Islam
Islam | |
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ٱلْإِسْلَام Al-Islām | |
Number of followers | c. 1.9 billion[7] (individually referred to as Muslims, collectively referred to as the Ummah) |
Part of a series on |
Islam |
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Islam (
Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a
The religion of Islam originated in Mecca in 610 CE. Muslims believe this is when Muhammad received his first revelation. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. Muslim rule expanded outside Arabia under the Rashidun Caliphate and the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate ruled from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. In the Islamic Golden Age, specifically during the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate, much of the Muslim world experienced a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various states and caliphates as well as extensive trade and religious conversion as a result of Islamic missionary activities (dawah), as well as through conquests, imperialism, and colonialism.
The two main
Etymology
In Arabic, Islam (
Islam itself was historically called
Articles of faith
The Islamic
God
The central concept of Islam is
Islam teaches that the creation of everything in the
Angels
Angels (Arabic: ملك, malak) are beings described in the Quran
Scriptures
The pre-eminent holy text of Islam is the
Islam also holds that God has sent revelations, called
Prophets
Prophets (Arabic: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) are believed to have been chosen by God to preach a divine message. Some of these prophets additionally deliver a new book and are called "messengers" (رسول, rasūl).
Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet ("
Resurrection and judgment
Belief in the "Day of Resurrection" or
On Yawm al-Qiyāmah, Muslims believe all humankind will be judged by their good and bad deeds and consigned to
Divine predestination
The concept of divine predestination in Islam (
Acts of worship
There are five acts of worship that are considered duties – the Shahada (declaration of faith), the five daily prayers, Zakat (alms-giving), fasting during Ramadan and the Hajj pilgrimage – collectively known as "The Pillars of Islam" (Arkān al-Islām).[83] In addition, Muslims also perform other optional supererogatory acts that are encouraged but not considered to be duties.[84]
Declaration of faith
The
Prayer
Prayer in Islam, called
A
Almsgiving
Fasting
In Islam, fasting (
Pilgrimage
The Islamic
Other acts of worship
Muslims recite and memorize the whole or parts of the Quran as acts of virtue. Tajwid refers to the set of rules for the proper elocution of the Quran.[114] Many Muslims recite the whole Quran during the month of Ramadan.[115] One who has memorized the whole Quran is called a hafiz ("memorizer"), and hadiths mention that these individuals will be able to intercede for others on Judgment Day.[116]
Supplication to God, called in Arabic duʿāʾ (
Remembrance of God (ذكر, Dhikr') refers to phrases repeated referencing God. Commonly, this includes Tahmid, declaring praise be due to God (الحمد لله, al-Ḥamdu lillāh) during prayer or when feeling thankful, Tasbih, declaring glory to God during prayer or when in awe of something and saying 'in the name of God' (بسملة, basmalah) before starting an act such as eating.[118]
History
Muhammad and the birth of Islam (570–632)
According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was born in
During this time,
After 12 years of the
Early Islamic period (632–750)
Muhammad died in 632 and the first successors, called
The Umayyad dynasty conquered the
Classical era (750–1258)
Al-Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith.
At this time, theological problems, notably on free will, were prominently tackled, with Hasan al Basri holding that although God knows people's actions, good and evil come from abuse of free will and the
This era is sometimes called the "
Soldiers broke away from the Abbasid empire and established their own dynasties, such as the
The expansion of the Muslim world continued with religious missions converting
Pre-Modern era (1258–18th century)
Through Muslim trade networks and the activity of Sufi orders,[202] Islam spread into new areas[203] and Muslims assimilated into new cultures.
