Isabella II
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Isabella II (
Isabella was the elder daughter of
Isabella was declared of age and began her personal rule in 1843. Her effective reign was a period marked by palace intrigues, back-stairs and antechamber influences, barracks conspiracies, and military
Birth and regencies
Isabella was born in the
Isabella succeeded to the throne because Ferdinand VII had induced the
Isabella's reign was maintained only through the support of the army. The Cortes and the Moderate Liberals and Progressives reestablished constitutional and parliamentary government, dissolved the religious orders and confiscated their property (including that of the Jesuits), and tried to restore order to Spain's finances. After the Carlist war, the regent, Maria Christina, resigned to make way for Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara, the most successful and most popular Isabelline general. Espartero, a Progressive, remained regent for only two years.
Her minority saw
Baldomero Espartero was deposed in 1843 by a military and political pronunciamiento led by Generals Leopoldo O'Donnell and Ramón María Narváez. They formed a cabinet, presided over by Joaquín María López y López. This government induced the Cortes to declare Isabella of age at 13. Between the beginning of her reign in 1833, and the abdication of Margrethe II in 2024, at any given time, there was a queen regnant in Europe.
Reign as an adult
Beginnings
Isabella was declared of age and swore the
Moderate decade
Dominated by the figure of
On 10 October 1846, the Moderate Party made their sixteen-year-old queen marry her double-first cousin
The marriages suited
In 1847, a major scandal took place when Isabella, age seventeen, publicly showed her love for General Serrano and her willingness to divorce from her husband Francisco de Asís;[11] though Narváez and Isabella's mother Maria Christina solved the problem posed to the monarchical institution—Serrano was shifted away from the capital to the post of Captain General of Granada in 1848—,[12] the deterioration of the public image of the queen increased from then on.[11] Following the near-revolution of 1848, Narváez was authorised to rule as dictator to repress insurrectionary attempts up until 1849.[13]
In late 1851, Isabella II gave birth to her first daughter and heir presumptive, who was baptised on 21 December as
On 2 February 1852, Isabella and the Royal Guard were caught by surprise while the Queen was leaving the Chapel of the Royal Palace intending to go with her parade to the church of Atocha: Martín Merino y Gómez , an ordained priest and liberal activist approached the queen giving the impression of wanting to deliver her a message,[16] and stabbed her. The impact was reduced by the gold embroidery of her dress and by the baleen stays of her corset, and what was intended to be a stab wound to the chest only resulted in a minor incision at the right side of the belly.[17] Merino, quickly seized by the halberdiers of the Royal Guard (with help from the dukes of Osuna and Tamames, the Marquis of Alcañices and the Count of Pinohermoso),[18] was removed from sacerdocy and executed by garrote.[19]
Under the government of the
Days later, the situation was followed by a full-scale people's revolution, with revolutionary juntas organised on 17 July in Madrid,[24] and barricades erected in the streets. With the prospect of a civil war on the horizon, Isabella was advised to appoint General Espartero (who enjoyed charisma and popular support) as prime minister.[25][26] This renewed ascension of Espartero marked the beginning of the bienio progresista.
Progressive biennium
Espartero entered the capital of Spain on 28 July,[27] and proceeded to separate again Isabella from the influence of Maria Christina.[28] In any case, though Isabella accepted advice from Maria Christina, she was not characterised for displaying a profound filial love towards her mother.[28]
By virtue of a royal decree, Iloilo in the Philippines was opened to world trade on 29 September 1855, mainly to export sugar and other products to America, Australia and Europe.[29][30]
A Liberal Constitution ("the Unborn One") was drafted in 1856, yet it was never enacted as the counter-revolutionary coup by O'Donnell seized power.
