Isan
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Northeastern Region
ภาคอีสาน | |
---|---|
From upper-left to lower-right: | |
Largest city | Nakhon Ratchasima |
Provinces | 20 provinces |
Area UTC+7 (ICT) | |
Language | Isan • others |
Northeast Thailand or Isan (
Since the beginning of the 20th century, northeastern Thailand has been generally known as Isan, while in official contexts the term phak tawan-ok-chiang-nuea (ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ; "northeastern region") may be used. The majority population of the Isan region is ethnically Lao, but distinguish themselves not only from the Lao of Laos but also from the Central Thai by calling themselves khon Isan or Thai Isan in general. But some refer to themselves as simply Lao, and academics have recently been referring to them as Lao Isan[5] or as Thai Lao, with the main issue with self-identification as Lao being stigma associated with the Lao identity in Thai society.[6]
The Lao Isan people are aware of their Lao ethnic origin, but Isan has been incorporated as a territory into the modern Thai state through over 100 years of administrative and bureaucratic reforms, educational policy, and government media. Despite this, since the election of Thaksin Shinawatra as prime minister in the 2001 Thai general election, the Lao Isan identity has reemerged, and the Lao Isan are now the main ethnolinguistic group involved in the pro-Thaksin "Red Shirt movement" of the United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship.[7] Several Thai prime ministers have come from the region.
History
Isan has a number of important
The region later came under the influence of the Dvaravati culture, followed by the Khmer Empire. The latter built dozens of prasats (sanctuaries) throughout Isan. The most significant are at Phimai Historical Park and Phanom Rung Historical Park. Preah Vihear Temple was also considered to be in Isan, until the International Court of Justice in 1962 ruled that it belonged to Cambodia.
After the Khmer Empire began to decline in the 13th century, Isan was dominated by the Lao kingdom of
Thaification
The region was increasingly settled by both Lao and Thai emigrants. Thailand held sway from the 17th century, and carried out forced
In the mid-20th century, the state-supported assimilation policy called Thaification promoted Isan's ethnic integration into the modern conception of Thai nationality and de-emphasized the use of ethnic markers, for ethnic Laos and Khmers, as it was deemed uncivilized and to prevent ethnic discrimination among the Thai people.
This policy extended to the use of the name "Isan" itself: the name is derived from the Pali word IAST, meaning "northeast", in turn from the name of
Before the central government introduced the
The Kuy people, an Austroasiatic people concentrated around the core of what was once called "Chenla" and known as the Khmer Boran ("ancient Khmer"), are a link to the region's pre-Tai history.
Geography
Isan is roughly coterminous with the
The Mekong forms most of the border between Thailand and
The average temperature range is from 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) to 19.6 °C (67.3 °F). The highest temperature recorded was 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) in Udon Thani, the lowest −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) at Sakhon Nakhon Agro Station.[citation needed]
Rainfall is unpredictable, but is concentrated in the
The cool season runs from October to February and the hot season from February to May with the peak of high temperatures in April.
National parks
Isan has around 26
Biodiversity
Isan has high biodiversity and many endemic species. Both wildlife and plant species are exploited illegally. Valuable hardwood tree species, in particular Siamese Rosewood, are being extracted for sale, especially in the Chinese furniture market. These trees are so valuable that poachers, coming across the border from Cambodia, are heavily armed, and both rangers and poachers have been killed over them. In national parks such as Ta Phraya, rangers have been trained since 2015 in military-style counter-poaching measures by the elite ranger squad Hasadin.[12]
Economy
Isan is home to one-third of Thailand's population of 67 million, but contributes only ten per cent to the national
In terms of regional value-added per capita, Isan is Thailand's poorest region. Bangkok is the richest, followed by central Thailand, southern Thailand, then northern Thailand. This ordering has been unchanged for decades.[14]: 57 Thailand's highly centralized fiscal system reinforces the status quo. An example of this Bangkok-centric policy is the allocation of budgets: Bangkok accounts for about 17 percent of the population and 25.8 percent of GDP, but benefits from about 72.2 percent of total expenditures. Isan accounts for about 34 percent of the population and 11.5 percent of GDP, but receives only 5.8 percent of expenditures.[14]: 58
Despite its dominance of the economy, agriculture in the region is problematic. The climate is prone to drought, while the flat terrain of the plateau often floods in the rainy season. The tendency to flood renders a large proportion of the land unsuitable for cultivation. In addition, the soil is highly acidic, saline, and infertile from overuse. Since the 1970s, agriculture has been declining in importance as trade and the service sector have been increasing.