Under the Ottoman Empire, Islam spread to Southeast Europe.[204] Conversion to Islam often involved a degree of syncretism,[205] as illustrated by Muhammad's appearance in Hindu folklore.[206] Muslim Turks incorporated elements of Turkish Shamanism beliefs to Islam.[b][208] Muslims in Ming Dynasty China who were descended from earlier immigrants were assimilated, sometimes through laws mandating assimilation,[209] by adopting Chinese names and culture while Nanjing became an important center of Islamic study.[210][211]
Cultural shifts were evident with the decrease in Arab influence after the
After the introduction of gunpowder weapons, large and centralized Muslim states consolidated around gunpowder empires, these had been previously splintered amongst various territories. The caliphate was claimed by the Ottoman dynasty of the Ottoman Empire and its claims were strengthened in 1517 as Selim I became the ruler of Mecca and Medina.[216] The Shia Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran.[217] In South Asia, Babur founded the Mughal Empire.[218]
The religion of the centralized states of the gunpowder empires influenced the religious practice of their constituent populations. A
Modern era (18th–20th centuries)
Earlier in the 14th century,
The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially compared to non-Muslim European powers. Earlier, in the 15th century, the Reconquista succeeded in ending the Muslim presence in Iberia. By the 19th century, the British East India Company had formally annexed the Mughal dynasty in India.[239] As a response to Western Imperialism, many intellectuals sought to reform Islam.[240] Islamic modernism, initially labelled by Western scholars as Salafiyya, embraced modern values and institutions such as democracy while being scripture oriented. Notable forerunners in the movement include Muhammad 'Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.[241] Abul A'la Maududi helped influence modern political Islam.[242][243] Similar to contemporary codification, sharia was for the first time partially codified into law in 1869 in the Ottoman Empire's Mecelle code.[244]
The
Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration. Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants (mostly from India and Indonesia) to the Caribbean, forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas.
Contemporary era (20th century–present)
Forerunners of Islamic modernism influenced Islamist political movements such as the
In opposition to Islamic political movements, in 20th century Turkey, the military carried out coups to oust Islamist governments, and headscarves were legally restricted, as also happened in Tunisia.[262][263] In other places, religious authority was co-opted and is now often seen as puppets of the state. For example, in Saudi Arabia, the state monopolized religious scholarship[264] and, in Egypt, the state nationalized Al-Azhar University, previously an independent voice checking state power.[265] Salafism was funded in the Middle East for its quietism.[266] Saudi Arabia campaigned against revolutionary Islamist movements in the Middle East, in opposition to Iran.[267]
Muslim minorities of various ethnicities have been persecuted as a religious group.[268] This has been undertaken by communist forces like the Khmer Rouge, who viewed them as their primary enemy to be exterminated since their religious practice made them stand out from the rest of the population,[269] the Chinese Communist Party in Xinjiang[270] and by nationalist forces such as during the Bosnian genocide.[271] Myanmar military's Tatmadaw targeting of Rohingya Muslims has been labeled as a crime against humanity by the UN and Amnesty International,[272][273] while the OHCHR Fact-Finding Mission identified genocide, ethnic cleansing, and other crimes against humanity.[274]
The advancement of global communication has facilitated the widespread dissemination of religious knowledge. The adoption of the
Demographics
As of 2020, about 24% of the global population, or about 1.9 billion people, are Muslims.
According to a report by
By both percentage and total numbers, Islam is the world's fastest growing major religious group, and is projected to be the world's largest by the end of the 21st century, surpassing that of
Main branches or denominations
Sunni
Sunni Islam or Sunnism is the name for the largest denomination in Islam.
Shia
Shia Islam, or Shi'ism, is the second-largest Muslim denomination.[332][333][293] Shias, or Shiites, split with Sunnis over Muhammad's successor as leader, who the Shia believed must be from certain descendants of Muhammad's family known as the Ahl al-Bayt and those leaders, referred to as Imams, have additional spiritual authority.[334][335]
According to both Sunni and Shia Muslims, significant event that took place at Ghadir Khumm, during Muhammad's return from his final pilgrimage to Mecca. At Ghadir Khumm, Muhammad appointed his cousin Ali as the executor of his last will and testament, as well as his Wali (authority).[336][337] Shias recognise that Muhammad nominated Ali as his successor (khalīfa) and Imam (spiritual and political leader) after him.[338] Some of the first Imams are revered by all Shia groups and Sunnis, such as Ali.
Muhakkima
Other denominations
- The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam.[348]
- Alevism is a syncretic and heterodox local Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical (bāṭenī) teachings of Ali and Haji Bektash Veli.[355] Alevism is a blend of traditional 14th century Turkish beliefs,[356] with possible syncretist origins in Shamanism and Animism, alongside Shia and Sufi beliefs. It has been estimated that there are 10 million to over 20 million (~0.5%–1% of all Muslims) Alevis worldwide.[357]
- United Submitters International".[362]
Non-denominational Muslims
Non-denominational Muslims is an
Mysticism
Sufism (Arabic: تصوف, tasawwuf), is a
Sufis see tasawwuf as an inseparable part of Islam.
Sufi congregations form orders (
Law and jurisprudence
Sharia is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.[324][389] It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. In Arabic, the term sharīʿah refers to God's divine law and is contrasted with fiqh, which refers to its scholarly interpretations.[390][391] The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists.[324]
Traditional
Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists (
Schools of jurisprudence
A school of jurisprudence is referred to as a madhhab (
Society
Religious personages
Islam has no clergy in the
Governance
In
Daily and family life
Many daily practices fall in the category of adab, or etiquette. Specific prohibited foods include pork products, blood and
In Islamic marriage, the groom is required to pay a bridal gift (mahr).[429][430][431] Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous.[432][433] Muslim men are allowed to practice polygyny and can have up to four wives simultaneously. Islamic teachings strongly advise that if a man cannot ensure equal financial and emotional support for each of his wives, it is recommended that he marry just one woman. One reason cited for polygyny is that it allows a man to give financial protection to multiple women, who might otherwise not have any support (e.g. widows). However, the first wife can set a condition in the marriage contract that the husband cannot marry another woman during their marriage.[434][435] There are also cultural variations in weddings.[436] Polyandry, a practice wherein a woman takes on two or more husbands, is prohibited in Islam.[437]
After the birth of a child, the adhan is pronounced in the right ear.[438] On the seventh day, the aqiqah ceremony is performed, in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor.[439] The child's head is shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of its hair is donated to the poor.[439] Male circumcision, called khitan,[440] is often practised in the Muslim world.[441][442] Respecting and obeying one's parents, and taking care of them especially in their old age is a religious obligation.[443]
A
Arts and culture
The term "
The
Cultural Muslims are religiously non-practicing individuals who still identify with Islam due to family backgrounds, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up.[458][459]
-
14th centuryKhalifatabad, Bangladesh
-
14th century Great Mosque of Xi'an in China
-
16th century Menara Kudus Mosque in Indonesia showing Indian influence
-
The phraseOttomanregion
Influences on other religions
Some movements, such as the
Criticism
Criticism of Islam has existed since its formative stages. Early criticism came from Jewish authors, such as Ibn Kammuna, and Christian authors, many of whom viewed Islam as a Christian heresy or a form of idolatry, often explaining it in apocalyptic terms.[470]
Christian writers criticized Islam's sensual descriptions of paradise. Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari defended the Quranic description of paradise by asserting that the Bible also implies such ideas, such as drinking wine in the Gospel of Matthew. Catholic theologian Augustine of Hippo's doctrines led to the broad repudiation of bodily pleasure in both life and the afterlife. [471]
Defamatory images of
Other criticisms center on the treatment of individuals within modern Muslim-majority countries, including issues related to human rights, particularly in relation to the application of Islamic law.[474] Furthermore, in the wake of the recent multiculturalism trend, Islam's influence on the ability of Muslim immigrants in the West to assimilate has been criticized.[475]
See also
- Glossary of Islam
- Index of Islam-related articles
- Islamic mythology
- Islamic studies
- Major religious groups
- Outline of Islam
References
Footnotes
- ^ "Hasan al Basri is often considered one of the first who rejected an angelic origin for the devil, arguing that his fall was the result of his own free-will, not God's determination. Hasan al Basri also argued that angels are incapable of sin or errors and nobler than humans and even prophets. Both early Shias and Sunnis opposed his view.[162]
- ^ "In recent years, the idea of syncretism has been challenged. Given the lack of authority to define or enforce an Orthodox doctrine about Islam, some scholars argue there had no prescribed beliefs, only prescribed practise, in Islam before the 16th century.[207]
- footbinding of girls for the same reason.[424]
Quran and hadith
Citations
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Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (tawhid) and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.
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The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.
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Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.
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As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.
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In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.
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