Islam during the Tang dynasty

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The

Saʿd ibn Abī Waḳḳāṣ, the maternal uncle and second cousin of Muhammad, was sent with a delegation to meet the Emperor Gaozong of Tang. The construction of Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou, the first mosque in the country, is attributed to him.[3]

Origins

According to the traditional accounts of Chinese Muslims,

Sa`d ibn Abī Waqqās, a companion of the Muhammad himself. According to tradition, Emperor Gaozong then ordered the construction of the Memorial mosque in Canton, the first mosque in the country, in memory of Muhammad.[4] The traditional accounts state that the envoys visited more than 37 times between 651 and 798. In one of the delegations the envoy was asked to perform the kneeling greeting before the emperor in 712, but did not perform it, saying: "We only worship Allah, but there is no law of worship for the king.''[5]

While modern historians say that there is no evidence for Waqqās himself ever coming to China,

Muslim Era.[4] The Tang dynasty's cosmopolitan culture, with its intensive contacts with Central Asia and its significant communities of (originally non-Muslim) Central and Western Asian merchants resident in Chinese cities, which helped the introduction of Islam.[4]

Early contacts between Islam and China

Arab people are first noted in Chinese written records, under the name Dashi in the annals of the

Persian merchants.[7]

Arab sources state Qutayba ibn Muslim briefly took Kashgar from China and withdrew after an agreement[8] but modern historians entirely dismiss this claim.[9][10][11]

The Arab

Ferghana. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at Namangan and reinstalled Ikhshid on the throne.[12]

Chinese General Tang Jiahui led the Chinese to defeat the following Arab-Tibetan attack in the Battle of Aksu (717).[13] The attack on Aksu was joined by Türgesh Khan Suluk.[14][15] Both Uch Turfan and Aksu were attacked by the Türgesh, Arab, and Tibetan force on 15 August 717. Qarluqs serving under Chinese command, under Arsila Xian, a Western Turkic Qaghan serving under the Chinese Assistant Grand Protector General Tang Jiahui defeated the attack. Al-Yashkuri, the Arab commander and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated.[16][17]

In 751 the

Siraf, the port of Basra, to India, the Malaccan Straits and South China. Canton, or Khanfu in Arabic, a port in South China, counted among its population of 200,000, merchants from Muslims regions.[18]

In 851 Persian Muslim merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir mentions in his stay at the city of Guangzhou that the Muslim populace of the city was sizable enough that it had its own governing body to deal with intercommunal disputes.

Early Muslims in China

The earliest

emperor Tian Qi (1620-1627) of the Ming Dynasty; the mosque was built in 705).[19]

During the Tang dynasty a steady stream of

Muslim community in Canton had constructed a large mosque (Huaisheng Mosque
), destroyed by fire in 1314, and reconstructed in 1349–51; only ruins of a tower remain from the first building.

Laws concerning religion

Islam was brought to China during the

Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution said absolutely nothing about Islam.[20] Early Muslim settlers, while observing the tenets and practicing the rites of their faith in China, did not undertake any strenuous campaign against either Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, or the State creed, and they constituted a floating rather than a fixed element of the population, coming and going between China and the West by the oversea or the overland routes.[21][22]

The massacre of foreigners

Two massacres with Muslim victims took place in Tang dynasty China, the Yangzhou massacre (760), and the Guangzhou massacre.

In 878 recorded the massacre of Muslims in Guangzhou (Canton) by a rebel leader named

Zoroastrians
(Parsees). It was estimated that the number killed were between 120,000 and 200,000.

Arab geographer and traveler Abu Zaid Hassan recorded "no less than 120,000 Muslims, Jews, Christians, and Parsees perished". (Hourani 1995:76)[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-603-8206-21-8
    .
  2. ^ "伊斯兰教传入中国的两个阶段". sa.china-embassy.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  3. ^ Lipman 1997, p. 25
  4. ^ a b c d Lipman 1997, p. 25
  5. OCLC 952119011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  6. ISBN 0-7391-0375-X
    .
  7. ^ Israeli (2002), pg. 291
  8. ISBN 978-1-4985-1805-5
    .
  9. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0
    .
  10. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2
    .
  11. OCLC 685253133
    .
  12. ISBN 7-101-02890-X
    ., pp. 235-236
  13. ISBN 978-1-78671-699-6
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-19-999627-8
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-691-02469-1
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0-595-22134-9
    .
  18. ^
    ISBN 0-521-49712-4
  19. ^ Hamada, Hagras (2019). "XI'AN DAXUEXI ALLEY MOSQUE: HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL STUDY". Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies "EJARS". 1: 97–113. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  20. ISBN 978-1-60680-248-9
    . Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  21. ^ Frank Brinkley (1902). China: its history, arts and literature, Volume 2. Vol. 9-12 of Trübner's oriental series. BOSTON AND TOKYO: J.B.Millet company. pp. 149, 150, 151, 152. Retrieved 2011-12-14.Original from the University of California
  22. ^ Frank Brinkley (1904). Japan [and China]: China; its history, arts and literature. Vol. 10 of Japan [and China]: Its History, Arts and Literature. LONDON 34 HENRIETTA STREET, W. C. AND EDINBURGH: Jack. pp. 149, 150, 151, 152. Retrieved 2011-12-14.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)Original from Princeton University
  23. ^ "尊龙凯时·(中国)app官方网站".
  24. ISBN 9789231028137
    – via Google Books.
  25. ISBN 9780295976440
    – via Google Books.

Sources
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