Isfahan
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Isfahan
اصفهان Spahân, Aspadana | |
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Clockwise from top: Naqsh-e Jahan Square; Khaju Bridge; Chehel Sotoun; Vank Cathedral; Shah Mosque; Flower Garden of Isfahan; and view from Qeysarie Gate | |
BWk[4] | |
Website | isfahan.ir |
Isfahan city |
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Isfahan (Persian: اصفهان, romanized: Esfahân [esfæˈhɒːn] ⓘ; also rendered as Ispahan or Esfahan) is a major city in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district.[5] It is located 440 kilometres (270 miles) south of Tehran.[6] The city has a population of approximately 2,220,000,[7] making it the third-most populous city in Iran, after Tehran and Mashhad, and the second-largest metropolitan area.[8]
Isfahan is located at the intersection of the two principal routes that traverse Iran, north–south and east–west. Isfahan flourished between the 9th and 18th centuries. Under the
Isfahan, along with Piranshahr, Shush and Hamadan are among the most ancient cities in Iran. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
Etymology
Isfahan is derived from
History
Human habitation of the Isfahan region can be traced back to the Palaeolithic period. Archaeologists have recently found artifacts dating back to the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron ages.
Bronze Age
What became the city of Isfahan likely emerged and gradually developed over the course of the
Zoroastrian era
Under Median rule, a commercial entrepôt began to show signs of more sedentary urbanism, steadily growing into a noteworthy regional center that benefited from the exceptionally fertile soil on the banks of the Zayandehrud River, in a region called Aspandana or Ispandana.
When Cyrus the Great unified Persian and Median lands into the Achaemenid Empire, the religiously and ethnically diverse city of Isfahan became an early example of the king's fabled religious tolerance. It was Cyrus who, having just taken Babylon, made an edict in 538 BCE declaring that Jews in Babylon could return to Jerusalem.[23] Later, some of the freed Jews settled in Isfahan instead of returning to their homeland. The 10th-century Persian historian Ibn al-Faqih wrote:
When the Jews emigrated from Jerusalem, fleeing from Nebuchadnezzar, they carried with them a sample of the water and soil of Jerusalem. They did not settle until they reached the city of Isfahan, whose soil and water was deemed to resemble that of Jerusalem. Thereupon they settled there, cultivated the soil, raised children and grandchildren, and today the name of this settlement is Yahudia.[24]
The
The next empire to rule Persia, the Sassanids (224–651 CE), presided over massive changes in their realm, instituting sweeping agricultural reforms and reviving Iranian culture and the Zoroastrian religion. Both the city and region were then called by the name Aspahan or Spahan. The city was governed by a group called the Espoohrans, who descended from seven noble Iranian families. Extant foundations of some Sassanid-era bridges in Isfahan suggest that the Sasanian kings were fond of ambitious urban-planning projects. While Isfahan's political importance declined during this period, many Sassanid princes would study statecraft in the city, and its military role increased. Its strategic location at the intersection of the ancient roads to Susa and Persepolis made it an ideal candidate to house a standing army, which would be ready to march against Constantinople at any moment. The words "Aspahan" and "Spahan" are derived from the Pahlavi or Middle Persian meaning 'the place of the army'.[25]
Although many theories have mentioned the origins of Isfahan, little is known of it before the rule of the Sasanian dynasty. The historical facts suggest that, in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, Queen
Isfahan and Gay were supposedly both circular in design, which was characteristic of Parthian and Sasanian cities.[27] However, this reported Sasanian circular city of Isfahan has not yet been uncovered.[28]
Islamic era
-
Persian pottery from the city of Isfahan, 17th century
-
Isfahan, capital of the Kingdom of Persia
-
Si-o-se-pol Bridge by Cornelis de Bruijn, 1705
-
Isfahan to the south side, drawing by Eugène Flandin
-
Ali minaret, 1840, drawing by Eugène Flandin
-
Russian army in Isfahan in the 1890s
When the Arabs captured Isfahan in 642, they made it the capital of
After the fall of the Seljuqs (c. 1200), Isfahan temporarily declined and was eclipsed by other Iranian cities, such as Tabriz and Qazvin. During his visit in 1327, Ibn Battuta noted that "The city of Isfahan is one of the largest and fairest of cities, but it is now in ruins for the greater part."[33]
In 1387, Isfahan surrendered to the Turko-Mongol warlord Timur. Initially treated with relative mercy, the city revolted against Timur's punitive taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers. In retribution, Timur ordered the massacre of the city residents, his soldiers killing a reported 70,000 citizens. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers, each constructed of about 1,500 heads.[34]
Isfahan regained its importance during the
ushering in a golden age for the city, when architecture and Persian culture flourished.As part of Abbas's forced resettlement of peoples from within his empire, as many as 300,000 Armenians (primarily from
In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of deportees and migrants from the
