Yakovlev MC-21
MC-21 | |
---|---|
The MC-21 during its maiden flight on 28 May 2017 | |
Role | Narrow-body airliner
|
National origin | Russia |
Manufacturer | United Aircraft Corporation[1] |
Designer | Yakovlev Design Bureau[1]
|
First flight | 28 May 2017[2] |
Introduction | late 2025/early 2026 (deferred from 2022)[3][4] |
Status | In production [5] |
Number built | 8 as of April 2023 (>300 on order) user-generated source? ]
|
The Yakovlev MC-21 (
The program was launched in 2007. Irkut rolled out the first MC-21-300 on 8 June 2016 and first flew the aircraft on 28 May 2017. The
In early 2022,
Naming
In Russian: МС‑21 "Магистральный Самолёт 21 века" Magistral'nyj Samoljot 21 veka translates as "mainline aircraft of the 21st century".[14] It is marketed in the West as the MC-21,[15][16] though the aircraft's Russian-language designation transliterates as MS-21.
In 2013, Russian deputy premier Dmitry Rogozin indicated that it would be designated Yak-242 once it enters serial production, the name of a 1990s proposal of an aircraft of similar size.[17] In 2014, Oleg Demchenko, the president of Irkut at the time, also preferred the Yak-242 name, claiming it would better reflect the design bureau behind the aircraft, however, he has also said that any of these renaming decisions would be made after the aircraft first flight and certification work.[18]
In August 2023, Irkut Corporation formally rebranded the entire company as Yakovlev.[19]
Development
The program was launched in 2007, planning a 2016 introduction.[14] In 2009, the MC-21 was in the "pre-design" phase, with projected completion of the first prototype in 2013 and the first flight in 2014.[20] By June 2011, the "pre-design" phase was completed and the "working design" stage was under way with three-dimensional models and drawings for subcontractors and suppliers, to be completed by mid-2012.[21] In February 2012, Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin announced it was slated to begin certification tests in 2015/2016 and to enter production in 2020.[22] The unit cost of the MC-21-200 is
On 8 June 2016, the -300 was rolled-out in
Ground testing
In February 2017, it passed 90% of the static ultimate load test (150% of the highest load in operation) at the
In May 2017, it was undergoing systems ground testing including its auxiliary power unit and taxiing tests.[28] After completing taxi and runway roll tests, its
Flight testing
On 28 May 2017 MC-21 made its successful maiden flight in Irkutsk.[2] Compared with recent 3-to-4-hour maiden flights of western types, this first flight was brief at 30-minute and low, reaching a 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) altitude and 300 kilometres per hour (160 kn; 190 mph).[29] The maiden flight was originally scheduled for December 2016, then to April before finally taking place in May.[30]
Following this maiden flight, trade and industry minister Denis Manturov claims it will have 12–15% lower operating costs than contemporaries, generating a demand for over 1,000 MC-21s between 2017 and 2037.[31] Aeroflot expects delivery of the first aircraft through Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leasing in 2019.[14] Its early production rate is projected for 20 aircraft per year.[32]
In August 2017, the first prototype performed nine test flights, analysing stability and controllability in various configurations, altitude, altitude/speed sensors accuracy and engine operation. Its software is adjusted by the results as it is fitted with over 500 strain gauges measuring in-flight loading on the airframe, to verify the initial design, for "several weeks". A second prototype is finalised while three other prototypes are undergoing construction; production of 70 MC-21s annually is planned for 2024.[33] Irkut began the second testing phase on 13 September with an eventless 2-hour flight.[34] The phase will extend the mass, centering, speed and altitude envelope.[35]
In October 2017, the first prototype flew from
EASA approval was targeted for mid-2020.
