Irish people in Great Britain
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Irish people in Great Britain or British Irish are immigrants from the island of Ireland living in Great Britain as well as their British-born descendants.
Irish migration to Great Britain has occurred from the earliest recorded history to the present. There has been a continuous movement of people between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain due to their proximity. This tide has ebbed and flowed in response to politics, economics and social conditions of both places.
Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from Ireland or are entitled to an Irish passport due to having a parent or grandparent who was born in Ireland.
The Irish diaspora (Irish: Diaspóra na nGael) refers to Irish people and their descendants who live outside Ireland. This article refers to those who reside in Great Britain, the largest island and principal territory of the United Kingdom.
Migration eras
Medieval
After the End of Roman rule in Britain, significant Irish settlement of western Britain took place.
The Déisi recorded as having founded the Gwynedd (Anglesea) and Dyfed (Pembrokeshire) colonies, with contemporary Ogham inscriptions identifying the genealogies of the colonists, and later echoed in the 8th century, Old Irish work, The Expulsion of the Déisi.
Similarly, the 'traditional' view is that
Before and during the
Some English monarchs, such as
In the year 902 Norsemen who had been forced out of Ireland were given permission by the English to settle in
The island of Ireland was itself claimed as an Ecclesiastical fief, via the forged, mid 8th century, Donation of Constantine, with the feudal Lordship of Ireland later leased to Henry II of England and his heirs, by Pope Alexander III's, 1171 grant, resulting in the presence and settlement of Irish traders and seamen in English and Welsh ports, as well as the establishment of The Pale, on the island, the Irish settlers being subject to a poll tax, from 1440;[8][9] in 1542, Henry VIII, following his excommunication, would have the Irish Parliament create the Kingdom, with himself elected as King. Subsequently through offering English titles, and ecclesiastical lands, in a surrender and regrant process, would offer Irish clan chiefs, property and political power, in England, as well as Ireland. In 1555, Pope Paul IV, would confirm the existence of the Irish Kingdom, and that it was to be held in personal union with the Kingdom of England, via a Papal bull.[10] A personal Union that would later include the Kingdom of Scotland, and between 1707 and 1800, the politically united Kingdom of Great Britain. The Irish Parliament and Kingdom would be politically united with Great Britain as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, between 1801 and 1922, through the Acts of Union 1800. Today, Ireland is divided between the independent Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, a constituent of the United Kingdom.
Irish people who made Britain their home in the later medieval era included
16th to 18th centuries
Historically, Irish immigrants to the United Kingdom in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were considered over-represented amongst those appearing in court. However, research suggests that policing strategy may have put immigrants at a disadvantage by targeting only the most public forms of crime, while locals were more likely able to engage in the types of crimes that could be conducted behind locked doors.[11] An analysis of historical courtroom records suggests that despite higher rates of arrest, immigrants were not systematically disadvantaged by the British court system in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.[12]
Some notable people born in Ireland who settled in Great Britain between the 16th and 19th centuries:
- Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde, died 1635
- Robert Boyle, FRS, died 1691
- Laetitia Pilkington, died 1750
- Richard Brinsley Sheridan
- George Monro (British Army officer), 1700–57
- Patrick Brontë, 1777–1861
- Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
- Thomas Moore, died 1852
- Bram Stoker, author of Dracula
- Oliver Goldsmith, author of The Deserted Village
- Edmund Burke, politician, reformer, writer
- Mary Burns
- The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists
19th century
The most significant exodus followed the worst of a series of potato crop failures in the 1840s – the Great Irish Famine. It is estimated that more than one million people died and almost the same again emigrated. A further wave of emigration to England also took place between the 1930s and 1960s by Irish escaping poor economic conditions following the establishment of the Irish Free State. This was furthered by the severe labour shortage in Britain during the mid-20th century, which depended largely on Irish immigrants to work in the areas of construction and domestic labour. The extent of the Irish contribution to Britain's construction industry in the 20th century may be gauged from Sir William MacAlpine's 1998 assertion that the contribution of the Irish to the success of his industry had been 'immeasurable'. This statement by a member of the British upper class illustrates how Irish migrant labour was regularly employed to discipline and weaken organised English labour unions at the same time as disparaging the contribution of the latter to the development of their own nation. Of this process the German-born philosopher Karl Marx wrote in 1870:
"Ireland constantly sends her own surplus to the English labour market, and thus forces down wages and lowers the material and moral position of the English working class... This antagonism is the secret of the impotence of the English working class, despite its organisation. It is the secret by which the capitalist class maintains its power. And the latter is quite aware of this."[13]
Ireland's population fell from more than 8 million to just 6.5 million between 1841 and 1851. A century later it had dropped to 4.3 million. By the late 19th century, emigration was heaviest from Ireland's most rural southern and western counties. Cork, Kerry, Galway, Mayo, Sligo, Tipperary and Limerick alone provided nearly half of Ireland's emigrants. Some of this movement was temporary, made up of seasonal harvest labourers working in Britain and returning home for winter and spring.
Some notable people born in Ireland who settled in Great Britain in the 19th century:
- Oscar Wilde (1854–1900)
20th to 21st centuries
By the mid-1930s, Great Britain was the choice of many who had to leave Ireland. Britain's wartime economy (1939–45) and post-war boom attracted many Irish people to expanding cities and towns such as London, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow and Luton. Prior to the 2000s financial crisis, ongoing sectarian violence and its economic aftermath was another major factor for immigration.
According to the
As a result of the Irish financial crisis, emigration from Ireland rose significantly.[16] Data published in June 2011 showed that Irish emigration to Britain had risen by 25 per cent to 13,920 in 2010.[17]
Some notable people born in Ireland who settled in Great Britain between the 20th and 21st centuries include:
Irish broadcasters
BBC broadcaster Sir
Black and Asian communities
Since the 1970s some UK organisations, sections of media, and government departments[
Irish musician and singer
Irish footballer
In 2020, Irish women's football player Rianna Jarrett relocated to Brighton, England. Jarrett, whose father is Jamaican,[28] made the move to Britain after joining Brighton & Hove Albion W.F.C.[29]
Irish footballers
Notable Irish footballers, who were born or raised in Ireland, began moving as young adults to teams based in Great Britain since the post-World War II period.[30] As the sport became more commercially successful, wealthy English clubs in particular pursued Irish talent, which was often seen as detrimental to the game's development in Ireland.[31]
Moving from Northern Ireland between 1949 and 1963, players such as Danny Blanchflower, Jimmy McIlroy, Billy Bingham, Terry Neill, George Best, Pat Jennings and later, migrating between 1971 and 1981;[32] Sammy McIlroy, Mal Donaghy, Norman Whiteside, David McCreery, Nigel Worthington, Jimmy Nicholl and Martin O'Neill won titles as players, or managers, in England and Scotland's top competitions.[33]
Moving to Britain from the Republic of Ireland during the 1950s and 60s, Tony Dunne, Noel Cantwell, Johnny Giles, and later, in the 1970s and 80s, Liam Brady, Packie Bonner, Ronnie Whelan, Frank Stapleton, David O'Leary and Steve Staunton all won major honours in the Scottish or English top-flights.[34]
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, players also from the Republic, such as John O'Shea, Stephen Carr, Steve Finnan, Denis Irwin, Niall Quinn, Roy Keane, Shay Given, Robbie Keane and Damien Duff, moved to enjoy decades-long careers in English and Scottish football, each winning at least one top-flight competition. In the same era, players who moved from Northern Ireland to Britain, winning competitions in the Scottish and English top-tiers, included Steven Davis, David Healy, Jonny Evans, Keith Gillespie, Roy Carroll, Gerry Taggart, Kyle Lafferty and Neil Lennon.
Types of migration
Seasonal workers
Prior to the 19th century, much of Irish migration of the
Great Famine refugees
The Great Famine in 1845 triggered a mass exodus from Ireland, with significant numbers of Irish migrants fleeing to Britain to escape severe poverty and starvation.[36][35]
Regional migration histories
Irish in England
In 2001, there were 674,786 people in England (1.4 per cent of the population) who had been born in Ireland. This is the greatest concentration of Irish-born—as distinct from persons of Irish ancestry—abroad anywhere in the world and was equivalent to 12.1% of the population of the island of Ireland (5.6 million) in 2001.
Barrow-in-Furness
During the Great Famine of the 19th century, Barrow-in-Furness was seen as a desirable location that many Irish (along with Scottish and Cornish) fled to. This was in part due to ease of access to reach the town's port from Ireland (particularly from Ulster), and secondly because it was a booming town as a result of the Industrial Revolution with guaranteed work, particularly in the emerging steelworks and shipbuilding industries in the town. At its peak, it was estimated that somewhere between 7-11% of Barrow's population were Irish or Scottish.[37] As a result of this, to this day a huge number of Barrow's population are of Irish descent.
Birmingham
Community relations for the Irish in Birmingham were complicated by the
Bolton
A large number settled here in the 1950s as work was scarce at home, especially in the South. Many found work in the mills and factories and encouraged other family members to come over as there were jobs waiting for them.[citation needed]
Bradford
Bradford largely expanded into the city it is today during the 19th century, due to jobs in the newly built textile mills attracting many immigrants in dire need of work. The population increase, in fact, saw Bradford go from a small town of 6,000 in 1801, to 103,000 by 1851 according to records taken.[40] Many of these newly arriving people were Irish escaping the Great Famine, and could easily take advantage of all the work Bradford had on offer due to the ease to reach there from Ireland. J. B. Hammond once commented on this, saying of the distance from Ireland to Yorkshire, "It was easier to reach Yorkshire from Ireland than from Norfolk or Dorset... Labourers who were sent to Lancashire were taken to London, put on a boat of Pickfords...carried to Manchester in four or five days at a cost of fourteen shillings. But an Irishman could cross to Liverpool in fourteen hours for two shillings and sixpence". In 1851, records showed that Bradford had the highest proportion of Irish-born people in Yorkshire at the time.[41] In Donald M. MacRaid's book "Irish Migration in Modern Britain", he comments on research showing that a large number of Bradford's Irish originally came from County Mayo, County Sligo, County Dublin, and County Laois, with records also suggesting that there was a common migration trail at the time from County Roscommon to Bradford.[42] Many of the Irish from Mayo and Sligo originated from a rural background, and at first struggled to adapt to urban life in Bradford.[41] To this day, many residents of Bradford and the surrounding area are of Irish descent.[citation needed]
There was an Irish Diaspora Research Unit at the University of Bradford in the early 21st Century under Dr. Patrick O'Sullivan, but the Unit did not continue after he moved to New York University.[43]
Braintree, Essex
In the 1950s many thousands of Irish migrated to Braintree in Essex to meet the demands of the labour shortage primarily in the Courtauld's textile mills, both in Braintree and nearby Halstead. They also helped meet the need for labour both in Critall's main Braintree factory.[citation needed]
Coventry
Coventry had a large influx of Irish from around the middle of the 20th century, when the city's motor industry was booming. To this day, Coventry remains one of the cities in the UK with a higher Irish population, and retains strong Irish links. The city council put the town's Irish population at 2.3% in 2009, higher than the UK national average of 1%, and additionally the Coventry Irish Society estimated that around 10% of the city's population are of Irish descent.[44]
Gateshead