Very few farmers still use water buffalos rather than tractors. Nowadays, water buffalos are mainly kept by almost all rural families as status symbols. The main piece of agricultural equipment in use today is the "rot tai na" (Thai: รถไถนา, lit. "vehicle plow field"), colloquially called "kwai lek" (Thai: ควายเหล็ก, or "iron/steel buffalo"), or more generally by its manufacturer's name of "Kobota", a mini-tractor composed of a small diesel engine mounted on two wheels with long wooden or metal handlebars for steering. It is usually attached to a trailer or a plow. Buffalo are now mainly used for grazing on the stubble in the rice paddy, which they in turn fertilize with their manure. The main animals raised for food are cattle, pigs, chickens, ducks, and fish.
Most of Thailand's rural poor live in Isan.
The region lags in new technology: there was only one Internet connection per 75 households in 2002 (national average: one per 22 households) [update needed], but by 2006 every district town (amphoe) had at least one publicly accessible Internet connection, either in a local computer shop or in the district office.
Extension of landline telephones to remote areas not previously served has been largely superseded by the use of mobile phones, primarily of GSM format, which now covers the entire region with the exception of a few sparsely populated mountainous areas and large national parks. Many people, even the poorest and frequently also children, have cellular telephones, although they have no fixed-line telephone. In this sense, Isan has led advanced nations where landline service is now being superseded by cellular technology. The region also has the nation's lowest literacy rate.[citation needed]
By the beginning of 2008, most amphoe had been provided with
Many Isan people seek higher-paying work outside the region, particularly in Bangkok. Some of these people have settled permanently in the city, while some migrate to and fro. Others have emigrated in search of better wages. Rather than relocate as a family, they often leave their children in the care of relatives, friends, or neighbors.[citation needed]
Average wages in Isan were the lowest in the country in 2002 at 3,928 baht per month (the national average was 6,445 baht).
A Khon Kaen University study (2014) found that marriages with foreigners by Thai northeastern women boosted the gross domestic product of the northeast by 8.67 billion baht (2014: €211 million or US$270 million). According to the study, after a northeastern woman married a foreigner, she will send 9,600 baht a month on average to her family to help with its expenses. The activity also created 747,094 jobs, the study found.[15] The 2010 census found that 90 percent of the slightly more than 27,000 foreigners living in the northeastern region were married to women from there.[16]
Tourism
According to the governor of
Demographics
Population
Isan's total population as of 2010 was 21,305,000. Forty percent of the population is concentrated in the provinces of Khorat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, and Khon Kaen, known as "big four of Isan". These provinces surround the four major cities of the same names. As of 2010, their populations were:
83,148. As of 2010, 50 percent of the region's population lived in municipal areas. Kalasin was the most urbanized province (with almost 100 percent in municipal areas), and Roi Et the least (2.8 percent). Thus, the population is still largely rural, but concentrated around the urban centers.There is a substantial
Language family | Ethnic group | Persons |
---|---|---|
Tai | Lao Isan / Thai Lao | 13,000,000 |
Tai | Central Thai | 800,000 |
Tai | Thai Khorat / Tai Beung / Tai Deung | 600,000 |
Tai | Thai-Loei | 500,000 |
Tai | Phu Thai | 500,000 |
Tai | Nyaw | 500,000 |
Tai | Kaleung | 200,000 |
Tai | Yoy | |
Tai | Phuan | |
Tai | Tai-Dam (Song) | (not specified) |
Tai | Total | 16,103,000 |
Austroasiatic | Thailand Khmer / Northern Khmer | 1,400,000 |
Austroasiatic | Kuy / Kuay | 400,000 |
Austroasiatic | So | 70,000 |
Austroasiatic | Bru | |
Austroasiatic | Vietnamese | 20,000 |
Austroasiatic | Nyeu | 10,000 |
Austroasiatic | Nyah Kur / Chao Bon / Khon Dong | 7,000 |
Austroasiatic | Aheu people | 1,500 |
Austroasiatic | Mon | 1,000 |
Austroasiatic | Total | 1,909,000 |
Cannot identify ethnicity and amount | 3,288,000 | |
Total | Total | 21,300,000 |
Languages
The main language is
Most of the "tribal" Tai languages, so called because of their origins in mountainous areas of Laos or their adherence to animism, are closely related to Isan, and all but Tai Yam are generally mutually intelligible. Even in areas with a heavy linguistic minority presence, native Isan speakers of Lao descent comprised anywhere from 60 to 74 per cent of the population, although minority language speakers are also bi- or trilingual in Isan, Thai or both.[22][23][24]
Isan is home to many speakers of
Other languages spoken in Isan, mainly by tribal minorities, are:
Language family | Language | Speakers | Distribution | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Austroasiatic | Khmer, Northern |
1,400,000 | Buriram, Sisaket, Surin, Roi Et, Nakhon Ratchasima | |
Kuy | 400,000 | Surin, Sisaket, Buriram | ||
Vietnamese | 20,000 | Spoken by small groups in most major cities | ||
Bru, Western | 20,000 | Mukdahan | ||
Nyah Kur/Mon | 8,000 | Nakhon Ratchasima, Chayaphum | ||
Bru, Eastern | 5,000 | Sakhon Nakhon, Amnat Charoen | ||
Aheu
|
740 | Sakhon Nakhon | ||
Mlabri | 300 | Loei | ||
Kra-Dai |
Central Thai | Khorat dialect | 500,000 | Nakhon Ratchasima, Buriram, Chaiyaphum |
Krung Thep dialect | 100,000 | First-language speakers in cities, mostly among Chinese, understood throughout Isan and common second or third language. | ||
Phuthai
|
500,000 | Mukdahan, Nakhon Phanom, Ubon Ratchathani, Kalasin and Sakon Nakhon | ||
Tai Yo (Tai Gno) | 500,000 | Sakhon Nakhon, Nongkhai, Nakhon Phanom, Maha Sarakham | ||
Tai Yoy (Tai Gnoi) | 50,000 | Sakhon Nakhon | ||
Saek (Sèk) | ~7,000 | Nakhon Phanom | ||
Sino-Tibetan | Chinese, Minnan | Unknown, dying | Mostly Teochew, also Hokkien and Hailam, spoken by oldest members of the Sino-Isan community. | |
Hmong-Mien | Hmong/Mong | Unknown | Loei |
Education
Education is well-provided for by the government in terms of numbers of establishments and is supplemented in the larger cities by the private sector (mostly Catholic and international schools). Following the national pattern of
Many other secondary schools provide education only to grade 9, while some combined schools provide education from grade 1 through grade 9. Rural schools are generally less well equipped than the schools in the large towns and cities and the standard of instruction, particularly for the English language, is much lower. Many children of poorer families leave school after grade 6 (age 12) to work on the farms. A number move to areas of dense or tourist populations to work in the service industry.
Many primary schools operate their own websites[26] and almost all schoolchildren in Isan, at least from junior high school age,[27] are now (2008) largely computer literate in basic programs.
In 2001, there were 43 government vocational and polytechnic colleges throughout the region, several specialised training colleges in the private sector, and large colleges of agriculture and nursing in Udon Thani Province.
Universities are found in the major cities of Khon Kaen (one of the country's largest), Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani, and the smaller provincial capital of Maha Sarakham. Some Bangkok-based universities have small campuses in Isan, and Khon Kaen University maintains a large installation on the outskirts of Nong Khai. Most provinces have a government-run Rajabhat University, formerly known as Rajabhat Institutes, which originated as teacher training colleges.
Culture
Isan's culture is predominantly Lao, and has much in common with that of neighboring Laos. This affinity is shown in the region's cuisine, dress, temple architecture, festivals, and arts.
Isan food has elements most in common with Laos and is somewhat distinct from central
The traditional dress of Isan is the sarong. Women's sarongs most often have an embroidered border at the hem, while men's are in a checkered pattern. Men also wear a pakama, a versatile length of cloth which can be used as a belt, a money and document belt, headwear for protection from the sun, a hammock, or a swimsuit.
Isan is a center for the production of Thai silk. The trade received a major boost in the postwar years, when Jim Thompson popularized Thai silk among Westerners. One of the best-known types of Isan silk is mut-mee, which is tie-dyed to produce geometric patterns on the thread.
The Buddhist temple (or wat) is the major feature of most villages. These temples are used for not only religious ceremonies but also festivals, particularly mor lam, and as assembly halls. They are mostly built in Lao-style, but with less ornamentation than the more elaborate central Thai temples or the Lao-style temples in central Laos. Lao-style Buddha images are also prevalent.
The people of Isan celebrate many traditional festivals, such as the Bun Bungfai Rocket Festival. This fertility rite, originating in pre-Buddhist times, is celebrated in a number of locations both in Isan and in Laos. Other Isan festivals are the Candle Festival, which marks the start of vassa in July in Ubon and other locations; the Silk Festival in Khon Kaen, which promotes local handicrafts; the Elephant Round-up in Surin; and the bangfai phayanak or Naga fireballs of Nong Khai.
The main indigenous music of Isan is mor lam. It exists in a number of regional variants, plus modern forms.[29] Since the late 1970s it has acquired greater exposure outside the region thanks to the presence of migrant workers in Bangkok. Many mor lam singers also sing central Thai luk thung music, and have produced the hybrid luk thung Isan form. Another form of folk music, kantrum, is popular with the Khmer minority in the south.
Mor lam needs a special mention as its festival-type production, which is very commonplace in Isan, has not been exported to other regions. When the locals speak of mor lam (pronounced mor'ram with stress on the second syllable), one will often hear them say pai doo morram ("go see mor'ram"). They are referring to the most common form of evening entertainment in the region. There are mor lam festivals on Friday or Saturday evenings in most villages. Usually, the rock-festival-sized stage is constructed either in a temple compound or on a sports field. Thousands of people sit on mats on the ground and watch the entertainment. The traditional music and song is accompanied by colorful choreography, executed by a group of up to 50 female (and some male
Although there is no tradition of written secular literature in the Isan language, in the latter half of the 20th century the region produced several notable writers, such as Khamsing Srinawk (who writes in Thai) and Pira Sudham (who writes in English).
Isan is known for producing a large number of
Marriage and courtship in Isan still mainly follows strict tradition, especially in rural areas, and most young women are married by the time they are 20 years old. Many girls, in spite of the legal requirement, marry as young as 14 to escape poverty, as marriage usually involves a dowry paid by the husband to the bride's family. A dowry will not normally be less than 40,000 baht, and according to the status of the bride and/or her family, can exceed 300,000 baht.
Despite the influence of tradition, in 2013, according to UNICEF, 191.5 births out of every 1,000 births in Isan were to adolescents aged 15–19. This is four times higher than the 2018 global average of 44 births per 1,000 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In September 2019, the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security set a target to reduce the number of unintended teenage pregnancies countrywide to 25 births per 1,000 by 2026.[31]
Isan women rarely have boyfriends until they meet the man they will marry, and tradition requires that the betrothal is then announced. Younger fiancées will be chaperoned, usually by a female friend, brother, or sister while in the company of their future husband. The wedding ceremony usually takes place in the bride's home and is normally officiated by one or several monks or a respected village elder who has been a monk. Young couples are increasingly registering their marriages at the city hall, which they can do if they are over 17. The extended family system is still very much the traditional social structure in Isan, with newlywed couples often living with in-laws or building a home on the family compound or farmland.
But it is not unusual for many women to remain single until much later. Tradition demands that the youngest or only daughter continue to live at home to take care of her parents. She is free to marry only when both parents are deceased. There is also the tradition that a woman should "marry up" in status. If a woman is tied to an occupation in a rural area as a farm or business owner, teacher, or similar profession, finding a suitable husband who is prepared to relocate is often not easy.
Water buffalo are a regular feature, even in the suburbs, being walked to and from the fields at dawn and dusk. Although rarely used nowadays for working the land, they are considered an important status symbol. The current value (2010) of one head of buffalo is about 20,000 baht (2010: US$620).
The cultural separation from central Thailand, combined with the region's poverty and its people's typically dark skin, have led to considerable discrimination against the people of Isan by non-ethnic Thais of Chinese descent.[citation needed] Even though many Isan people now work in the cities rather than in the fields, many hold lower-status jobs such as construction workers, stall vendors, and tuk-tuk taxi drivers, and discriminatory attitudes have been known to persist among the Thai-Chinese. Nevertheless, Isan food and music have both been enthusiastically adopted and adapted to the tastes of the rest of the country.
The process of Thaification, resulting from central Thais' perceived threat of Lao cultural dominance in the Isan region, has somewhat diluted Isan culture's distinctive character, particularly in the cities and in provinces, such as Khorat, that are closest to the central Thai heartlands and have been under Thai rule the longest.[32]
Religion
As in the
The world-famous Buddhist monk Ajahn Chah was born in Isan.
Transportation
Communications
Traditionally, messages between the government in Bangkok and Isan provincial outposts had been carried by "
Rail
Until 1900, when the first rail line from Bangkok to Khorat was opened, the shipment of goods took at least eight or nine days to go between the two. Now goods could be transported in a day. The speed with which goods could reach Khorat from Bangkok permitted the introduction into Isan of items previously too expensive or too perishable to transport. By 1928 a section of the northeastern rail line was extended to Ubon and by 1933 another section had reached Khon Kaen. It would not extend to Nong Khai until 1955. Trading patterns between the central region and Isan were forever altered.[11]: 18–19, 69
The State Railway of Thailand has two main lines in Isan, both connecting the region to Bangkok. One runs east from Khorat, through Surin to Ubon; the other runs north through Khon Kaen and Udon to Nong Khai. In early-2009, a rail link from Nong Khai came into operation. It crosses the Friendship road bridge into Laos territory to a terminus a few kilometres north of the land border crossing. It remains unclear whether this line will be extended the remaining 20 kilometres to Vientiane, the capital of Laos.
Road
According to one report in 1895, it took about three weeks to travel overland by ox cart from Nong Khai to Khorat and another eight or nine days to travel from Khorat to Bangkok. Automobile transport made its first appearance in Isan sometime in the 1920s but did not expand rapidly until after the Second World War.[11]: 18–19
There are 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of highway, centered on the
Most roads in Isan are paved. All major roads interconnecting the provincial capitals are in excellent condition for driving, and most are centrally divided four or six-lane highways. Many roads connecting province capitals to larger district towns are also currently (2008) being widened to four-lane highways with median strips. The paving on some very minor roads in the poorer districts may be navigable with difficulty due to large, deep potholes. Unpaved, graded roads link some of the smaller, more remote villages, but they are comfortably navigable at normal driving speeds for wheeled vehicles. Most of the stretches of paved roads through villages are lighted at night, many with powerful sodium lighting, some of which are on independently solar-powered masts. Reflective "cats-eyes" marking the central line of two-lane roads are a common feature. Crash barriers are installed along the sides of dangerous bends and precipitous verges. Signposting is excellent and follows international style. Since 2002 (with the exception of some poorer sub-districts), all signs are bilingual in Thai and Roman script.
The main highways have frequent, Western-style rest and refueling stations which accept payment by major credit/debit cards. In 2006, all fuel stations sell 91 and 95 octane gasoline/petrol and diesel fuel. LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) and NGV (natural gas for vehicles) were till recently very rare outside the cities of Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, and Udon Thani. As of 2012,[update] many new LPG and NGV stations have opened. Since 2009, bio-diesel fuel has become increasingly available.
Air
In 1960 air service by
There are airports at Khorat (at the present time no scheduled services due to its proximity to Bangkok making air service difficult to justify financially), Khon Kaen (domestic), Ubon Ratchathani (domestic), Udon Thani (international), Nakhon Phanom (domestic, scheduled services), Sakon Nakhon (domestic, scheduled services), Roi Et (domestic, scheduled services), Buriram (domestic, scheduled services) and Loei (domestic, scheduled services).
