Iraqis

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Iraqis
العراقيون
Babylonians and Other Arabs

Iraqis (

Arabic: العراقيون) are people who originate from the country of Iraq.[24]

Iraqi Arabs are the largest ethnic group in Iraq,[25] followed by Iraqi Kurds, then Iraqi Turkmen as the third largest ethnic group.[26][27] Other ethnic groups include Yazidis, Assyrians, Mandaeans, Armenians, and Marsh Arabs.[28][29][30]

Iraq consists largely of most of ancient Mesopotamia, the native land of the indigenous Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian civilizations, which was subsequently conquered, invaded and ruled by foreigners for centuries after the fall of the indigenous Mesopotamian empires. As a direct consequence of this long history, the contemporary Iraqi population comprises a significant number of different ethnicities.[31] However, recent studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics, likely due to centuries of assimilation between invading populations and the indigenous ethnic groups.[32]

The daily language of the majority of Iraqis is

Turkish (Turkmen), Neo-Aramaic and Mandaic are other languages spoken by Iraqis and recognized by Iraq's constitution.[37]

History

Part of a series on the
Culture of Iraq
History
People
Languages
Cuisine
Religion
Art
Literature
Music
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols
  • Flag
  • Coat of arms
  • National anthem
Main articles: Mesopotamia, History of Mesopotamia, and History of Iraq

In ancient and medieval times Mesopotamia was the political and cultural centre of many great empires and civilizations, such as the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Assyrian Empire and Babylon Empire.[38][39] The ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is the oldest known civilization in the world,[40] and thus Iraq is widely known as the Cradle Of Civilization.[38] Iraq remained an important centre of civilization for millennia, up until the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and subsequently Abbasid Caliphate (of which Baghdad was the capital), which was the most advanced empire of the medieval world (see Islamic Golden Age). Hence Mesopotamia has witnessed several emigration and immigration in the past.

Further information on Iraq's civilization and cultural history can be found in the following chronology of Iraqi history:

  • Akkadian era
  • Araba
    (100 BC – 240)
  • Adiabene (15 – 116)
  • Sassanid Persia
    (224 – 638)
  • Asuristan
    (224 – 638)
  • Lakhmids
    (266 – 633)
  • Islamic conquest (632 – 1258)
  • Jalayirid Sultanate
    (1335 – 1410)
  • Kara Koyunlu
    (1410 – 1468)
  • Ak Koyunlu
    (1468 – 1501)
  • Mamluk dynasty
    (1747 – 1831)

Genetics

Further information:
Genetic history of the Arab world, and Assyrian people § Genetics

One study found that

Arabia.[42]

No significant differences in Y-DNA variation were observed among Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs, Assyrians, or Kurds.

Iraqi-Assyrians than they are to Iraqi Kurds.[43][44]

For both mtDNA and Y-DNA variation, the large majority of the

Western Asia and to have later spread mainly in West Asia.[41] The Eurasian haplogroups R1b and R1a represent the second most frequent component of the Iraqi Y-chromosome gene pool, the latter suggests that the population movements from Central Asia into modern Iran also influenced Iraq.[41]

Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Marsh Arabs share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians[40][45]—the oldest human civilization in the world and most ancient inhabitants of central-southern Iraq.

The Iraqi-Assyrian population was found to be significantly related to other Iraqis, especially Mesopotamian Arabs,[44][40] likely due to the assimilation of indigenous Assyrians with other people groups who occupied and settled Mesopotamia after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.[46]

Studies have reported that most Irish and Britons have ancestry to Neolithic farmers who left ancient Mesopotamia over 10,000 years ago. Genetic researchers say they have found compelling evidence that, on average, four out of five (80%) Europeans can trace their Y chromosome to the ancient Near East. In another study, scientists analyzed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq.[47]

Language

Iraq's national languages are

Aramaic substratum.[33]

Religion and ethnic groups

See also: Irreligion in Iraq
Mor Mattai Monastery
Haydar-Khana Mosque

Ethnicity

Iraq's population was estimated to be 39,650,145 in 2021 (residing in Iraq).

Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen dialects and Syriac. The percentages of different ethno-religious groups residing in Iraq vary from source to source due to the last Iraqi census having taken place over 30 years ago. A new census of Iraq was planned to take place in 2020.[52][28][29][30][53]

Religion

Iraqis are diverse in their faiths. Over 95% of Iraqis are Muslim, divided between 55% Shias and 40% Sunnis.[54] In 1968 the Iraqi constitution established Islam as the official religion of the state.

Religion in Iraq (2019)[55]

  
Bahá'í, Mandaeism, Irreligion
) (2%)

In addition,

Iraqi-Armenians belong to the Armenian Orthodox Church and Armenian Catholic Church. Their numbers inside Iraq have dwindled to around 500,000+ since 2003.[56]

Other religious groups include

Shabaks, Yazidis and followers of other minority religions. Furthermore, Jews had also been present in Iraq in significant numbers historically, and Iraq had the largest Jewish population in the Middle East, but their population dwindled, after virtually all of them migrated to Israel between 1949 and 1952. From 1949 to 1951, 104,000 Jews were evacuated from Iraq in Operations Ezra and Nechemia (named after the Jewish leaders who took their people back to Jerusalem from exile in Babylonia beginning in 597 B.C.E.); another 20,000 were smuggled out through Iran.[57][58][59]

Diaspora

Main articles: Iraqi diaspora and Refugees of Iraq

The Iraqi diaspora is not a sudden exodus but one that has grown rapidly through the 20th century as each generation faced some form of radical transition or political conflict. From 1950 to 1952 Iraq saw a great exodus of roughly 120,000 - 130,000 of its Jewish population under the Israel-led "Operation Ezra and Nehemiah". There were at least two large waves of expatriation of both Christians and Muslims alike. A great number of Iraqis left the country during the regime of Saddam Hussein and large numbers have left during the Iraq war and its aftermath.

See also

References

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External links

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