During the 19th century, many of the towns in County Durham (the county Gateshead historically belonged to), which before that point had mostly been a rural county, began to take advantage of emerging new technology and discovered resources in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. This not only changed the face of the county, urbanizing much of it, but also led to expansion on a massive scale. People from all over the United Kingdom, ranging from the south of England to Ireland, moved to the area to take advantage of the large amount of work that these industries brought in roles such as coal mining and shipbuilding. As in many other instances around this time, it was the Great Famine which caused many from Ireland in particular to be drawn to jobs in the County Durham area, and make the move. A further advantage was that the county was quite straightforward to reach from Ireland, due to easy access by rail to there from the western port of Whitehaven, itself easily accessible by ferry from Ireland itself (in particular, Ulster). Gateshead in particular was one of the towns that changed most significantly due to the events of Industrial Revolution, but moreover took in one of the largest numbers of Irish of all the County Durham towns. In 1871, the town was recorded as having the densest number of Irish-born in County Durham, at 6.7%, and a year later it was recorded that 1 in 4 people in the town were Irish. The town also went through a huge population increase, rising by approximately 100,000 people over the course of the 19th century which the Irish undeniably contributed to. To this day, many people in the town are of Irish descent.[45]
Halifax
Similarly to Bradford, Halifax was a desirable location for Irish escaping the Great Famine due to ease of access to reach, and the fact that its growth into an industrial boomtown over the 19th century coincided with the time of the famine. Many of the jobs on offer in Halifax were in newly opened cotton spinning mills, opened as a result of taking advantage of technological innovation in the then emerging textile industry. There were said to be as many as 24 mills in the town by 1850. The Irish contributed to its population growth from around 9,000 in 1800, to 25,000 by the middle of the century.[46] In 1872, records showed that the Irish numbered "from a sixth to an eighth of the population" in Halifax, with it also being noted that "the political strength of the Irish people in Halifax is considerable".[47] Irish heritage still lives on in Halifax through the likes of the town's football team, Halifax Irish F.C.[48]
Heywood
As Heywood developed into a mill town during the Industrial Revolution, this brought a large number of new residents to the town, including many Irish escaping the Great Famine. Additionally, many Irish migrants took up jobs in the area working as 'navvies' on the local railway, a fact that still lives on in the town's legacy as some say that these navvies may have been the influence behind Heywood's nickname, 'Monkey Town'.[49]
Jarrow
Also situated in County Durham, the story behind why many Irish moved to Jarrow is similar to that of Gateshead. Shipbuilding, in particular, drew many of them to Jarrow. The town to this day is still sometimes nicknamed 'Little Ireland', and has a large Catholic community, as a result of the sheer number of Irish who moved there.[50]
Keighley
During the Industrial Revolution, Keighley flourished in the textile and weaving industries, which encouraged many Irish fleeing the Great Famine and looking for work to move there. This resulted in a significant Irish community, and to this day the town still has a large number of inhabitants of Irish descent. The Irish redefined aspects of Keighley as a town significantly. It was once commented that the (then fairly new) Irish community in Keighley "contributed more to the Home-Rule than [in] either of the populous towns of Glasgow or Liverpool".[51] The influence of the Irish also led to there being a large Catholic community in Keighley, which has lived on in both Catholic churches and schools that exist in the town today.[citation needed]
Leeds
There is an Irish community in Leeds, although it is generally smaller than in other large cities in Britain. The Leeds Irish Centre is on York Road on the east side of the city.[citation needed] The nearby area of East End Park is the area most associated with Leeds's Irish community. In the years after the Famine, 3.3% of Leeds's population was Irish-born.[citation needed] There was a particular concentration of migrants from the Irish county of Mayo.[citation needed] A book on the subject of migration from Ireland to Leeds in the 20th century was published in 2010: Taking The Boat: The Irish in Leeds, 1931-81.[52]
Liverpool
It is also
Liverpool's Irish heritage is further highlighted by it being the only English city to have a significant
Between
London Irish
The term 'London Irish' relates to people born in London of Irish descent. London has Great Britain's biggest Irish population and there was a particularly big community in the (affectionately known)
Another large Irish community was in the
The
Manchester
Manchester has strong and long established Irish connections. The earliest large influx of migrants arrived sometime around 1798 according to Peter Ewart, a Manchester cotton manufacturer.[66] It has been estimated that around 35% of Manchester's current population has Irish ancestry, although no reliable data exists to evidence this. In November 2012 whilst addressing an audience at the University of Manchester, Michael D. Higgins suggested "the Irish connection in Manchester is no less evident than in Liverpool. And where Liverpool was a gateway for so many Irish people, Manchester tended to be for many the end of the journey, a home".[66]
When Manchester's population grew in the early 1800s due to it becoming the World's first industrial city the Irish born in Manchester were said to represent over 15% of the population. The Irish were said to have lived in terrible conditions and were described by
Manchester was targeted by the IRA in the 1996 Manchester bombing in what was described as the biggest bomb on British soil since World War II. Manchester was targeted in part because security in London was so rigid due to parades in London for the Queen's Trooping of the Colour. However, it was telling that the terrorists warned of the exact location beforehand to save human lives in a city with a rich history of Irish migration, balancing a fine line of shocking Britain and alienating supporters back home.[68] On 20 June 1996, the IRA claimed responsibility for the bombing, and stated that it "sincerely regretted" causing injury to civilians.[69] This stood in sharp contrast to their earlier 1993 bombing of nearby Warrington which killed two English children aged 3 and 12, which the IRA blamed on "the British authorities" for not being able to respond to its imprecise warning that did not even specify Warrington as the target.