Domestic air travel between the capital and the region is well developed, and has become a viable alternative to rail, long-distance bus, and self-driving. Fares are cheap by foreign standards, and Udon and Khon Kaen which both opened brand new airport terminals in 2005 and 2006 respectively, are served by many daily flights and also have routes connecting other major destinations in Thailand with some companies operating wide-bodied aircraft. Most domestic flights to and from Bangkok operate to and from
Bus
Buses provide mass transport throughout the region. All provincial cities are connected to Bangkok by daily and nightly, direct, air-conditioned bus routes. All district
Taxi transport is not well developed, even in the very large cities, where
Waterways
In this region, rapids and variable flow make navigation difficult on the Mekong River, so large boat traffic is limited in connection with downriver areas. Bridges are rare because of the high cost of spanning the wide river; passenger and vehicle ferries link its two sides. The Second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge, spanning the Mekong between the cities of Mukdahan (Thailand) and Savannakhet (Laos), was completed and officially opened for traffic on 20 December 2006. Some new bridges, not included on the 2005 maps, have been built over smaller rivers and dams. Passenger and vehicle ferries also operate across some large reservoirs.
Improved infrastructure and ease of travel restrictions between Thailand and Laos has allowed the continued movement of thousands of people every day, with people on either side crossing the river to visit relatives, shop, participate in religious festivals, conduct business or day-trip, with the
Administrative divisions
Isan is divided into 20 provinces, grouped into three statistical subregions. Nakhon Ratchasima Province is considered by some to be in central Thailand.
Flag | Seal | Province | Capital | DOPA
|
Population | Area (km2) | Density | ISO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bueng Kan
|
Bueng Kan | 27 | 424,091 | 4,003 | 106 | TH-38 | ||
2 | Nong Khai
|
Nong Khai | 70 | 522,311 | 3,275 | 160 | TH-43 | ||
3 | Loei
|
Loei | 55 | 642,950 | 10,500 | 61 | TH-42 | ||
4 | Nong Bua Lamphu
|
Nong Bua Lamphu | 71 | 512,780 | 4,099 | 125 | TH-39 | ||
5 | Udon Thani
|
Udon Thani | 74 | 1,586,646 | 11,072 | 143 | TH-41 | ||
6 | Sakon Nakhon
|
Sakon Nakhon | 57 | 1,153,390 | 9,580 | 121 | TH-47 | ||
7 | Nakhon Phanom
|
Nakhon Phanom | 20 | 719,136 | 5,637 | 127 | TH-48 | ||
8 | Mukdahan
|
Mukdahan | 44 | 353,174 | 4,126 | 87 | TH-49 | ||
9 | Kalasin
|
Kalasin | 4 | 983,418 | 6,936 | 142 | TH-46 | ||
10 | Chaiyaphum
|
Chaiyaphum | 11 | 1,137,357 | 12,698 | 91 | TH-36 | ||
11 | Khon Kaen
|
Khon Kaen | 6 | 1,802,872 | 10,659 | 169 | TH-40 | ||
12 | Maha Sarakham
|
Maha Sarakham | 43 | 962,665 | 5,607 | 172 | TH-44 | ||
13 | Roi Et
|
Roi Et | 48 | 1,305,211 | 7,873 | 166 | TH-45 | ||
14 | Yasothon
|
Yasothon | 46 | 537,299 | 4,131 | 130 | TH-35 | ||
15 | Amnat Charoen
|
Amnat Charoen | 73 | 378,438 | 3,290 | 115 | TH-37 | ||
16 | Ubon Ratchathani
|
Ubon Ratchathani | 77 | 1,878,146 | 15,626 | 120 | TH-34 | ||
17 | Sisaket
|
Sisaket
|
56 | 1,472,859 | 8,936 | 165 | TH-33 | ||
18 | Surin
|
Surin | 69 | 1,396,831 | 8,854 | 157 | TH-32 | ||
19 | Buriram
|
Buriram | 28 | 1,595,747 | 10,080 | 159 | TH-31 | ||
20 | Nakhon Ratchasima
|
Nakhon Ratchasima | 21 | 2,648,927 | 20,736 | 128 | TH-30 |
Note: Populations as of 31 December 2019.[2]
Isan returns 136 of the national
Notable natives or residents
- Buddhist monks
- Ajahn Ubon Ratchathani Province
- Luang Por Ajahn Chah, born in Ubon Ratchathani Province
- Luangta Udon Thani Province
- Luang Por Nakhon Ratchasima Province
- Politicians and activists
- Mukdahan Province.[36]
- Udon Thani Province
- Roi Et Province
- Nakhon Ratchasima Province
- Buriram Province
- Khon Kaen Province
- Jiraporn Sindhuprai, born in Roi Et Province
- Writers
- Buriram Province[37]
- Actors and actress
- Khon Kaen Province
- Sukollawat Kanarot, born in Khon Kaen Province
- Nichaphat Chatchaipholrat, born in Khon Kaen Province
- Sombat Metanee, born in Ubon Ratchathani Province