During Abbas's reign, Isfahan became famous in Europe, and many European travellers, such as
In the early years of the 19th century, efforts were made to preserve some of Isfahan's archeologically important buildings. The work was started by
Modern age
-
Street from above
-
Isfahan in 1924
-
Foolad Mobarakeh Steel Mill
-
Map of Isfahan by Pascal Coste
The city has had four master development programs first one was created in 1971 by German engineering firm that included checkered streets' design. [42][43] In the 20th century, Isfahan was resettled by many people from southern Iran: especially during the population migrations at the start of the century, and in the 1980s, following the Iran–Iraq War. During the war, 23,000 from Isfahan were killed; and there were 43,000 veterans.[44] In 1921 Telephone office were first created in Shams Abadi street.[45]
Today, Isfahan produces fine carpets, textiles, steel, handicrafts, and traditional foods, including sweets. Isfahan is noted for its production of the
There is a major oil refinery and a large air-force base outside the city.
In 2023 two hundred Azan playing loudspeakers were planted in the city by the government.[52] The Municipality has created a tourism app Isfahanema.[53]
Geography
The city is located on the plain of the
As of 2023 several public housing projects have been undertaken.[54]
Hydrography
An artificial network of canals, whose components are called madi, were built during the Safavid dynasty for channeling water from Zayandeh Roud river into different parts of the city. Designed by Sheikh Bahaï, an engineer of Shah Abbas, this network has 77 madis in the northern course, and 71 in the southern course of the Zayandeh Rud. In 1993, this centuries-old network provided 91% of agricultural water, 4% of industrial needs, and 5% of city needs.[55] 70 emergency wells were dug in 2018 to avoid water shortages.[56][57][58]
- Media related to Canals in Isfahan at Wikimedia Commons
Ecological issues
Towns and villages around Isfahan have been hit so hard by drought and water diversion that they have emptied out and people who lived there have moved.[59][60] An anonymous journalist said that what's called drought is more often the mismanagement of water.[61][62][63] The subsidence rate is dire, and the aquifer level decreases by one meter annually.[64] As of 2020, the city had the worst air quality between major Iranian cities.[65][66][67][68]
Flora and fauna
The
- Media related to Rosa Ispahan at Wikimedia Commons
Cows endemic to Isfahan became extinct in 2020.[69]
Wagtails are often seen in farmlands and parks.[70]
The mole cricket is one of the major pests of plants, especially grass roots.[71][72]
Sheep and rams are symbols of Isfahan.[73]
By 2023, the city's Green space was dying because of water shortage; where trees need 150 liters, only 0.7 liter of gray recycled water was available.[74]
There is a program to plant Celtis australis, oak trees.[75]
Climate
Situated at 1,590 metres (5,217 ft)
The
The highest recorded temperature was 43 °C (109 °F) on 11 July 2001 and the lowest recorded temperature was −19.4 °C (−3 °F) on 16 January 1996.
Climate data for Isfahan (1991–2020, records 1951-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.6 (90.7) |
38.2 (100.8) |
42.1 (107.8) |
43.0 (109.4) |
42.0 (107.6) |
39.2 (102.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
27.5 (81.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
43.0 (109.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
29.2 (84.6) |
35.2 (95.4) |
37.6 (99.7) |
36.2 (97.2) |
32.4 (90.3) |
25.8 (78.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
24.2 (75.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) |
6.8 (44.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
27.9 (82.2) |
30.3 (86.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
17.0 (62.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
9.4 (49.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −19.4 (−2.9) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
4.5 (40.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 20.2 (0.80) |
15.9 (0.63) |
27.1 (1.07) |
20.8 (0.82) |
9.4 (0.37) |
1.7 (0.07) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.1 (0.00) |
3.2 (0.13) |
18.2 (0.72) |
18.2 (0.72) |
135.8 (5.37) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 7.7 (3.0) |
0.3 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
2.4 (0.9) |
10.6 (4) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.6 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 22.3 |
Average snowy days | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 3.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
56 | 43 | 37 | 35 | 29 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 33 | 48 | 59 | 35 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 210 | 228 | 255 | 262 | 317 | 358 | 356 | 358 | 322 | 286 | 217 | 199 | 3,368 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[80] |
Transportation
Roads and freeways
Over the past decade, Isfahan's internal highway network has been undergoing a major expansion. Much care has been taken to prevent damage to valuable, historical buildings. Modern freeways connect the city to Iran's other major cities, including the capital Tehran, 400 kilometres (250 mi) to the north, and Shiraz, 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the south. Highways also service satellite cities surrounding the metropolitan area.[81]
The Isfahan Eastern Bypass Freeway is under construction.
