Irradiation
Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. An irradiator is a device used to expose an object to radiation, notably gamma radiation, for a variety of purposes.[1] Irradiators may be used for sterilizing medical and pharmaceutical supplies, preserving foodstuffs, alteration of gemstone colors, studying radiation effects, eradicating insects through sterile male release programs, or calibrating thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs).[2]
The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most frequently the term refers to
Applications
Sterilization
If administered at appropriate levels, all forms of
Medicine
Irradiation is used in
In 2011 researchers found that irradiation was successful in the novel
Ion implantation
Ion irradiation is routinely used to implant impurities atoms into materials, especially semiconductors, to modify their properties. This process, usually known as ion implantation, is an important step in the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits.[8]
Ion irradiation
Ion irradiation means in general using particle accelerators to shoot energetic ions on a material.
Industrial chemistry
The irradiation process is widely practiced in
Irradiation is used to
Agriculture
After its discovery by Lewis Stadler at the
The
Assassination
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who died of lung cancer in Bucharest on March 19, 1965, may have been intentionally irradiated during a visit to Moscow, due to his political stance.[18]
In 1999, an article in Der Spiegel alleged that the East German MfS intentionally irradiated political prisoners with high-dose radiation, possibly to provoke cancer.[19][20]
Alexander Litvinenko, a secret serviceman who was tackling organized crime in Russia, was intentionally poisoned with polonium-210; the very large internal doses of radiation he received caused his death.
Nuclear industry
In the
.Security
During the
See also
- Dose area product
- Radiolyse
References
- ^ Irradiator definition. Law Insider (accessed Jan 2023)
- ^ Irradiators. United States Department of Agriculture (accessed Jan 2023)
- ^ "Food Standards Agency - Irradiated food". Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ "Spinach and Peanuts, With a Dash of Radiation" Archived 2017-07-06 at the Wayback Machine article by Andrew Marin in The New York Times February 1, 2009
- National Blood Service
- ^ Tan X, Luo S, Wang D, et al. A NIR heptamethine Dye with intrinsic cancer targeting, imaging and photosynthesizing properties. Journal of Biomaterials China. 33-7 (2011), pp. 2230-2239.
- ^ F. Pene, E. Courtine, A. Cariou, J.P. Mira. Toward theranostics. Crit Care Med, 37 (2009), pp. S50–S58
- ISSN 1521-4095.
- S2CID 225410221.
- S2CID 136828233.
- ISBN 978-85-99141-02-1. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
- ^ ISBN 0-471-52667-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022 – via LibreTexts.
- United States Government.
- S2CID 34494057.
- ^ Bly, J.H. "Electron Beam Processing", Yardley, PA: International Information Associates, 1988.
- ^ International Database on Insect Disinfestation and Sterilization Archived 2010-03-28 at the Wayback Machine, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture website, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, plus the International Atomic Energy Agency.
- ^ Irradiation and Food Safety, U.S. Drug and Food Administration. Retrieved Jan. 5, 2010.
- ^ "TFP > Alexander Litvinenko Assassination". Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
- ^ STASI: In Kopfhöhe ausgerichtet. Archived 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine Article by Peter Wensierski in Der Spiegel 20/1999, May 17, 1999
- ^ Tödliche Strahlung. Die Staatssicherheit der DDR steht im Verdacht, Regimegegner radioaktiv verseucht zu haben. Article by Paul Leonhard in Junge Freiheit April 14, 2000
- ^ Materials Ageing – Irradiation Embrittlement. EU Science Hub accessed Jan 2023)
- OSTI 1476305.