accused election workers in Arab areas in the city of Kirkuk of manipulating the results in Allawi's favour. Meanwhile, Arab and Turkmen politicians accused the Kurds of stacking voter rolls in their favour.[6] Shenawi said that loudspeakers of mosques were used to encourage people to vote and expressed doubt over the 93% turnout in Kirkuk's Arab districts al-Zab, al-Abbasi, al-Riad.[85] In the Arabic neighbourhood of al-Houija there was even a turnout of 130%.[86] Ala Talabani said the Kurdistani List had submitted 40 notices of appeal against fraud by al-Iraqiya. Turkmen nationalist politician Arshid Al-Salihi, who stood as part of the al-Iraqiya list however claimed they had proof of al-Iraqiyya votes being thrown in the garbage, alleging fraud by the Kurdistan List. However, contradictingly he also claimed that "Everyone who loses in elections accuses their rivals of fraud" in reference to claims by the Kurdistan List.[85]
Pro-Western candidate Mithal al-Alusi, whose Mithal al-Alusi List won one seat during last elections for Mithal al-Alusi himself, claimed the elections were rigged against liberals like himself, by Iran and Saudi Arabia as he lost his seat in parliament. Alusi claimed there were major discrepancies between the vote count according to IHEC and his own monitors. He also claimed village directors prevented women from voting in rural areas. He called on the United States to launch an investigation to the allegedly fixed election results.[87]
After an appeal by incumbent Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki a recount of the votes in Baghdad was ordered on 19 April 2010.[7] The recount began on 3 May 2010.[88] On 14 May IHEC announced that after 11,298 ballot boxes had been recounted, there was no sign of fraud or violations.[citation needed]
Analysis
Some analysts argued that a new government would need to have at least a component that represents minority ethnicities in order to try and "heal old sectarian wounds." This would mean excluding Iraqiya could anger its Sunni vote-base and "reinvigorate a Sunni backlash."[89]
Government formation
See also
- National Pact (Lebanon)
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