In 2021, a new AVL system was deployed in the city.[82][83][84]
Bridges
The bridges over the Zayanderud comprise some of the finest architecture in Isfahan. The oldest is the
Another bridge is the
Another notable bridge is the Marnan Bridge.
Ride sharing
Snapp! and Tapsi[85][86] are two of the carpooling apps in the city.[87][88] The city has built 42 bicycle-sharing stations and 150 kilometres (93 mi) of paved bicycle paths.[89][90] As part of Iran's religious laws, women are forbidden to use the public bicycle-sharing network, as decreed by the representative of the Supreme Leader in Isfahan, Ayatollah Yousef Tabatabai Nejad, and General Attorney Ali Esfahani.[91]
Mass transit
The Isfahan and Suburbs Bus Company operates transit buses in the city. East-West BRT Bus Rapid Transit Line buses carry up to 120,000 passengers daily.[92]
The municipality has signed a memorandum with Khatam-al Anbiya to construct a tram network in the city.[93]
The Isfahan Metro was opened on 15 October 2015. It currently consists of one north–south line with a length of 20.2 kilometres (12.6 mi), and two more lines are currently under construction, alongside three suburban rail lines.[94]
The city is served by a
Airports
Isfahan is served by
Economy
In 2014, industry, mines, and commerce in Isfahan province accounted for 35% to 50% (almost $229 billion) of the Iranian
According to Isfahan province's administrator for
The Esfahan Province Electricity Distribution Company , established in 1992, maintains a privatized power grid in the city.[104][105]
As of September 2020, the handicrafts industry of Isfahan Province was contributing $500 million annually to the economy.[106]
The municipality has implemented internet payment software.[107][108]
Aquaculture and agriculture
Isfahan city produces 1,300 tons of salmon. More than 28% of the country's ornamental fish is supplied from Isfahan province, from 780 farms, which in 2017 farmed 65.5 million fish.[109]
Opium was produced and exported from Isfahan from 1850 until it became illegal, and was an important source of income.[110] Isfahan has a large number of aqueducts, farmers having to divert water from the river to farms by canal.[111] Niasarm is one of the largest canals.[112] From 2012 to 2013 there were large protests by farmers against the Isfahan-Yazd water tunnel. In 2019, eastern city farmers demanded water, otherwise they would sabotage water transfer pipes.[113][114] Fruits and vegetables central market is where farmers sell their product wholesale, selling 10,000 tons a day.[115]
High tech and heavy industries
The industrialization of Isfahan dates from the Pahlavi period, as in all of Iran, and was marked by the strong growth of the textile industry, which earned the city the nickname "Manchester of Persia".[116] There are 9,200 industrial units in the city; 40% of the Iranian textile industry is in Isfahan.[117]
The Telecommunication Company of Iran and the Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran provide 4G, 3G, broadband, and VDSL.[118][119]
The Isfahan Scientific and Research Town started in 2001, to act as a mediator between government, industry, and academia in establishing a knowledge-based economy.[120]
Isfahan is the third-largest medicine manufacturing hub in Iran.[121]
Military
The
Recreation and tourism
In 2018–2019 some 450,000 foreign nationals visited the city. Some 110 trillion rials (over $2 billion at the official rate of 42,000 rials in 2020) have been invested in the province's tourism sector.[128]
Nazhvan Park hosts a reptile zoo with 40 aquariums.[129] There are the Saadi water park and the Nazhvan water park for children.[130][citation needed]
There are many luxury party gardens and wedding halls.[131][132][133]
Medical tourism
The Isfahan Healthcare city complex, built on a 300 hectares (740 acres) site near the Aqa Babaei Expressway, is intended to boost the city's medical tourism revenues.[134]
Shopping
The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., Kowsar Market,[135] and the Isfahan Mall.