- Surin Province
- Peechaya Wattanamontree, born in Khon Kaen Province
- Roi Et Province
- Phakin Khamwilaisak, born in Khon Kaen Province
- Comedians
- Yasothon Province
- Sudarat Butrprom, born in Udon Thani Province
- Roi Et Province
- Martial arts choreographers
- Khon Kaen Province
- Singers
- Kalasin Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Udon Thani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Ubon Ratchathani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Tai Orathai, born in Ubon Ratchathani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Mike Phiromphon, born in Udon Thani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Maithai Huajaisin, born in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Yasothon Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Monkaen Kaenkoon, born in Yasothon Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Khon Kaen Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Vieng Narumon, born in Roi Et Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Amnat Charoen Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung, Thai pop
- Loei Province, singing style: Rock
- Thanapol Intharit, born in Kalasin Province, singing styles: Rock, Phleng phuea chiwit
- Nong Khai Province, singing style: Songs for Life
- Nakhon Ratchasima Province, singing style: Rock
- Buriram Province , K-popsinger
- Sports
- Khon Kaen Province.
- Khon Kaen Province.
- Ratchanok Intanon, badminton player, born in Yasothon , She is half-blooded from the provinces of Roi Et and Yasothon. Her father is a native of Yasothon and her mother is a native of Roi Et.[38][39][40]
- Victoria, Australia between 2009 and 2011, and currently plays for Buriram United F.C.
- Khon Kaen Province.
References
- ^ a b ตารางที่ 2 พี้นที่ป่าไม้ แยกรายจังหวัด พ.ศ.2562 [Table 2 Forest area Separate province year 2019]. Royal Forest Department (in Thai). 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2021. Information, Forest statistics Year 2019, Thailand boundary from Department of Provincial Administration in 2013
- ^ a b รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้านประจำปี พ.ส.2562 [Statistics, population and house statistics for the year 2019]. Registration Office Department of the Interior, Ministry of the Interior. stat.bora.dopa.go.th (in Thai). 31 December 2019. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ISSN 1686-0799. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ Klaus Glashoff. "Spoken Sanskrit". learnsanskrit.cc. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
- S2CID 144238668
- S2CID 143763692
- ISBN 978-6162150746
- ISBN 978-90-04-04529-3., page 47
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Record, The Isaan (24 September 2017). "รัชนก อินทนนท์: ลูกขนไก่อีสานพลัดถิ่น". เดอะอีสานเรคคอร์ด (in Thai). Retrieved 20 August 2020.
Further reading
- Alpha Research Co. Pocket Thailand in Figures. Alpha Research Co. 2005. ISBN 974-90374-7-2
- Brow, James (1976). Population, land and structural change in Sri Lanka and Thailand. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-04529-3.
- Lapanun, Patcharin (2019). Love, Money and Obligation: Transnational Marriage in a Northeastern Thai Village. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 978-981-4722-91-9.
- Rhoden, T. F. (1 July 2019). "The Thai women who marry Western men: lessons from one village in northeast Thailand in Love, Money and Obligation". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
External links
- Grandstaff, T. B., Grandstaff, S., Limpinuntana, V., & Suphanchaimat, N. "Rainfed revolution in northeast Thailand." Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 46, No. 3, December 2008, 289–376. PDF
- McCargo, Duncan, and Krisadawan Hongladarom. "Contesting Isan‐ness: discourses of politics and identity in Northeast Thailand." Asian Ethnicity 5.2 (2004): 219-234.
- The Isaan Record
- Annual population data for Thailand to 1997 (Chulalongkorn University)
- Population statistics from citypopulation.de
- Estimates to 2004, from world-gazeteer.com
- Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy: Northeastern Thailand