Later reign
On 28 November 1857, Isabella II gave birth to a male heir,
The later part of her reign saw a
Revolution and coup
In August 1866, exiled forces comprising both elements from the Democratic and the Progressive Party met secretly in Belgium and subscribed to the Pact of Ostend under the initiative of Marshal Prim, seeking to topple Isabella.[34] On 7 July 1868, Isabella banished her sister and brother-in-law from Spain, as they were linked to a conspiracy against the Crown in connivance with generals from the Liberal Union.[35]
Since the late summer, Isabella II had been enjoying her traditional holiday on the coast at
On that day, a
Factors for the revolution included the weariness of the moderates alienated by the Crown and the progressives barely having even the chance to rule. Both developed a vis-à-vis with the Isabelline monarchy.[39] Other factors were the personal behaviour of the queen, the corruption, the abortion of the possibility of political reform and the economic crisis alienating the bourgeoisie.[39] Historians looking at social roots for the revolution highlight that peasantry, small bourgeoisie, and the proletariat formed an alternative to bourgeoisie proper, articulated through the progressive and federal republican forces.[40]
By September 1868 Isabella was a repudiated monarch, and, during the early stages of the revolution, instances of political iconoclasm carried out by the masses took place, leading to the destruction of many symbols and emblems of the Bourbon dynasty, a Damnatio memoriae.[41]
The defeat of the Isabelline forces commanded by
Prim—leader of the liberal progressives—was received in a festive mood by the Madrilenian people at his arrival in the capital in early October. He pronounced his famous speech of the "three nevers" directed against the Bourbons.[44] At the Puerta del Sol, he gave a highly symbolic hug to Serrano, the leader of the revolutionary forces triumphant in the bridge of Alcolea.[45]
Life after ousting
Following the crossing of the
Following the election to the Spanish throne of
The
After 1875 she lived in a relationship with Ramiro de la Puente y González Nandín, her secretary and chief of staff.[52]
Cánovas del Castillo, the dominant figure of the new regime, became convinced that the figure of Isabella had become an issue for the Crown and wrote her a letter bluntly stating "Your Majesty is not a person, it is a reign, it is a historical time, and what the country needs is another reign, a different time", hellbent on avoiding the former queen stepping onto the Spanish capital before the proclamation of the new constitution in June 1876.[53]
She returned to Spain in July 1876, stayed in Santander and El Escorial and was only allowed to visit Madrid for barely hours on 13 October.[53] She moved to Seville, where she remained for a longer time and left for France in 1877.[53] Isabella's son would marry Mercedes of Orléans (first cousin of Alfonso and daughter of the Dukes of Montpensier) in 1878, only for the latter to die five months after the wedding.[49]
Isabella mostly lived in Paris for the rest of her life, based at the
She wrote her
Children
Isabella had twelve pregnancies,[59] but only five children reached adulthood:
- Infanta María Isabel (1851–1931): married her mother's and father's first cousin Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti.
- Alfonso XII of Spain (1857–1885) Future King of Spain.
- Infanta María del Pilar(1861–1879).
- Prince Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria.
- Infanta María Eulalia (1864–1958); married her maternal first cousin Infante Antonio d'Orléans, Duke of Galliera.
There has been considerable speculation that some or all of Isabella's children were not fathered by Francisco de Asís; this has been bolstered by rumours that Francisco de Asís was either
Sobriquets
She came to be known by the sobriquets of the Traditional Queen (Spanish: la Reina Castiza),[n. 3] and the Queen of Sad Mischance (Spanish: la de los Tristes Destinos).[n. 4]
Honours
- Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 10 October 1830[64]
- Austria: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen[65]
- Austria: Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross, 1st Class[65]
- Brazil: Knight Grand Cordon of the Imperial and Royal Order of Christ[65]
- Brazil:: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Imperial and Royal Order of the Southern Cross, 1848[65]
- France
- Bourbon-French Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Holy Spirit
- Bourbon-French Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of Saint Michael
- French Imperial Family: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour[65]
- Bavaria: Knight Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Saint Hubert[65]
- Bavaria: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Theresa[65]
- Bavaria: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Elizabeth[65]
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon, 1 November 1861[66]
- Saxony: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Rue Crown[65]
- Saxony: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Sidonia[65]
- Saxony: Dame of the Order of Maria-Anna, Special Class[65]
- Greece: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer[65]
- Italy
- Italian Royal Family: Knight Grand Collar of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
- Italian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- Italian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy
- Holy See: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Supreme Order of Christ[65]
- Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Saint Januarius[67]
- Two Sicilian Royal Family: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Two Sicilian Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
- Mexico
- Mexican Republic: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the National Order of Guadalupe, 1854[68]
- Imperial Order of Saint Charles, 10 April 1865[69]
-
- Portugal: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa, 23 June 1834[65]
- Order of the Tower and Sword[65]
- Portugal: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Isabel[65]
Honorific eponyms
- Philippines:
- Cavite: Bridge of Isabel II
- Isabela (province)
- Isabela, Basilan
- Manila: El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II former name of the current Bank of the Philippine Islands.
- Puerto Rico:
- Isabel II: barrio-pueblo (referred to as Isabel Segunda in Spanish) is a barrio and the administrative center (seat) in the downtown area in the island-municipality of Vieques, Puerto Rico.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Isabella II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Film portrayal
In the 1997 film Amistad, she was played by Anna Paquin, and is depicted as a spoiled 11-year-old girl.
See also
- Philip V of Spain – monarch who implemented a Salic Law in the country
- Carl Schurz, who was U.S. ambassador to Spain for a brief time at the beginning of Lincoln's presidency, in his Reminiscences (New York, McClure's Publ. Co., 1907, Volume II, Chapter VI) describes Isabel II and her court.
- Isabela province in the Philippines.
- Mid-19th-century Spain
- Spain under the Restoration
- Plaza de Isabel II (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
References
- Informational notes
- Isabella I, who was proclaimed Queen of Castile, although the latter is nevertheless sometimes considered to have also been Queen of Spain, and as Queen Regnant of Spain.[2]
- ^ Isabella and Francisco de Asís were rather caustically described by 1866 by an English contemporary thus:
- … The Queen is large in stature, but rather what might be called bulky than stately. There is no dignity either in her face or figure, and the graces of majesty are altogether wanting. The countenance is cold and expressionless, with traces of an unchastened, unrefined, and impulsive character, and the indifference it betrays is not redeemed by any regularity or beauty of feature.
- The King Consort is much smaller in figure than his royal two-thirds, and certainly is not a type that could be admired for its manly qualifications; but we have to remember that in Spain aristocratic birth is designated rather by a diminutive stature and sickly complexion than by those attributes of height, muscular power, open expression, and florid hue, which in England constitute the ideal of ‘race.’[7]
- ^ Due to her fondness for traditional Spanish cultural expressions in connection with Casticismo and Casticismo madrileño .[61]
- Shakespeare's Richard III. Thus, in Act IV-Scene IV, Queen Margaret tells Queen Elizabeth:
- Farewell, York’s wife, and queen of sad mischance: These English woes shall make me smile in France.
- Citations
- ^ Monarchy and Liberalism in Spain: The Building of the Nation-State, 1780–1931. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2020.
- ^ "Kings and Queens Regnant of Spain". Britannica. 31 October 2023.
- ISSN 0304-4319.
- S2CID 244017803.
- ^ ISSN 1576-4729.
- ISSN 1575-0361.
- ^ Mrs. Wm. Pitt Byrne, Cosas De España, Illustrative of Spain and the Spaniards as they are, Volume II, Page 7, Alexander Strahan, Publisher, London and New York, 1866.
- ISSN 0214-6258.
- ^ Jasper Ridley, Lord Palmerston (1970) pp. 308–315.
- ^ Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón, Isabel II: Los Espejos de la Reina (2004)
- ^ a b Burdiel 2012, p. 33.
- ABC.
- ^ Beltrán Villalva 2005, p. 50.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, p. 168.
- ^ a b Esteban Monasterio, Agustín (2009). "Sexenio Revolucionario y Restauración" (PDF). Aportes. XXIV (69): 119.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, pp. 170–171.
- ^ Paniagua, Antonio (14 October 2016). "El corsé de la reina". Diario Sur.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, p. 172.
- ^ Sanz, Víctor (2 February 2018). "Puñalada en el costado en nombre de Martín Merino". Madridiario.
- ^ Núñez García, Víctor Manuel; Calero Delgado, María Luisa (2018). "Corrupción y redes de poder en la Corte Isabelina" (PDF). La corrupción política en la España contemporánea: un enfoque interdisciplinar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
- ^ Fernández Trillo, Manuel (1982). "La Vicalvarada y la Revolución Española de 1854" (PDF). Tiempo de Historia. VIII (87): 17.
- ^ Fernández Trillo 1982, p. 18–19.
- ^ Fernández Trillo 1982, pp. 18–20.
- ^ Fernández Trillo 1982, p. 25.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, p. 188.
- ^ Fernández Trillo 1982, p. 27.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, p. 192.
- ^ a b Cambronero 1908, p. 194.
- ^ Demy Sonza. "The Port of Iloilo: 1855–2005". Graciano Lopez-Jaena Life and Works and Iloilo History Online Resource. Dr. Graciano Lopez-Jaena (DGLJ) Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on 2016-01-19.
- ^ Henry Funtecha. "Iloilo's position under colonial rule". thenewstoday.info.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, p. 210.
- Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
- ^ a b Vilches, Jorge (30 June 2017). "El puñal del godo en la familia Borbón". El Español.
- ^ a b "¿Por qué España echó a la reina Isabel II?". XLSemanal. 17 October 2018.
- ^ a b Sánchez Núñez 2014, p. 219.
- ^ Vilar García 2012, pp. 246–247.
- ^ Vilar García 2012, pp. 248–249.
- ^ Vilar García 2012, p. 249.
- ^ ISSN 2530-4127.
- ^ Serrano García, Rafael (2001). "La historiografía en torno al Sexenio 1868-1874: entre el fulgor del centenario y el despliegue sobre lo local" (PDF). Ayer. 44: 15.
- S2CID 204383086.
- ^ Vilar García 2012, p. 251.
- ^ Carmen, Ennesch (1946). Emigrations politiques, d'hier et d'aujourd'hui (in French). Paris: Editions I.P.C. p. 161.
- ^ Cañas de Pablos 2018, p. 212.
- ^ Cañas de Pablos 2018, pp. 212–213.
- ^ Reyero 2020, pp. 209–210.
- ^ Congostrina, Nieves (25 June 2018). "a crucial decisión de Isabel II".
- ^ Reyero 2020, p. 220.
- ^ a b Sánchez Núñez 2014, p. 220.
- ^ Layana, César. "El sistema político de la Restauración". Clío.
- ^ Sust, Toni (25 February 2018). "Otras visitas de los Borbones a Barcelona". El Periódico.
- ISBN 978-84-472-0911-8.
- ^ a b c d Álvarez, Eduardo (20 June 2020). "Isabel II de España: cuando abdicar supuso tener prohibido pisar el país". El Mundo.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, pp. 332–333.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, pp. 328–329.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, pp. 329.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, p. 330.
- ^ Cambronero 1908, p. 334.
- ^ ABC.
- ^ Reyero 2020, p. 217.
- ^ Vanity Fair (10 October 2020): «Isabel II de España: la reina que tuvo 12 hijos sin consumar su matrimonio»
- ^ El Diario Montañés (22 July 2008): «Isabel II: 'la de los tristes destinos'»
- ^ Vilches 2006, p. 776.
- ^ "Real orden de damas nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa", Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish): 57, 1832, retrieved 14 November 2020
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q , VV. AA., Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, Tomo CLXXVI, Cuaderno I, 1979, Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, España, páginas = 211 & 220, español, 6 de junio de 2010 Information Containing the Orders and Decorations received by Isabella II of her European tour after her coming of age to reign as Queen
- ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1864), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13 Archived 2019-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "GENEALOGY OF THE ROYAL HOUSE OF SPAIN". Chivalricorders.org. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
- ^ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, p. 244, retrieved 14 November 2020
- ^ "Soberanas y princesas condecoradas con la Gran Cruz de San Carlos el 10 de Abril de 1865" (PDF), Diario del Imperio (in Spanish), National Digital Newspaper Library of Mexico: 347, retrieved 14 November 2020
- ^ Sovereign Ordonnance of 17 September 1865
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Ortúzar Castañer, Trinidad. "María Cristina de Borbón dos Sicilias". Diccionario biográfico España (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia.
- ^ a b Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 9.
- ^ a b Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 96.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Navarrete Martínez, Esperanza. "María de la O Isabel de Borbón". Diccionario biográfico España (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
- Bibliography
- Burdiel, Isabel (2012). "El descenso de los reyes y la nación moral. A propósito de Los Borbones en pelota". Los borbones en pelota (PDF). Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico. pp. 7–74. ISBN 978-84-9911-196-4.
- Cambronero, Carlos (1908). Isabel II, íntima; apuntes histórico-anecdóticos de su vida y de su época. Barcelona: Montaner y Simón, Editores.
- Cañas de Pablos, Alberto (2018). "La revolución de puerto en puerto hacia la capital: la vertiente marítima de la "Gloriosa" y la llegada de Prim a Madrid". Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea. 40. Madrid: ISSN 0214-400X.
- Reyero, Carlos (2020). "Cuando el rey Francisco de Asís perdió el aura regia. Caricatura y vida cotidiana en el París del Segundo Imperio (1868-1870)". Libros de la Corte (20). Madrid: ISSN 1989-6425.
- Vilar García, María José (2012). "El primer exilio de Isabel II visto desde la prensa vasco-francesa (Pau, septiembre-noviembre 1868)". Historia Contemporánea. 44. Bilbao: ISSN 1130-2402.
- Vilches, Jorge (2006). "La política en la literatura. La creación de la imagen pública de Isabel II en Galdós y Valle-Inclán". Historia Contemporánea. 33. Bilbao: ISSN 1130-2402.
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Isabella II". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 859–860. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Barton, Simon. A History of Spain (2009) excerpt and text search
- Carr, Raymond, ed. Spain: A History (2001) excerpt and text search
- Esdaile, Charles J. Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939 (2000) excerpt and text search
- Gribble, Francis Henry. The tragedy of Isabella, II (1913) online.
- de Polnay, Peter. A Queen of Spain: Isabel II (1962)