Cinemas
There are nine cinemas.
Sports
Isfahan has three association football clubs that play professionally. These are:
- Sepahan S.C.
- Zob Ahan Isfahan F.C.
- Sanaye Giti Pasand F.C.
- Polyacryl Esfahan F.C. (historic)
Sepahan has won the most league football titles among Iranian clubs (2002–03, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12 and 2014–15).[140] The Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan handball team plays in the Iranian handball league. Sepahan has a youth women running team that became national champions in 2020.[141]
Giti Pasand has a
Basketball clubs include Zob Ahan Isfahan BC and Foolad Mahan Isfahan BC.[143]
There are Pahlevani zoorkhanehs in the city.[144][145]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1870 | 60,000 | — |
1890 | 90,000 | +2.05% |
1900 | 100,000 | +1.06% |
1920 | 80,000 | −1.11% |
1933 | 100,100 | +1.74% |
1942 | 204,600 | +8.27% |
1956 | 254,700 | +1.58% |
1966 | 444,000 | +5.71% |
1976 | 671,800 | +4.23% |
1986 | 986,800 | +3.92% |
1991 | 1,182,735 | +3.69% |
1996 | 1,327,283 | +2.33% |
2001 | 1,502,567 | +2.51% |
2006 | 1,689,392 | +2.37% |
2011 | 1,853,293 | +1.87% |
2016 | 1,961,260 | +1.14% |
source:[146] |
In 2019, the mean age for first marriages was 25 years for females and 30 years for males.[147][148]
There are almost 500,000 people living in slums, including in the northern part, and especially in the eastern sector of the city.[149]
Esfahani is one of the main dialects of
During the Pahlavi era, a large group of the Kurdish Gulbaghi tribe were moved from the north of Kurdistan province to the city of Isfahan and the cities of Kashan and Naein. Today, the Gulbaghi tribe are mostly assimilated elements in the population of these cities.[153][154]
While immigrants may reside and work in this city, in 12 surrounding communities they are denied entry.[155]
Religion
There are many churches and synagogues in the city, with the churches being for the most part in New Julfa.
Mosques
- Agha Nour mosque(16th century)
- Hakim Mosque
- Ilchi mosque
- Jameh Mosque[156]
- Jarchi mosque(1610)
- Lonban mosque
- Maghsoudbeyk mosque(1601)
- Mohammad Jafar Abadei mosque(1878)
- Rahim Khan mosque(19th century)
- Roknolmolk mosque
- Seyyed mosque(19th century)
- Shah Mosque (1629) – It was damaged in 2022[157]
- Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque(1618)
Imamzadehs (shrine tombs)
- Imamzadeh Ahmad
- Imamzadeh Esmaeil and Isaiah mausoleum
- Imamzadeh Haroun-e-Velayat
- Imamzadeh Ja'far
- Imamzadeh Shah Zeyd
Churches and cathedrals
Churches are mostly located in the New Julfa region. The oldest is St. Jakob Church (1607). Some other historically important ones are St. Georg Church (17th century), St. Mary Church (1613), Bedkhem Church (1627), and Vank Cathedral (1664).[158]
Pacifique de Provins established a French mission in the city in 1627.
Synagogues
Civic administration
Isfahan has a smart city program, a unified human resources administration system, and a transport system.[159][160][161][162][163]
In 2015, the comprehensive atlas of the Isfahan metropolis, an online statistical database in Farsi, was made available, to help in planning.[164][165][166]
In 2020, the municipality directly employed 6,250 people with an additional 3,000 people in 16 subsidiary organizations.[167]
There have been four development programs since 1967,[168] In 2020, the municipality created a document outlining future development programs for the city.[169]
The color theme for the city has been turquoise for some time.[170]
Municipal government
The mayor is Ghodratollah Noroozi.[171]
The chairman of the city council is Alireza Nasrisfahani. There is also a leadership council within the city council.[172][173]
The representative of the Supreme Leader of Iran, as well as the representative from Isfahan in the Assembly of Experts, is Yousef Tabatabai Nejad.[174]
The city is divided into 15 municipal districts.
Municipal districts of Isfahan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Public works
City waste is processed and recycled at the Isfahan Waste Complex.[175]
The Isfahan Water and Sewage Company is responsible for piping water, waterworks installation and repair, maintaining sewage equipment, supervising sewage collection, and treatment and disposal of sewage in the city.[176][177]
Twenty five fire departments provide service.[178] Twenty private security armed service contractors exist.[179]
Human resources and public health
As of June 2020, 65% of the population of Isfahan province has social security insurance.[180]
Isfahan is known as the Multiple sclerosis capital of the world due to the presence of polluting industries.[181]
In 2015, almost 15% of the people suffered from depression, from being cut off from the Zayandeh River, due to severe drought.[182] Males empowerment /rehab center of isfahan opened 2023 and a female support addiction center.[183][184][185][186][187]
Education and science
The first elementary schools in the city were
Notable schools
- Chahar Bagh School(early 17th century)
- Harati[195]
- Kassegaran school(1694)
- Khajoo Madrasa
- Nimavar School (1691)
- Sadr Madrasa (19th century)
In total, there are more than 7,329 schools in Isfahan province.[196]
Colleges
In 1947, the
Aside from seminaries and religious schools, the other public, private major universities of the Isfahan metropolitan area include: the
There are also more than 50 technical and vocational training centres in the province, under the administration of the Isfahan Technical and Vocational Training Organization (TVTO), that provide free, non-formal, workforce-skills training programs.[201] As of 2020, 90% of workforce-skills trainees are women.[202]
Notable philosophers
Major philosophers include Mir Damad, known for his concepts of time and nature, as well as for founding the School of Isfahan,[203] and Mir Fendereski, who was known for his examination of art and philosophy within a society.[204]
Culture
Ancient traditions included Tirgan, Sepandārmazgān festivals, and historically, men used to wear the Kolah namadi.[205][206]
The Isfahan School of painting flourished during the Safavid era.[207][208][209]
The annual Isfahan province theatre festival takes place in the city.[210] Theater performances began in 1919 (1297 AH), and currently there are 9 active theaters.[211][212][213]
The awarding of an Isfahan annual literature prize began in 2004.[214][215]
Since 2005, November 22 is Isfahan's National Day, commemorated with various events.[216]
New Art Paradise, built in District 6 in 2019, has the biggest open-air amphitheatre in the country.[217]
Based on a statue creators' symposium in 2020, the city decided to add 11 permanent art pieces to the city's monuments.[218]
The Isfahan international convention center is under construction.[219]
Cuisine
Teahouses are supervised and allowed to offer Hookah until 2022.[229] As of 2020, there are almost 300 teahouses with permits.[230]
Music
The
On 12 and 13 January 2018, the Iranian singer
News media
During the Qajar era, Farhang, the first newspaper publication in the city, was printed for 13 years.[232] Iran's Metropolises News Agency (IMNA), formerly called the Isfahan Municipality News Agency, is based in the city.[233]
The state-controlled Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting system (IRIB) has a TV network and radio channel in the city.[234]
Cultural sites
This article is in prose. is available. (October 2020) |
The city centre consists of an older section centered around the Jameh Mosque, and the Safavid expansion around Naqsh-e Jahan Square, with nearby palaces, bazaars, and places of worship,[235] which is called Seeosepol.[236]
Baths
Ancient baths include the
Bazaars
The Grand Bazaar, Isfahan, and its entrance, the Qeysarie Gate, were built in the 17th century. Social hubs were opium dens and coffeehouses clustered around the Chahar bagh and the Chehel Sotoun. The best-known traditional coffeehouse is Qahva-ḵāna-ye Golestān.[242][241][243][244][245][246] There is also the Honar Bazaar.
Cemeteries
The
Gardens and parks
The Pardis Honar Park, in District 6, has cost 30 billion
Historical houses
Mausoleums and tombs
- Al-Rashid Mausoleum (12th century)
- Baba Ghassem Mausoleum (14th century)
- Mausoleum of Safavid Princes
- Nizam al-Mulk Tomb(11th century)
- Saeb Mausoleum
- Shahshahan mausoleum (15th century)
- Soltan Bakht Agha Mausoleum (14th century)
Minarets
Museums
- Museum of Contemporary Art (17th-century building)
- Isfahan City Center museum (mall established 2012)
- Museum of Decorative Arts (1995)
- Natural History Museum of Isfahan (1988, 15th-century building)
Palaces and caravanserais
- Ali Qapu(Imperial Palace, early 17th century)
- Chehel Sotoun (Palace of Forty Columns, 1647)
- Hasht Behesht (Palace of Eight Paradises, 1669)
- Talar-e-Ashraf (Palace of Ashraf) (1650)
- Shah Caravanserai
Squares and streets
- Chaharbagh Boulevard(1596)
- Chaharbagh-e-khajou Boulevard
- Meydan Kohne (Old Square)
- Naqsh-e Jahan Squarealso known as Shah Square or Imam Square (1602)
- Amadegah[251][252]
- Taleghani Street (Shah Street)[253]
Other sites
- fire temple
- New Julfa (1606)
- Pigeon Towers that are placed all around the city namely 22 towers inside Gavart, Hase[254][255][256][257][258][259] – 17th century
- Isfahan Observatory
- Asarkhane Shahi
International relations
Since 1994, Isfahan has been a member of the League of Historical Cities and a full member of Inter-City Intangible Cultural Cooperation Network.[260][261]
The Chinese have expressed readiness to be the first country that opens a consulate in a diplomatic zone in the central city.[262]
Isfahan allows Afghan nationals to reside in the city. In 2019, prior to a census, it was predicted there would be 250,000 undocumented Afghanis.[263]
There is a plan to create a diplomatic district next to the Imam Khamenei international convention center where foreign countries would locate their consulates.[93]
The building housing the General Consulate of the Russian Federation in Isfahan is a registered cultural heritage site.[264]
The Isfahan municipality created a citizen diplomacy service program to boost establishing connections with sister cities around the world.[265][266][267][268]
Twin towns – sister cities
Isfahan is twinned with:[269][270]
- Baalbek, Lebanon (2010)
- Dakar, Senegal (2009)
- Florence, Italy (1998)
- Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (2000)
- Havana, Cuba (2001)
- Iași, Romania (1999)
- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1997)
- Kuwait City, Kuwait (2000)
- Lahore, Pakistan (2004)
- Saint Petersburg, Russia (2004)
- Yerevan, Armenia (2000)
- Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (1989)
- Samarkand, Uzbekistansince July 2021
- Porto, Portugalsince July 2021
Cooperation agreements
Isfahan cooperates with:
In addition, the New Julfa quarter of Isfahan has friendly relations with:[273]
- Issy-les-Moulineaux, France (2018)
Notable people
This list of "famous" or "notable" people has no clear exclusion criteria. Please help to define clear inclusion criteria and edit the list to contain only subjects that fit those criteria. (October 2020) ) |
- Music
- Jalal Taj Esfahani (1903–1981)[274]
- Alireza Eftekhari (1956–), singer[275]
- Leila Forouhar (1959–), pop singer[276]
- Hassan Kassai (1928–2012), musician[277]
- Saeidi brothers (born 1981), traditional singers[278]
- Hassan Shamaizadeh (born 1943), singer-songwriter[279]
- Jalil Shahnaz (1921–2013), tar soloist, a traditional Persian instrument[280]
- Film
- Rasul Sadr Ameli (1953–), director
- Sara Bahrami (1983–), actor[281]
- Homayoun Ershadi (1947–), Hollywood actor and architect
- Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari(1956–2001), the former princess of Iran and actress
- Bahman Farmanara (1942–), director
- Jahangir Forouhar (1916–1997), actor and father of Leila Forouhar (Iranian singer)
- Mohamad Ali Keshvarz (1930–2020), actor[282]
- Mahdi Pakdel (1980–), actor[283]
- Nosratollah Vahdat (1925–2020), actor[284]
- Craftsmen and painters
- Mahmoud Farshchian (1930–), painter and miniaturist[285]
- Bogdan Saltanov (1630s–1703), Russian icon painter of Isfahanian Armenian origin
- Political figures
- Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi (1906–1965), military leader and cabinet minister
- Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti (1928–1981), cleric, Chairman of the Council of Revolution of Iran[286]
- Nusrat Bhutto, Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party from 1979 to 1983; wife of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto; mother of Benazir Bhutto
- Hossein Fatemi, PhD (1919–1954), politician, foreign minister in Mohamed Mossadegh's cabinet
- Mohammad-Ali Foroughi (1875–1942), a politician and Prime Minister of Iran in the World War II era[287]
- Dariush Forouhar (1928–1998), a founder and leader of the Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran (Nation of Iran Party)
- Hossein Kharrazi (1957–1987), chief of the army in the Iran–Iraq War[288]
- Mohsen Nourbakhsh (1948–2003), economist, Governor of the Central Bank of Iran
- Mohammad Javad Zarif (1960–), Minister of Foreign Affairs and former Ambassador of Iran to the United Nations[289]
- Religious figures
- Lady Amin (Banou Amin) (1886–1983), Iran's most outstanding female jurisprudent, theologian and great Muslim mystic (‘arif), a Lady Mujtahideh
- Amina Begum Bint al-Majlisi, was a female Safavid mujtahideh.
- Council of Revolution of Iran[286]
- Sheikh ul-Islamin Isfahan
- Salman the Persian
- Muhammad Ibn Manda (d. 1005 / AH 395), Sunni Hanbali scholar of hadith and historian
- Abu Nu'aym Al-Ahbahani Al-Shafi'i(d. 1038 / AH 430), Sunni Shafi'i Scholar
- Seyyed Ali Qazi Askar (1954) Iran's supreme leaderrepresentative, in Haj
- Sportspeople
- Mohammad-Ali Asgari(1954–), Iranian football administrator
- Abdolali Changiz (born 1957), football star of Esteghlal FC in the 1970s
- Mansour Ebrahimzadeh (born 1956), former player for Sepahan S.C., and former head coach of Zobahan F.C.
- Ghasem Haddadifar (born 1983), captain of Zobahan F.C.
- Arsalan Kazemi (born 1990), forward for the Oregon Ducks men's basketball team and the Iran national basketball team
- Rasoul Korbekandi (born 1953), goalkeeper of the Iranian National Team
- Moharram Navidkia (born 1982), captain of Sepahan S.C.
- Mohammad Talaei (born 1973), world champion wrestler
- Mahmoud Yavari (1939–), football player, and coach of Iranian National Team
- Sohrab Moradi (1988–), Olympic weightlifting gold medalist, world record holder of 105 kg category
- Milad Beigi (1991–) Olympic taekwando bronze medalist, world champion
- Sina Karimian (born 1988), K-1 cruiserweight kickboxing champion
- Writers and poets
- Mohammad-Ali Jamālzādeh Esfahani(1892–1997), author
- Hatef Esfehani, Persian Moral poet in the Afsharid Era
- Kamal ed-Din Esmail(late 12th century – early 13th century)
- Houshang Golshiri (1938–2000), writer and editor
- Hamid Mosadegh (1939–1998), poet and lawyer
- Mirza Abbas Khan Sheida (1880–1949), poet and publisher
- Jajarmi, 14th century poet and anthologist
- Saib Tabrizi
- Others
- Bangladeshibusiness family
- Abd-ol-Ghaffar Amilakhori, 17th-century noble
- Adib Boroumand (1924–), poet, politician, lawyer, and leader of the National Front
- George Bournoutian, professor, historian and author
- Jesse of Kakheti, king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1614 to 1615
- Simon II of Kartli, king of Kartli in eastern Georgia from 1619 to 1630/1631
- David II of Kakheti, king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1709 to 1722
- Constantine II of Kakheti, king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from 1722 to 1732
- Nasser David Khalili(1945–), property developer, art collector and philanthropist
- Arthur Pope (1881–1969), American archaeologist, buried near Khaju Bridge
- Alexandre de Rhodes (1591–1660), French Jesuit, designer of Vietnamese alphabet, buried in the city's Armenian cemetery
See also
- 15861 Ispahan
- Acid attacks on women in Isfahan
- Courts of Isfahan
- Isfahan National Holy Association
- Isfahan Seminary
- Islamic City Council of Isfahan
- Isfahan Zoo
- List of libraries in Isfahan
- List of the historical structures in the Isfahan province
- New Julfa
- Prix d'Ispahan
References
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Works cited
- Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1845117450.
Further reading
- Kheirandish, Elaheh. Baghdad and Isfahan: A Dialogue of Two Cities in an Age of Science CA. 750-1750 (Harvard UP, 2021) excerpt
- Yves Bomati; Houchang Nahavandi (2017). Parviz Amouzegar (ed.). Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587-1629. Translated by Azizeh Azodi. Los Angeles: Ketab Corporation. ISBN 978-1595845672.
- Dehghan, Maziar (2014). Management in IRAN. ISBN 978-600-04-1573-0.
External links
- Media related to Isfahan at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- tourismt guide Archived 30 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- esro
- Public libraries atlas Archived 16 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (Persian)
- Digital Library of Isfahan Municipality Archived 24 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- https://shora-isfahan.com/ Archived 11 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine