Ironwood Forest National Monument
Ironwood Forest National Monument | |
---|---|
U.S. Bureau of Land Management | |
Website | Ironwood Forest National Monument |
Ironwood Forest National Monument is located in the
A significant concentration of
Flora and fauna
Flora
An array of flora are present in the Ironwood Forest National Monument. The lower elevations are in the Sonoran Desert ecoregion. One of the notable trees native here is the elephant tree (Bursera microphylla).[3] Small populations of the endangered Nichols turk's head cactus, although not found among ironwood trees, occur in very localized limestone-rich areas within the monument.
- Ironwood trees
The desert ironwood (
- Prehistoric ecology
Lists of dominant plants in the prehistoric
Fauna
According to Proclamation 7320, 674 plant and animal species have been identified in the Silver Bell Mountains within the monument, including 64 species of mammals and 57 species of birds, although the Bureau of Land Management has been unable to verify those claims. Recent studies by the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, however, have documented 560 plant species.[5] Resident birdwatchers have documented more than 80 species of migratory and non-migratory birds.[6]
One specimen of the endangered lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris curasoae) and a night roost were documented within the monument by bat researchers Karen Krebbs and Yar Petryszyn. They concluded that while the monument may be an important feeding stopover during spring migrations, the presence of L. curasoae in the monument is probably low or incidental.[7] Leptonycteris curasoae is one of only a few bat species that migrate long distances, coming from as far south as Jalisco, Mexico, more than 1,600 miles (2,570 km).
The Arizona desert bighorn sheep herd located within the monument is the last remaining relict population of desert bighorn sheep in southeastern Arizona, having first migrated into North America during the Pleistocene epoch. One or two specimens of the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl, which was listed as an endangered species in March 1997 and delisted by court order April 14, 2006, have been found within and near the monument by licensed surveyors.[8]
History
The Hohokam people were the first miners in the area. They mined turquoise in the Silver Bell Mountains. Silver and copper mining began in the Silver Bell Mountains around 1850 and continues today. Bighorn sheep ewes prefer mine tailings for lambing grounds because the high, steep and open terrain enables them to see and escape from predators.
Activities
The Ironwood Forest National Monument is managed for multiple uses including recreation, cattle grazing and mining, although new mining claims and motorized off-road travel are prohibited by the establishing Proclamation. Livestock grazing, which has occurred continuously for at least the last 125 years within the monument, is currently managed at very light or conservative levels of approximately one cow per every 300 to 400 acres (1.6 km2). Domestic sheep and goats are prohibited as a protection to the bighorn sheep. The monument offers almost no surface water but contains sufficient groundwater resources.
The cattle ranchers maintain more than 80 individual man-made water sources within the monument, in addition to the 14 water sources maintained by the Arizona Game and Fish Department and the Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society. The presence of human-supplied water supports the exceptional abundance of birds, mule deer, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions and other wildlife found in the monument.[9]
Gallery
-
The Silver Bell Cemetery in Ironwood Forest National Monument.
-
Hohokam ruins in the Los Robles Archaeological District.
-
Hohokam petroglyphs at Cocoraque Butte.
See also
- List of national monuments of the United States
- Santa Ana del Chiquiburitac Mission Site
- Silver Bell Mountains
- Waterman Mountains
- Saguaro National Park
- Tucson artifacts
References
- ^ "Ironwood Forest National Monument". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
- ^ a b https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Monuments_Q2_2020.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Elephant Tree: Bursera microphylla, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
- JSTOR 3236375. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ Devender, Thomas R. Van; Wiens, John F.; Dimmitt, Mark. "Biological Survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument, Vascular Flora". desertmuseum.org. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ^ Public comments submitted to Bureau of Land Management regarding the Ironwood Forest National Monument Draft Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement, May 30, 2007.
- ^ Biological Survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument, Karen Krebbs and Yar Petryszyn, Arizona Sonora Desert Museum
- ^ Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owl records of US Fish and Wildlife Service
- ^ "Wildlife Water Developments and Desert Bighorn Sheep in the Southwestern United States." 2005. Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society. *"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
External links
- Official website
- "Ironwood Forest National Monument". U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on 2013-12-07. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
- "Ironwood Forest National Monument Proclamation". U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
- "Biological Survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument Vascular Flora". Arizona Sonora Desert Museum. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
- "Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owl". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
- "Biological Survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument: Lesser Long-Nosed Bat". Arizona Sonora Desert Museum. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
- Friends of Ironwood Forest, a nonprofit organization partnering with BLM to protect Ironwood Forest National Monument by providing volunteer service, advocacy, and visitor education.
- Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society, a nonprofit organization committed to increasing bighorn sheep populations in Arizona
- Crossley, John. "Ironwood Forest National Monument". Retrieved 2006-08-13.