The second test aircraft was in final assembly in January 2018 and was to join the flight-test campaign in the first quarter.[39] It was to fly in late February or early March 2018.[40] Its construction was completed by March end.[41] It was scheduled to fly in April 2018, and the third in the 2018 fourth quarter.[42] It made its first flight on 12 May for 1 hour 7 minutes, reaching 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) and 215 knots (398 km/h; 247 mph), checking its landing gear retraction and testing wing configurations.[43] On 20 July 2018, it flew from Irkutsk to the Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow in six hours.[44]
Production started in 2018, certification slipped into late 2019 and the first delivery to 2020.[42] For three years after 2018, UAC plans to invest ₽56.4 billion ($899 million) for the MC-21.[45] By October 2018, two
By early 2019, the two prototypes had completed 122 test sorties, and following
By then, certification trials were expected to end in the second half of 2020 before first delivery to Aeroflot by year end.[51]On 18 February 2019, Rostec delayed entry into service another year to 2021 due to US sanctions, while another 240–250 billion rubles ($3.62–3.78 billion) is needed to complete its development.[52] On 16 March 2019, the third test aircraft, which has been fully fitted out with a passenger cabin, made its maiden flight.[53] After painting at Ulyanovsk, on 13 May 2019 it joined the other two test aircraft at Moscow-Zhukovsky Airport, where the certification programme is being conducted.[54]
On 17 September 2019, the third test aircraft made its first international flight from Moscow-Zhukovsky to
Transition to Russian-produced parts
In January 2020, Irkut received the first PD-14 engines for installation.[59] The PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December from Irkutsk.[60]
In December 2021, Irkut carried out the maiden flight of the first MC-21 to be manufactured with domestically produced composite wings.[61]
By October 2022, Irkut had fitted the first flight test aircraft with PD-14 engines and other domestically produced components, and flown a test sortie in the new configuration. The aircraft will participate in the certification programme, targeted to be complete by the end of 2022.[62]
In 2022, after
Introduction
In October 2018, fuselage panels for the first customer MC-21 were completed by United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Aviastar.[66] In early 2019, the annual output was targeted from 20 initially to 72 airframes in 2025, towards 100 and possibly 120 later for a forecast of 850 deliveries.[49]
In July 2021 it was reported that Aeroflot would launch the MC-21-300 with its regional subsidiary Rossiya Airlines in summer 2022.[67] In September 2021, Evgeny Ditrikh, CEO of
By the end of December 2021, Russian
The aircraft was denied European certification on March 14, 2022.[70]
Design
The design is based on the never-realized, twin-engine Yakovlev Yak-242 as a development of the three-engine Yakovlev Yak-42.[17]
Airframe
The United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) subsidiary AeroComposit developed the vacuum infusion process to produce the wingbox and wing panels. The vertical and horizontal fins and wingbox are also composite and the high aspect ratio wing is a supercritical airfoil.[14] The MC-21 design is more innovative than the
By January 2019,
The
Engines
The 130 kN (30,000 lbf) thrust class Pratt & Whitney PW1000G was selected in December 2009.[75] The design configuration now calls for the PW1400G-JM geared turbo fan engine to be installed on one version.[citation needed] Russia decided to have both an internal and external supplier for the engine and nacelle for greater flexibility in controlling rate and price.[citation needed]
The Russian engine will be the 8–16 tf (18,000–35,000 lbf) Aviadvigatel PD-14.[76] United Engine Corporation (UEC) planned to deliver five PD-14s for the MC-21 by the end of 2018, to start flight tests in 2019 for the MC-21 variant certification in 2021.[77] By October 2018, the PD-14 had received its
Systems
In August 2009, Hamilton Sundstrand, a subsidiary of United Technologies, announced it will provide electric power generation and distribution equipment for $2.3 billion over 20 years of production.[80] Rockwell Collins and its Russian partner Avionika were selected to supply the MC-21's avionics.[81]
There are two types of
Component suppliers
Initially it was assumed that the share of domestic components for the MC-21 would be 38%,[
In July 2021 a composite wing made of Russian materials was docked to the fuselage of the aircraft.[85]
The fuselage is designed and manufactured by
The chassis were supplied by the company "Hydromash" from Nizhny Novgorod.[87]
The cockpit and part of the aircraft's avionics were developed and supplied by the Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies and Rockwell Collins with the participation of personnel from the Russian company "Avionika".[88]
It is possible to use both imported APU and the Russian one developed and produced in NPP "Aerosila".[89]
For personnel training, the Scientific and Production Russian Company "Systems of Complex Simulators" developed and manufactured a number of simulators, including a number of flight simulators of different degrees of realism, emergency procedures simulator, firefighting simulator, service simulator, engineering simulator for technician training.[90]
Variants
In 2009, the MC-21-200 was designed around 150 passengers in single-class configuration, to be followed by a 181-seat -300 and 212-seat -400 with basic and extended-range models, plus a very-long-range -200LR.[20]
- MC-21-300
- Standard model with PW1400G engine, 163 passengers in two class, up to 211, up to 6,000 km (3,200 nmi) range, powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1400G engines. The first flight was made on 28 May 2017; six aircraft were built.
- MC-21-310
- Standard model with PD-14 engines,[91] The first flight was made on December 15, 2020; one aircraft has been built. The second aircraft is a remotorization of a previous MC-21 with imported engines.[92]
Proposed
Initially a 132-seats MC-21-100 variant was planned but then superseded by the
UAC considers more developments for the MC-21 by 2035. These include: a -400 with 18 tf (40,000 lbf) engines for a 105 t (231,000 lb) MTOW, a -500, a -600 with 20–25 tf (44,000–55,000 lbf) engines, and a -700 with 30 tf (66,000 lbf) engines, as well as a MC-21X with a 155 t (342,000 lb) tons MTOW for a 9,000–10,000 km (4,900–5,400 nmi) km range.
Variants with PD-14 engines will be designated MC-21-310 and MC-21-210.[98]
- МС-21-200
- Shortened version with 132 passengers in two class, up to 165, up to 6,400 km (3,500 nmi) range, powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1400G engines.
- МС-21-210
- Similar to MC-21-200, with PD-14 engines.
- МС-21-300LR
- Modification of MC-21-300 with increased range up to 12,000 km (6,500 nmi) and PD-18R engines.[citation needed]
- МС-21-400
- Enlarged version with a capacity of up to 256 seats in a single-class configuration. The aircraft is supposed to be equipped with PD-14M engines.
- МС-21-400LR
- Modification of MC-21-400 with increased range up to 12,000 km (6,500 nmi) and PD-18R engines.[citation needed]
Orders
By the end of the 2013
In June 2016, Azerbaijan Airlines tentatively signed to lease ten -300s from Ilyushin Finance.[100] By July 2018, 175 firm orders and nearly 150 intentions had been recorded.[101]
At the 2019 MAKS Air Show, at Zhukovsky International Airport, Moscow, Bek Air signed a letter of intent for ten Irkut MC-21 aircraft, Yakutia Airlines likewise signed for five aircraft and an undisclosed customer for a further five aircraft. Delivery of the new aircraft was expected to be in the second half of 2021.[102]
Date | Airline | EIS | Orders | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-200 | -300 | Options | Total | |||
21 Jul 2010 | Nordwind Airlines | TBA | — | 3 | 2 | 5 |
21 Jul 2010 | VEB Leasing
|
TBA | — | 30 | 30 | 60 |
1 Sep 2010 | Aeroflot | 2024[103] | — | 50 | — | 50[104] |
18 Aug 2011 | Ilyushin Finance | 2024 | — | 28 | 22 | 50[105] |
23 Aug 2011 | Rostec | 2024 | 15 | 35 | 35 | 85[106] |
16 Sep 2011 | IrAero | 2024[107][108] | — | 10 | 10 | 20[109][a] |
27 Aug 2013 | Utair | TBA | — | 10 | — | 10[b] |
29 Aug 2013 | Sberbank Leasing | TBA | — | 20 | — | 20[111] |
30 Aug 2013 | Red Wings Airlines | 2024 | — | 16 | — | 16[112][c] |
8 Jun 2016 | Azerbaijan Airlines | TBA | — | 10 | — | 10[100] |
19 Jul 2017 | Angara Airlines | TBA | — | 3 | — | 3[113] |
19 Jul 2017 | ALROSA | 2023 | — | 3 | 3 | 6[114][115][c] |
Total without duplicates | 175[101] | |||||
Letters of Intention signed | ||||||
30 August 2019 | Yakutia Airlines | 2024[116] | — | 5+ | — | 5[117] |
7 Jun 2022 | Aeroflot | TBA | — | 100+ | — | 100+ better source needed ]
|
30 August 2019 | Unknown customer | TBA | — | 5[119] | — | 5[120] |
Total without duplicates | 140+[121] |
Accidents and incidents
On 18 January 2021, an MC-21-300 (prototype 73051) experienced a runway excursion at Zhukovsky Aerodrome and came to a stop in heavy snow during testing. There were no injuries to the crew.[122]
Specifications
Variant | MC-21-200 | MC-21-300 |
---|---|---|
Cockpit crew | 2 | |
2-class seats | 132 (12J + 120Y) | 163 (16J + 147Y) |
1-class seats | 165 @ 29–28" | 211 @ 29–28" |
Cargo capacity | 34 m3 (1,200 cu ft) – 5 LD3 -45
|
49 m3 (1,700 cu ft) – 9 LD3-45 |
Length | 36.8 m (121 ft) | 42.2 m (138 ft) |
Wingspan | 35.9 m (118 ft) | |
Height | 11.5 m (38 ft) | |
Fuselage width | 4.06 m (13.3 ft) | |
Cabin width | 3.81 m (12.5 ft) | |
Runway Length | 2,200m | |
Maximum take-off weight | 72,560 kg (159,970 lb) | 79,250 kg (174,720 lb) |
Maximum landing weight | 63,100 kg (139,100 lb) | 69,100 kg (152,300 lb) |
Maximum payload | 18,900 kg (41,700 lb) | 22,600 kg (49,800 lb) |
Fuel capacity | 20,400 kg (45,000 lb) | |
Turbofans (x 2) | Aviadvigatel PD-14[124] | |
Max. thrust (x 2) | PW1428G: 28,000 lbf (120 kN) | PW1431G: 31,000 lbf (140 kN) |
2-class range | 6,400 km (3,500 nmi) | 6,000 km (3,200 nmi) |
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Airbus A220-300
- Airbus A320neo family
- Boeing 737 MAX
- Comac C919
- Embraer E-Jet E2
Related lists
- List of jet airliners
Notes
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External links
- Official website
- Stephen Trimble (5 July 2016). "From Russia with intent" (PDF). Flight International.
- UAC MC-21 (PDF) Archived 27 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine