Isidore of Kiev

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Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals (1450)
  • Dean of the College of Cardinals (1461–1463)
  • Administrator of Nicosia (1458–1463)
    • Coat of armsIsidore of Kiev's coat of arms
    Styles of
    Isidore of Kiev
    Sabina e Poggio Mirteto (suburbicarain
    )

    Isidore of Kiev, also known as Isidore of Thessalonica or Isidore the Apostate (

    Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
    .

    Early life

    Isidore was born in southern

    hegumenos of the monastery of St Demetrius. He knew Latin well, and had considerable fame as a theologian. He was also an accomplished orator; he seems from the beginning to have been eager for reunion with the West.[citation needed
    ]

    It was the time when the Court of Constantinople, on the eve of its final destruction by the Turks, was considering the chance of rescue from the Western princes as a result of reuniting with Rome. In 1434 Isidore was sent to Basel by John VIII Palaiologos (1425–1448) as part of an embassy to open negotiations with the Council of Basel.[5] Here he made a mellifluous speech about the splendour of the Roman Empire at Constantinople, but his efforts did not result in union of the churches.[3]

    Metropolitan of Kiev

    Isidore's Sluzebnik liturgical book

    In 1437, Isidore was appointed

    John VIII Palaeologus and consecrated by Patriarch Joseph II. The Emperor hoped to draw the Eastern Orthodox Church in Kievan Rus' into communion with the Holy See and thereby to secure Constantinople's protection against the invading Ottoman Turks
    .

    The

    ambassador Foma (Thomas) of Tver. Finally, the union agreement was signed and Isidore returned to Eastern Europe. Sylvester Syropoulos and other Greek writers charge Isidore with perjury because he accepted the union, despite his promise to Vasili II.[3]

    Council of Ferrara

    It is possible that Isidore had been a pupil of the neoplatonist

    Gemistus Pletho, and went with his teacher and two of Pletho's other students, Bessarion and Mark Eugenikos, to attend the Council of Ferrara, which was intended to negotiate the reunion of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.[7]

    The large delegation of theologians and philosophers set out with a great following on 8 September 1437, travelled via Riga and Lübeck, and arrived at Ferrara on 15, August, 1438. On the way, he caused offense by his friendly conduct towards the Latins. At Ferrara and at Florence, where the council moved to in January, 1439, Isidore was one of the six chief speakers on the Byzantine side. Together with Bessarion he steadfastly worked for the union, and never swerved afterwards in his acceptance of it.[citation needed]

    After the council, Pope Eugene IV made him his legate for all Ruthenia and Lithuania. While returning to Moscow, news reached Isidore, at Benevento, that he had been made Cardinal-Priest of the Title of St Peter and Marcellinus. This was one of the few cases at the time in which a person not of the Latin Rite was made a cardinal.[citation needed]

    From Buda, in March 1440, he published an encyclical calling on all Rus' bishops to accept the union, but when he at last arrived in Moscow (Easter, 1441), and proclaimed the union in the Kremlin church, he found that Vasily II and most of the bishops and people would have none of it. Then, at Vasily's command, six Rus' bishops met in a synod, deposed Isidore, and imprisoned him.[3]

    The

    Moscow Kremlin, Isidore had a Latin Rite crucifix carried in front of the procession and named Pope Eugene IV during the prayers of the liturgy. He also read aloud the decree of unification. Isidore passed a message to Vasili II from the Holy See, containing a request to assist the Metropolitan in spreading the Union in Rus'. Three days later, Isidore was arrested by the Grand Prince and imprisoned in the Chudov Monastery. He was denounced by certain Rus' clergymen, who were under pressure of Vasili II, for refusing to renounce the union with Rome.[3]

    Inventor of Russian vodka

    According to the hypothesis proposed by the Russian historian

    Russian vodka while being detained in Chudov Monastery. Pokhlyobkin claimed that vodka had been recognized as a uniquely Russian alcoholic drink by the international arbitration in 1982 in a lawsuit brought by Poland claiming exclusive right to use the term "vodka" or "wodka".[8] However, Mark Lawrence Schrad in Vodka Politics: Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State,[9] notes there is no evidence in the archives of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague of any such legal action by Poland.[10]

    A type of

    spirit
    , or Russian spirt).

    Moscow Chudov Monastery in 1883

    According to the Pokhlyobkin's hypothesis, Isidore, kept as a prisoner in Chudov Monastery inside the

    Moscow Kremlin, made a recipe of the first Russian vodka. Having a special knowledge and distillation devices he became an author of the alcoholic beverage of a new, higher quality. This "bread wine" as it was initially known, was produced for a long time exclusively in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and in no other principality of Rus' (this situation persisted until the era of industrial production). That's why this beverage for a long time was associated with Moscow. Vodka is a diminutive of voda, which means "water" in Russian.[11] The first written usage of the word vodka in an official Russian document in its modern meaning is dated by the decree of Empress Elizabeth
    of June 8, 1751, which regulated the ownership of vodka distilleries.

    In Europe again

    In September 1443, after two years of imprisonment, Metropolitan Isidor escaped to

    Byzantine clergy in a celebration of the short-lived reunion.[12]

    Before the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, he subsidized the repair of fortifications at his own expense and was wounded in the early hours of the sack. He managed to escape the carnage by dressing up a dead body in his cardinal's robes. While the Turks were cutting off its head and parading it through the streets, the real cardinal was shipped off to Asia Minor with a number of insignificant prisoners as a slave, and later found safety in Crete. He composed a series of letters describing the events of the siege.[13] He warned of the danger of further expansion of the Turks in the multiple letters and even seems to be the earliest eyewitness to have compared Mehmed II with Alexander the Great.[14][15]

    He made his way back to Rome in 1455, and was made

    Archbishop of Cyprus, neither of which he could convert into real jurisdiction. He was Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
    from October 1461 until his death in 1463.

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^
      ISBN 1610488938
      (page 10).)

    References

    1. ^ a b Isidore of Kiev, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008, O.Ed.
    2. ^ Dezhnyuk: Council of Florence: the Unrealized Union
    3. ^ a b c d e f "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of December 18, 1439". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
    4. ISBN 978-1-351-21488-9
      .
    5. ^ New Advent website, Isidore of Thessalonica
    6. ^ Joseph Gill, Personalities of the Council of Florence, 68
    7. ^ George Gemistos Plethon, the Last of the Hellenes, by CM Woodhouse, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986, pp37 passim.
    8. ^
      ISBN 978-5-9524-1895-0
      .
    9. ISBN 978-0-199-75559-2
      .
    10. ^ Id. See also interview https://ourfakehistory.com/index.php/episode-84-what-was-the-vodka-war/#more-890
    11. ^ Hoad, T. F., ed. (1988). The Oxford Library of Words and Phrases. Vol. III: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. London: Guild Publishing. p. 529.
    12. ISBN 978-1543271942
      .
    13. ISBN 9798868921025
      .
    14. ^ Patrologia Graeca, CLIX, 953.
    15. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.302088
      .

    Further reading

    External links

    Eastern Orthodox Church titles
    Preceded by Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'
    (episcopal seat in Moscow)
    1437–1441     		Succeeded by
    Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus'

    Recognised by Constantinople
    Succeeded byas Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' 1448
    Not recognised by Constantinople
    Catholic Church titles
    Preceded by
    Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals

    1450–1463     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Apostolic Administrator of Nicosia
    1456–1463     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by
    Gregory Mammas
    		 — TITULAR —
    Latin Patriarch of Constantinople

    1458–1463     		Succeeded by
    Johannes Bessarion
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