The city's residents of Irish heritage have been influential in the music industry. All four members of
Due to its connections with the local Irish Catholic population,
Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough during the latter half of the 19th century had the second highest percentage of Irish born migrants in England after Liverpool.[74][75] In terms of the overall population, 15.6% of Middlesbrough's inhabitants were Irish born in 1861 and 1 in 5 adults (9.2%) were Irish born in the 1871 census.[76][77] During the late 19th century, Middlesbrough became a world leader in the Steel and Iron industry and with the rapid growth of the town, the expanse of newly opened blast furnaces attracted many workers and their families to the Middlesbrough area. Unlike many other towns in England at the time, Middlesbrough showed no signs of sectarianism or segregation within the various communities that lived alongside each other, there were no "Irish quarters"[78] and the many Irish that settled in Middlesbrough integrated into their adopted home. This was most likely as a result of the town's infancy, it was essentially a migrant town. Although the number of Irish born currently residing in Middlesbrough may not be as substantial as it once was, Middlesbrough retains a strong Irish connection and heritage through the ancestry of many residents.
Sunderland
Sunderland was another place in County Durham that many Irish escaping the famine saw as desirable. Once dubbed "the largest shipbuilding town in the world",[79] the city largely expanded into what it is today as a result of the number of people this work, and the demand for manual labour in other local jobs such as coal mining and chemical works,[45] encouraged to move there. The Irish were one of the most significant groups who took advantage of the demand for labour and moved there, and consequently many people in Sunderland today have Irish heritage.
Peter O'Toole's father was a labourer in Sunderland for many years, which is why Peter O'Toole supported Sunderland A.F.C.[80]
The city also celebrates St. Patrick's Day.[81]
Whitehaven
Due to its port and close proximity to Ireland, similarly to Liverpool, Whitehaven was an easy way of accessing England for the Irish, especially when escaping the Great Famine of the 19th century. Thousands passed through the town to move on to work for themselves elsewhere in England, such as the aforementioned County Durham, however many also stayed in the area and many people in the town still have Irish heritage today.
Widnes
Widnes became a boom town during the Industrial Revolution, having a successful chemical industry brought on by a factory opened in the town in 1847, which led to many Irish workers (among others from Wales, Poland and Lithuania) moving there for work.[82] Further making Widnes advantageous for the Irish to move to was its close proximity to Liverpool. Since then, a large number of overspill from the neighbouring city of Liverpool have brought many more people of Irish descent to Widnes too, particularly in areas at the west end of the town such as Ditton and Hough Green, where overspill are still moved.[83]
Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton prospered during the Industrial Revolution, particularly having successful iron and locomotive industries, which attracted many Irish escaping the Great Famine. As well as this, Wolverhampton had a longstanding Roman Catholic community from as early as the 18th century, leading to the city sometimes being nicknamed 'Little Rome', which began to attract Irish to the city from an early stage.[84]
Irish in Scotland
There are long standing migration links between
Famous
Support for particular football teams often reflects
Today a very small minority of the Irish
Irish in Wales
Starting in the 4th century AD, Irish raiders settled Wales extensively, their impact being so great that many Irish words were introduced into the Welsh language.[89] Many Irish emigrants came to Wales as a result of the famine of 1845–52. They were often very poor, and seen as carrying "famine fever" (typhus), but over time they acquired a notable presence—in the thousands, particularly in the Welsh coal mining towns in and around Swansea and Newport.
One of the most famous Welsh nationals of
The Irish language is taught at all levels in the Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies in Aberystwyth University in West Wales, and scholarships offered to students to do intensive summer language courses in Ireland [92]
Cultural impact
Catholic Church
The large-scale migration of Irish people to Britain in the 19th century contributed to the reemergence of the
Irish language
The Irish language has a long history in Britain. Gaels came to Britain between the 4th to 5th centuries and established Irish speaking communities in the west coast of Scotland that remain to this day. The waves of immigrants from Ireland that settled in British communities in the 19th century included speakers of Irish but English became the norm. However, there are regular gatherings of Irish speakers in London,[94] Glasgow[95] and Manchester[96] and lessons available all over Britain including Glasgow, Milton Keynes, Manchester, Brighton, Lewisham, Hammersmith,[97] Camden,[98] Birmingham,[99] Liverpool,[100] Leeds,[101] Newcastle[102] and Cardiff.[103] While several British universities offer a one-term-long introduction to the Irish language, the Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies in Aberystwyth University in west Wales is the only university to teach the modern Irish language at all levels. Modules in Old, Middle and Early-Modern Irish are also offered, and students can receive scholarships to do intensive summer courses in Ireland.[92]
Access to services in the language
The lack of provision for legal and citizenship services in the
Sport
Sports teams with links to the Irish community exist in England, although this is not as marked as in Scotland.
Football
In football,
Under the management of Sir Matt Busby, Manchester United also emerged as a club with a considerable Irish following both in Great Britain and in Ireland itself, as well as having notable Irish stars like George Best, Norman Whiteside, Mal Donaghy, Denis Irwin, Roy Keane, and recently John O'Shea.
Rugby
In rugby league, Dewsbury Celtic represented the large Irish community in Dewsbury, and St. Helens represent communities on Merseyside. The rugby union club London Irish represents the community in London.
Gaelic Games
The British GAA is responsible for Gaelic games in Britain. There are seven GAA counties within Britain and a number of hurling, football and camogie clubs operate within each county.
Brexit
Ever since the Brexit vote in 2016, over 400,000 British persons with ties to Ireland – mainly that of Irish diaspora – applied for an Irish passport as of 2021. This phenomenon further adds on to the growing demand for Irish identity, but is also attributed to rising popularity in European Union citizenship.[106]
Perceptions of Irish immigration
Effect on the British trade union movement
In 1870, Karl Marx examined how the migration of Irish labour into the British labour market caused significant problems for the nascent English trade union movement since an over-supply of workers enabled employers to lower wages and threaten organised British workers with replacement by Irish migrants. Marx wrote in a letter that "the ordinary English worker hates the Irish worker as a competitor who lowers his standard of life", in addition to noting that "every industrial and commercial centre in England now possesses a working class divided into two hostile camps", consisting of the English and Irish working class.[13]
Criminality
Perceptions of Irish immigration in
Disease and poverty
The results of Irish migration during the 19th century were also perceived as bringing disease and poverty into urban centres, in particular cities such as Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow.[110]
Census
Year | Irish born | Great Britain | UK | England | Wales | Scotland | Ireland |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1821 | 14,091,757 | 20,893,584 | 11,281,957 | 718,279 | 2,091,521 | 6,801,827 | |
1831 | 16,261,183 | 24,028,584 | 13,090,615 | 806,182 | 2,364,386 | 7,767,401 | |
1841 | 419,256 | 18,553,124 | 26,730,929 | 15,002,250 | 911,898 | 2,620,184 | 8,196,597 |
1851 | 727,326 | 21,121,967 | 27,390,629 | 16,921,972 | 1,005,637 | 2,888,742 | 6,574,278 |
1861 | 805,717 | 23,085,579 | 28,927,485 | 18,954,534 | 1,111,690 | 3,062,294 | 5,798,967 |
1871 | 774,310 | 26,072,036 | 31,484,661 | 21,495,219 | 1,217,047 | 3,360,018 | 5,412,377 |
1881 | 781,119 | 29,707,207 | 34,884,848 | 24,614,001 | 1,360,438 | 3,735,573 | 5,174,836 |
1891 | 653,122 | 33,015,701 | 37,732,922 | 27,483,551 | 1,518,974 | 4,025,647 | 4,704,750 |
1901 | 631,629 | 36,999,946 | 41,458,721 | 30,807,310 | 1,720,533 | 4,472,103 | 4,458,775 |
1911 | 550,040 | 40,831,000 | 45,216,665 | 34,043,076 | 2,032,193 | 4,759,445 | 4,381,951 |
1921 | 523,767 | 42,769,226 | 42,919,700 | 35,230,225 | 2,656,504 | 4,882,497 | |
1931 | 505,385 | 44,795,357 | 46,074,000 | 37,359,045 | 2,593,332 | 4,842,980 | |
1951 | 716,028 | 48,854,303 | 50,271,904 | 41,159,213 | 2,596,850 | 5,096,415 | |
1961 | 950,978 | 51,139,863 | 52,861,251 | 43,460,525 | 2,644,023 | 5,035,315 | |
1971 | 957,830 | 53,862,908 | 55,875,903 | 45,879,670 | 2,731,204 | 5,228,963 | |
1981 | 850,397 | 53,556,911 | 56,395,846 | 45,731,411 | 2,790,500 | 5,035,000 | |
1991 | 837,464 | 53,556,911 | 57,359,454 | 47,875,000 | 2,811,865 | 5,083,000 | |
2001 | 750,355 | 57,103,927 | 59,092,016 | 49,131,716 | 2,910,200 | 5,062,011 | |
2011 | 681,952 | 61,371,315 | 63,286,362 | 53,012,456 | 3,063,456 | 5,295,403 | |
2021 | 65,077,200 | 67,281,039 | 56,489,800 | 3,107,500 | 5,479,900 |
2001 Census
The 2001 UK
2011 census
As of 2011, the highest concentration was in the London Borough of Brent where they made up 4.0 per cent of the population. This was followed by the Inner London boroughs of Islington, Hammersmith and Fulham and Camden, and the Outer London boroughs of Ealing and Harrow (all above 3.0 per cent). The highest concentration outside London was the city of Manchester, at 2.4 per cent.[118]
Britons of Irish ancestry
See: British people of Irish descent
See also
- Anglo-Irish
- Glorious Revolution
- Ireland–United Kingdom relations
- Irish in Britain (charity)
- Irish military diaspora#Britain
- James II of England
- Lilliburlero
- St Giles in the Fields
Explanatory notes
- ^ The article "More Britons applying for Irish passports" states that 6 million British nationals have either an Irish grandfather or grandmother and are thus able to apply for Irish citizenship.[119]
Citations
- ^ W.M. Walker, "Irish Immigrants in Scotland: Their Priests, Politics and Parochial Life." Historical Journal 15#4 (1972): 649-67. online.
- ^ a b Bowcott, Owen (13 September 2006). "More Britons applying for Irish passports". Theguardian.com.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9.
- ISBN 978-0-7607-4284-6.
- ^ Campbell, Ewan. "Were the Scots Irish?" in Antiquity #75 (2001).
- ^ "Saint Patrick's Cross Liverpool". Saint Patrick's Cross Liverpool.
- ISBN 978-1783273362. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
- S2CID 163445297.
- S2CID 163767143.
- ^ "Copy of the Bull of Pope Paul IV. by which he makes over the Kingdom of Ireland to Philip and Mary, June 7, 1555". sources.nli.ie. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
- hdl:2299/19710.
- ^ King, Peter. Ethnicity, Prejudice, and Justice: The Treatment of the Irish at the Old Bailey, 1750–1825, Journal of British Studies, Volume 52, Issue 2, April 2013, pp. 390-414
- ^ a b "Letters: Marx to Sigfrid Meyer and August Vogt 9 April 1870". www.marxists.org.
- ^ "2011 Census - Office for National Statistics". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ "Employment Patterns". ONS. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
- ^ O'Carroll, Lisa (20 January 2011). "Irish emigration worse than 1980s". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ Smyth, Jamie (14 June 2011). "Emigration to Britain up 25% to almost 14,000, data reveals". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Tributes to broadcaster who made his home in Buckinghamshire". ITV News. 31 January 2016.
- ^ "Ed Byrne: 'My wife Claire and I laugh all the time - she is the funny one'". Belfast Telegraph. 13 May 2016.
- ^ Rosanna Greenstreet (2015-11-14). "Q&A: Dara Ó Briain". The Guardian.
- ^ "1986: Thin Lizzy star dies". BBC. 4 January 1986.
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His father was an immigrant from British Guiana and her quest to find somewhere a single mother with a mixed race child would be accepted led her to Moss Side in the 1960s.
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The daughter of a Connemara mother and father of African/American descent, Layla has been modelling since she was 14 and was a regular face at the Catwalk agency. She moved to Liverpool in 2005 to join two friends who were studying in the city.
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Ruth Negga: Actor - Academy Award-nominated, she stars in Agents of SHIELD and Preacher, and took on the role of Hamlet earlier this year.
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Ruth Negga: Actor - Academy Award-nominated, she stars in Agents of SHIELD and Preacher, and took on the role of Hamlet earlier this year.
- ISBN 978-1851824564.
Irish players have always sought their fortunes in England, Scotland and further afield as neither the FAI or the IFA leagues are big enough nor attract enough finance to provide the rewards for quality players.
- ^ Historical Social Research (Issue 115 ed.). GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences. 2006. p. 23.
One newspaper bemoaned the fact that the Irish game was being "crippled by the advent of wealthy English clubs bent on securing Irish players at any price".
- ISBN 978-0241332856.
The constant flow of talented young players from Northern Ireland to England and Scotland has also affected the quality of the domestic teams in Northern Ireland.
- ISBN 978-1138369085.
The names of Northern Irish players who have made a reputation for themselves playing for English teams roll off the tonue: Martin O'Neill, Sammy McOlroy, Billy Bingham, Pat Jennings, Gerry Armstrong, Norman Whitesided, Harry Gregg, Danny Blanchflower, Jimmy McIlroy and many others
- ISBN 978-0718518875., Tony Dunne, Noel Cantwell and John Giles, played for Manchester United (although Giles went on to play his best football with Leeds)
Notably with Manchester United and Arsenal. These two clubs, as I observed earlier, have strong Irish links and the latter draws on the London Irish community, among other communities, for its support. The best Southern Irish players of the 1960s, Shay Brennan
- ^ ISBN 978-0521233361.
For centuries, large-scale temporary movement of Irish migratory workers had taken place. By the end of the eighteenth century migration to Britain on a permanent basis had also been established on a substantial scale. Thus, by 1841 the British Census of Population recorded a total of 419,000 Irish-born living in Britain; within two further decades this figure had almost doubled, reflecting the flight from appalling poverty and hunger in Ireland during and after the Great Famine of 1845-49.
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A major issue in the study of Irish ethnicity and migration is examining why there is no multigenerational Irish British community, given the scale of Irish migration to Great Britain. Why, for many millions of Britons of Irish ancestry, is this not an aspect of their contemporary social identities? ... The twin peaks of Irish migration to Great Britain are those who arrived after the Famine and those who arrived after World War II ... during the 19th century in particular, large numbers of Irish migrated annually for seasonal work ... up to 6 months working on farms ... known as "Spalpeens" and "Tatie Hookers", were an important part of western Ireland's economy. Their seasonal earnings sustained communities in Ireland's northwest areas up until the 1970s.
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As well as contributing to Britain's growing economoy, Irish migration also revitalised the Catholic Church in England. This help to speed up the move towards equal rights to worship all religions.
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- ISBN 978-0861877744.
However, with the massive increase in Irish migration to Britain during the nineteenth century, the more widespread belief within the host society in the innate criminality of the Irish – and particularly the Irish poor – formed an integral component of the negative side of the Irish stereotype.
- ISBN 978-1138868120.
During the nineteenth century these views became particularly significant, as they influenced public opinion through a period in which major Irish migration to Britain coincided with unprecedented social and economic change on a number of fronts ... Victorians expanded the stereotype, seeing the Irish not only as innately criminal, but more criminal than the rest of society, and forming the heart of the 'dangerous classes' who were perceived to be a great threat to law and order in nineneeth-century Britain.
- ISBN 978-0521364805.
There is some evidence of an acceleration in Irish immigration into Britain during the 1816-19 period of agricultural distress, when in fact Irish vagrants appear to be searching for generous local welfare in England (Redford, 1926, p.138). The pace of migration continued at this relative fast rate throughout most of the 1820s in part due to Irish famine, in part due to the continued crowding-out of the cottage textile industry in Ireland, in part due to the impressive decline in fares for passage across the Irish Sea
- ISBN 978-0752459547.
Irish immigration into Britain has more often than not been viewed within a negative framework. The major settlements of poor Irish in Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow were invariably associated with a host of social problems - poverty, overcrowding, diseases, disorder and political violence.
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- ^ Posted by Kieron Punch on March 21, 2016 at 1:00pm; Blog, View. "Tallying the Irish in Britain Over the Past Two Centuries". thewildgeese.irish. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
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General and cited references
- Bailey, Craig (2013). Irish London: Middle-Class Migration in the Global Eighteenth Century. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-84631-881-8.
- Belchem, John (2007). Irish, Catholic and Scouse. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-84631-108-6.
- Bowen, Desmond (2015). Heroic Option: The Irish in the British Army. Leo Cooper Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84415-152-3.
- Bredin, H. E. N. (1994). Clear the Way!: History of the 38th (Irish) Brigade, 1941–47. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-7165-2542-4.
- Brady, L. (1984). T. P. O'Connor and the Liverpool Irish. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-0-391-02957-6.
- Burrowes, John (2004). Irish: The Remarkable Saga of a Nation and a City. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84018-851-6.
- Busteed, Mervyn (2015). The Irish in Manchester c. 1750–1921: Resistance, Adaptation and Identity. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8719-6.
- Carney, Sean (2012). The Forgotten Irish: The History of a South Yorkshire Irish Mining Community. Black Tree Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9552529-0-7.
- Cowley, Ultan (2001). The Men Who Built Britain: A History of Irish Labour in British Construction. Merlin Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86327-829-7.
- Daly, Gerry (2011). Crown, Empire and Home Rule: The Irish in Portsmouth c. 1880–1923. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. ISBN 978-3-639-09018-5.
- Davis, Graham (1991). The Irish in Britain, 1815–1914. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7171-1656-0.
- Delaney, Enda (2013). The Irish in Post-War Britain. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-968607-0.
- Denvir, John (1892). The Irish in Britain from the Earliest Times to the Fall and Death of Parnell. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. ISBN 978-1-117-50526-8.
- Dunne, Catherine (2003). An Unconsidered People: The Irish in London. New Island Books. ISBN 978-1-902602-75-2.
- Finnegan, Frances (1982). Poverty and Prejudice: A Study of Irish Immigrants in York 1840–1875. Cork University Press. ASIN B001OOW5P4.
- ISBN 978-0-8078-4845-6.
- Gannon, Darragh. (2014) "The Rise of the Rainbow Chasers: Advanced Irish Political Nationalism in Britain, 1916–22." Éire-Ireland 49.3 (2014): 112-142. online[dead link]
- Harte, Liam (2011). The Literature of the Irish in Britain: Autobiography and Memoir, 1725–2001. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-29636-7.
- Heinrick, Hugh (1872). A Survey of the Irish in England. The Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-1-85285-010-4.
- Herbert, Michael John (2001). The Wearing of the Green: A Political History of the Irish in Manchester. Irish in Britain Representation Group. ISBN 978-0-9541378-0-9.
- Hollen Lees, Lynn (1979). Exiles of Erin: Irish Migrants in Victorian London. Cornell U. Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1176-2.
- Hughes, Arlene (2014). Changing Skies: Manchester Irish Writers. PublishNation. ASIN B00MM71J3Q.
- Keegan, Alan (2013). Irish Manchester Revisited. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8816-5.
- Kelly, Michael (2009). Liverpool's Irish Connection. AJH Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9554854-0-4.
- Lambert, Sharon (2001). Irish Women in Lancashire: Their Story. Lancaster U. Press. ISBN 978-1-86220-110-1.
- MacAmhlaigh, Donall (2013). An Irish Navvy: The Diary of an Exile. Collins Press. ISBN 978-1-84889-188-3.
- McBride, Terence. "Ribbonmen and radicals: the cultivation of Irishness and the promotion of active citizenship in mid-Victorian Glasgow." Irish Studies Review 23.1 (2015): 15-32.
- MacRaild, Donald. (2013) "‘No Irish Need Apply’: The Origins and Persistence of a Prejudice." Labour History Review 78.3 (2013): 269-299.
- MacRaild, Donald M. (1998). Culture, Conflict and Migration: Irish in Victorian Cumbria. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-662-7.
- MacRaild, Donald M. (2009). Faith, Fraternity & Fighting: The Orange Order and Irish Migrants in Northern England, c. 1850–1920. Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-939-0.
- MacRaild, Donald M. (2010). The Irish Diaspora in Britain, 1750–1939. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24029-2.
- McCallum, Ian (2013). The Celtic, Glasgow Irish and the Great War: The Gathering Storms. Mr Ian McCallum BEM. ISBN 978-0-9541263-2-2.
- McCready, Richard Blake (2002). The Social and Political Impact of the Irish in Dundee, c. 1845–1922. University of Dundee. ASIN B001ABUFLM.
- McGarrigle, Stephen (1991). Green Gunners: Arsenal's Irish. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85158-442-0.
- McGowan, Brendan (2009). Taking the Boat: The Irish in Leeds, 1931–81: An Oral History. Brendan McGowan. ISBN 978-0-9563757-0-4.
- McGuirk, Brian (2013). Celtic FC: The Irish Connection. Black & White Publishing. ASIN B00BHOSH8K.
- Mitchell, Martin J. (2008). New Perspectives on the Irish in Scotland. John Donald Short Run Press. ISBN 978-1-904607-83-0.
- Moran, James (2010). Irish Birmingham: A History. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-84631-475-9.
- ISBN 978-1-107-05268-0.
- Neal, Frank (2003). Sectarian Violence: The Liverpool Experience, 1819–1914, An Aspect of Anglo-Irish History. Newsham Press. ISBN 978-0-9545013-0-3.
- Noonan, Gerald (2014). The IRA in Britain, 1919–1923: In the Heart of Enemy Lines. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-78138-026-0.
- O'Connor, Steven (2014). Irish Officers in the British Forces, 1922–45. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-35085-5.
- O'Leary, Paul (2002). Immigration and Integration: The Irish in Wales, 1798–1922. University of Wales. ISBN 978-0-7083-1767-9.
- O'Leary, Paul (2004). Irish Migrants in Modern Wales. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-858-4.
- O'Mara, Pat (2007). Autobiography of a Liverpool Irish Slummy. The Bluecoat Press. ASIN B00SLVQOB4.
- Price, R. T. (1992). Little Ireland: Aspects of the Irish and Greenhill, Swansea. City of Swansea. ISBN 978-0-946001-21-7.
- Reid, Colin W. (2016) "Citizens of Nowhere: longing, belonging and exile among Irish Protestant writers in Britain, c. 1830–1970." Irish Studies Review 24.3 (2016): 255-274.
- Rogers, Ken (2010). The Lost Tribe of Everton and Scottie Road. Trinity Mirror Sport Media. ISBN 978-1-906802-48-6.
- Silva, Corrine (2006). Roisin Ban: The Irish Diaspora in Leeds. Leeds Irish Health and Homes. ISBN 978-0-9552529-0-7.
- Sorohan, Sean (2012). Irish London During the Troubles. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-7165-3103-6.
- Stanford, Jane (2011). That Irishman: The Life and Times of John O'Connor Power. Nonsuch Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84588-698-1.
- Swift, Roger (1989). The Irish in Britain, 1815–1939. Pinter Publishers. ISBN 978-0-86187-774-4.
- Swift, Roger (1999). The Irish in Victorian Britain: The Local Dimension. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-85182-444-1.
- Swift, Roger (2002). Irish Migrants in Britain 1815–1914: Documentary History. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-85918-236-9.
- Swift, Roger (2010). Irish Identities in Victorian Britain. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-58286-5.
- Vaughan, Geraldine (2013). The 'Local' Irish in the West of Scotland 1851–1921. Palgrave Pivot. ISBN 978-1-137-32983-7.
- Waller, P. J. (1981). Democracy and Sectarianism: Political and Social History of Liverpool, 1868–1939. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-074-8.
- White, John D. T. (2012). Irish Devils: The Official Story of Manchester United and the Irish. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-85720-645-9.
External links
- Irish in Britain
- Conradh na Gaeilge i Londain
- British Association for Irish Studies
- Irishlinks.co.uk
- The Archive of the Irish in Britain at London Metropolitan University
- BBC News article 16 March, 2003: "City celebrates Irish influence"
- One in four Britons claim Irish roots
- One in four Britons claim Irish roots
- Photo Gallery: Liverpool's streets broad and narrow
- Statistics Online
- Liverpool University's Institute of Irish Studies
- Reassessing what we collect website – Irish London History of Irish London with objects and images
- Communities - Irish London - Central Criminal Court
- Victorian London - Publications - Social Investigation/Journalism - The Rookeries of London, by Thomas Beames, 1852 - Chapter 4
- The Slum of All Fears: Dickens's Concern with Urban Poverty and Sanitation